The magic of Fibonacci numbers | Arthur Benjamin | TED

5,721,933 views ・ 2013-11-08

TED


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Translator: Nejra Hodžić Reviewer: Ema Bilbija Zulic
00:12
So why do we learn mathematics?
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Dakle, zašto učimo matematiku?
00:15
Essentially, for three reasons:
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U suštini, iz tri razloga:
00:18
calculation,
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računanje,
00:19
application,
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primjena,
00:21
and last, and unfortunately least
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i posljednji, nažalost najmanje važan
00:24
in terms of the time we give it,
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u smislu vremena koji mu posvetimo,
00:26
inspiration.
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je inspiracija.
00:28
Mathematics is the science of patterns,
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Matematika je nauka o uzorcima
00:30
and we study it to learn how to think logically,
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i proučavamo je s ciljem da naučimo kako razmišljati logički,
00:34
critically and creatively,
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kritički i kreativno,
00:36
but too much of the mathematics that we learn in school
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ali matematika koju učimo u školi
00:39
is not effectively motivated,
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uglavnom neuspješno motiviše
00:41
and when our students ask,
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i kada naši učenici pitaju:
00:43
"Why are we learning this?"
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"Zašto ovo učimo?"
00:44
then they often hear that they'll need it
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obično čuju da će im to zatrebati
00:46
in an upcoming math class or on a future test.
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na narednom času matematike ili na budućem ispitu.
00:50
But wouldn't it be great
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Međutim, zar ne bi bilo divno
00:51
if every once in a while we did mathematics
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kad bismo se s vremena na vrijeme bavili matematikom
00:54
simply because it was fun or beautiful
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jednostavno zato što je zabavna i lijepa
00:57
or because it excited the mind?
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ili možda zato što je uspjela uzbuditi um?
00:59
Now, I know many people have not
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Znam da mnogi nisu
01:01
had the opportunity to see how this can happen,
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uspjeli doživjeti to o čemu pričam,
01:03
so let me give you a quick example
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pa zato dopustite da vam dam jednostavan primjer
01:05
with my favorite collection of numbers,
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koristeći moju omiljenu kolekciju brojeva,
01:07
the Fibonacci numbers. (Applause)
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Fibonačijeve brojeve. (Aplauz)
01:10
Yeah! I already have Fibonacci fans here.
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Tako je! Vidim da ovdje imamo Fibonačijeve obožavatelje.
01:12
That's great.
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To je divno.
01:13
Now these numbers can be appreciated
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Značaj ovih brojeva se ogleda
01:15
in many different ways.
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na više načina.
01:17
From the standpoint of calculation,
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Sa stanovišta računanja,
01:20
they're as easy to understand
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jednostavno ih je razumjeti
01:22
as one plus one, which is two.
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kao što je i to da je jedan i jedan jednako dva.
01:24
Then one plus two is three,
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Zatim, jedan i dva je tri,
01:26
two plus three is five, three plus five is eight,
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dva i tri je pet, tri i pet je osam,
01:29
and so on.
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i tako dalje.
01:31
Indeed, the person we call Fibonacci
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Zaista, osoba koju zovemo Fibonači
01:33
was actually named Leonardo of Pisa,
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se ustvari zvala Leonardo od Pise,
01:36
and these numbers appear in his book "Liber Abaci,"
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a ovi brojevi se spominju u njegovoj knjizi "Liber Abaci" ("Knjiga računanja"),
01:39
which taught the Western world
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koja je naučila zapadni svijet
01:41
the methods of arithmetic that we use today.
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metodama aritmetike koje koristimo danas.
01:44
In terms of applications,
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U smislu primjene,
01:45
Fibonacci numbers appear in nature
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Fibonačijevi brojevi se pojavljuju u prirodi
01:48
surprisingly often.
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iznenađujuće često.
01:49
The number of petals on a flower
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Broj latica na cvijetu
01:51
is typically a Fibonacci number,
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je obično Fibonačijev broj,
01:53
or the number of spirals on a sunflower
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ili broj spirala na suncokretu
01:56
or a pineapple
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ili ananasu
01:57
tends to be a Fibonacci number as well.
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također teži da bude Fibonačijev broj.
02:00
In fact, there are many more applications of Fibonacci numbers,
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Ustvari, postoje mnoge druge primjene Fibonačijevih brojeva,
02:03
but what I find most inspirational about them
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ali ono sto smatram najinspirativnijim
02:06
are the beautiful number patterns they display.
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su divni šabloni brojeva koje predstavljaju.
02:08
Let me show you one of my favorites.
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Sad ću vam pokazati jedan od mojih omiljenih.
02:11
Suppose you like to square numbers,
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Pretpostavimo da volite kvadrirati brojeve,
02:13
and frankly, who doesn't? (Laughter)
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a realno, ko ne voli? (Smijeh)
02:16
Let's look at the squares
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Pogledajmo kvadrate
02:18
of the first few Fibonacci numbers.
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prvih nekoliko Fibonačijevih brojeva.
02:20
So one squared is one,
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Dakle, kvadrat broja jedan je jedan,
02:22
two squared is four, three squared is nine,
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kvadrat broja dva je četiri, tri na kvadrat je devet,
02:24
five squared is 25, and so on.
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pet na kvadrat je 25, itd.
02:27
Now, it's no surprise
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Nije nikakvo iznenađenje
02:29
that when you add consecutive Fibonacci numbers,
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da sabiranjem dva uzastopna Fibonačijeva broja,
02:32
you get the next Fibonacci number. Right?
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dobijemo sljedeći Fibonačijev broj, je li tako?
02:34
That's how they're created.
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Tako se oni i kreiraju.
02:35
But you wouldn't expect anything special
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Međutim, ne biste očekivali nista posebno
02:37
to happen when you add the squares together.
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da se dogodi u slučaju sabiranja njihovih kvadrata.
02:40
But check this out.
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Ali, pogledajte ovo.
02:42
One plus one gives us two,
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Jedan i jedan je dva,
02:44
and one plus four gives us five.
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a jedan i četiri je pet.
02:46
And four plus nine is 13,
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Četiri i devet je 13,
02:48
nine plus 25 is 34,
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devet i 25 je 34,
02:52
and yes, the pattern continues.
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i da, šablon se nastavlja.
02:54
In fact, here's another one.
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Ustvari, evo jos jednog.
02:56
Suppose you wanted to look at
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Pretpostavimo da ste htjeli pokušati
02:58
adding the squares of the first few Fibonacci numbers.
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sabrati kvadrate prvih nekoliko Fibonačijevih brojeva.
03:00
Let's see what we get there.
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Pogledajmo šta smo dobili ovdje.
03:02
So one plus one plus four is six.
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Dakle, jedan plus jedan plus četiri je šest.
03:04
Add nine to that, we get 15.
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Ako dodamo devet na to, dobit ćemo 15.
03:07
Add 25, we get 40.
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Dodavanjem 25, dobijamo 40.
03:09
Add 64, we get 104.
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Dodavanjem 64, dobijamo 104.
03:12
Now look at those numbers.
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Sada pogledajte ove brojeve.
03:14
Those are not Fibonacci numbers,
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Ovo nisu Fibonačijevi brojevi,
03:16
but if you look at them closely,
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ali ako ih bolje pogledate,
03:18
you'll see the Fibonacci numbers
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vidjet ćete Fibonačijeve brojeve
03:20
buried inside of them.
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unutar ovih brojeva.
03:22
Do you see it? I'll show it to you.
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Vidite li? Pokazat ću vam.
03:24
Six is two times three, 15 is three times five,
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Šest je dva pomnoženo sa tri, 15 je tri pomnoženo sa pet,
03:28
40 is five times eight,
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40 je pet pomnoženo sa osam,
03:30
two, three, five, eight, who do we appreciate?
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dva, tri, pet, osam, pogodi ko sam?
03:33
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:34
Fibonacci! Of course.
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Fibonači, naravno!
03:36
Now, as much fun as it is to discover these patterns,
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Koliko god da je zabavno otkriti ove šablone,
03:40
it's even more satisfying to understand
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još je bolje shvatiti
03:42
why they are true.
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zašto oni postoje.
03:44
Let's look at that last equation.
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Pogledajmo posljednju jednačinu.
03:46
Why should the squares of one, one, two, three, five and eight
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Zašto bi zbir kvadrata od jedan, jedan, dva, tri, pet i osam
03:50
add up to eight times 13?
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bio jednak rezultatu proizvoda brojeva osam i 13?
03:53
I'll show you by drawing a simple picture.
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Pokazat ću vam pomoću jednostavne slike.
03:56
We'll start with a one-by-one square
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Počet ćemo sa kvadratom "jedan sa jedan"
03:58
and next to that put another one-by-one square.
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i pored njega ćemo staviti isti takav kvadrat.
04:02
Together, they form a one-by-two rectangle.
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Zajedno, oni formiraju "jedan sa dva" pravougaonik.
04:06
Beneath that, I'll put a two-by-two square,
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Ispod njega, stavit ću "dva sa dva",
04:08
and next to that, a three-by-three square,
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pored njega "tri sa tri" kvadrat,
04:11
beneath that, a five-by-five square,
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ispod kvadrat "pet sa pet" ,
04:13
and then an eight-by-eight square,
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a zatim "osam sa osam",
04:15
creating one giant rectangle, right?
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kreirajući jedan veliki pravougaonik, zar ne?
04:18
Now let me ask you a simple question:
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Sada dopustite da vam postavim jednostavno pitanje:
04:20
what is the area of the rectangle?
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šta predstavlja površinu ovog pravougaonika?
04:23
Well, on the one hand,
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Pa, s jedne strane,
04:25
it's the sum of the areas
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to je zbir površina
04:28
of the squares inside it, right?
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sadržanih kvadrata, je li tako?
04:30
Just as we created it.
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Baš kao što smo ih i kreirali.
04:31
It's one squared plus one squared
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To je jedan na kvadrat plus jedan na kvadrat,
04:33
plus two squared plus three squared
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sabrano sa kvadratom od dva i tri
04:35
plus five squared plus eight squared. Right?
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te kvadratom od pet i osam. Jesam li u pravu?
04:38
That's the area.
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To je tražena površina.
04:40
On the other hand, because it's a rectangle,
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S druge strane, s obzirom na to da se radi o pravougaoniku,
04:42
the area is equal to its height times its base,
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površina je jednaka proizvodu dužine i širine,
04:46
and the height is clearly eight,
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širina je očito jednaka osam,
04:48
and the base is five plus eight,
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dok je dužina jednaka zbiru pet i osam,
04:51
which is the next Fibonacci number, 13. Right?
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koji predstavlja sljedeći Fibonačijev broj, 13. Je li tako?
04:55
So the area is also eight times 13.
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Dakle, površina je jednaka i proizvodu 8 i 13.
04:58
Since we've correctly calculated the area
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Pošto smo tačno izračunali površinu
05:00
two different ways,
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na dva različita načina,
05:02
they have to be the same number,
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ona mora biti jednaka,
05:04
and that's why the squares of one, one, two, three, five and eight
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i zato je zbir kvadrata od jedan, jedan, dva, tri, pet i osam
05:08
add up to eight times 13.
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jednak proizvodu 8 i 13.
05:10
Now, if we continue this process,
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Ukoliko nastavimo sa ovim postupkom,
05:12
we'll generate rectangles of the form 13 by 21,
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kreira ćemo pravougaonike dimenzija 13 sa 21,
05:16
21 by 34, and so on.
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21 sa 34, itd.
05:19
Now check this out.
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Pogledajte sada ovo.
05:20
If you divide 13 by eight,
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Ako podijelimo 13 sa osam,
05:22
you get 1.625.
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dobijemo 1,625.
05:24
And if you divide the larger number by the smaller number,
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Međutim, što veći broj dijelimo sa manjim brojem
05:28
then these ratios get closer and closer
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ovaj se odnos sve više približava
05:31
to about 1.618,
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do otprilike 1,618,
05:33
known to many people as the Golden Ratio,
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poznatog mnogima kao "zlatni rez",
05:37
a number which has fascinated mathematicians,
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broja koji fascinira matematičare,
05:39
scientists and artists for centuries.
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naučnike i umjetnike već stoljećima.
05:42
Now, I show all this to you because,
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Pokazao sam vam sve ovo,
05:45
like so much of mathematics,
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jer pored sve te matematike
05:47
there's a beautiful side to it
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postoji i lijepa strana
05:49
that I fear does not get enough attention
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kojoj se ne pridaje mnogo pažnje
05:51
in our schools.
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u našim školama.
05:52
We spend lots of time learning about calculation,
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Provodimo mnogo vremena baveći se računanjima,
05:55
but let's not forget about application,
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ali ne treba zaboraviti njihovu primjenu,
05:58
including, perhaps, the most important application of all,
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uključujući najvažniju od svih,
06:01
learning how to think.
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a to je da nas uče kako da razmišljamo.
06:03
If I could summarize this in one sentence,
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Ako bih trebao sumirati sve navedeno u jednoj rečenici,
06:05
it would be this:
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to bi bila ova:
06:07
Mathematics is not just solving for x,
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Matematika nije samo rješavanje nepoznate x,
06:10
it's also figuring out why.
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nego i shvatanje njene svrhe.
06:13
Thank you very much.
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Hvala vam.
06:15
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
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