The magic of Fibonacci numbers | Arthur Benjamin | TED

5,682,976 views ・ 2013-11-08

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Prevoditelj: Mladen Barešić Recezent: Senzos Osijek
00:12
So why do we learn mathematics?
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Zašto mi, zapravo, učimo matematiku?
00:15
Essentially, for three reasons:
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Tri su bitna razloga:
00:18
calculation,
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računanje,
00:19
application,
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primjena,
00:21
and last, and unfortunately least
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i posljednje, a nažalost i najmanje važno
00:24
in terms of the time we give it,
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u smislu vremena koje joj posvećujemo,
00:26
inspiration.
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nadahnuće.
00:28
Mathematics is the science of patterns,
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Matematika je znanost o obrascima,
00:30
and we study it to learn how to think logically,
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i proučavamo je kako bismo naučili misliti logički,
00:34
critically and creatively,
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kritički i stvaralački,
00:36
but too much of the mathematics that we learn in school
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ali suviše matematike koju u školi učimo
00:39
is not effectively motivated,
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nije pravilno motivirana,
00:41
and when our students ask,
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i kad nas naši učenici pitaju,
00:43
"Why are we learning this?"
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"Zašto ovo učimo?"
00:44
then they often hear that they'll need it
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često čuju da će im to trebati
00:46
in an upcoming math class or on a future test.
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na sljedećem satu matematike, ili u nekom testu sljedećeg mjeseca.
00:50
But wouldn't it be great
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Ali, ne bi li bilo sjajno
00:51
if every once in a while we did mathematics
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kad bismo se s vremena na vrijeme matematikom bavili
00:54
simply because it was fun or beautiful
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jednostavno zato što je ona zabavna, prelijepa
00:57
or because it excited the mind?
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ili intelektualno uzbudljiva?
00:59
Now, I know many people have not
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Znam da mnogi ljudi nisu nikad imali
01:01
had the opportunity to see how this can happen,
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prigodu vidjeti kako bi to izgledalo,
01:03
so let me give you a quick example
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pa mi dopustite da vam dam jednostavan primjer,
01:05
with my favorite collection of numbers,
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primjer mojeg omiljenog skupa brojeva,
01:07
the Fibonacci numbers. (Applause)
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Fibonaccijevih brojeva. (Pljesak)
01:10
Yeah! I already have Fibonacci fans here.
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Odlično! I ovdje ima ljubitelja Fibonaccijeviih brojeva.
01:12
That's great.
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To je odlično.
01:13
Now these numbers can be appreciated
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Vrijednost tih brojeva moguće je cijeniti
01:15
in many different ways.
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na mnogo različitih načina.
01:17
From the standpoint of calculation,
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Promotrimo li ih iz kuta računanja,
01:20
they're as easy to understand
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lako ih je razumjeti kao i
01:22
as one plus one, which is two.
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kao jedan plus jedan, što je dva..
01:24
Then one plus two is three,
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Potom, jedan plus dva je tri,
01:26
two plus three is five, three plus five is eight,
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dva plus tri je pet, tri plus pet je osam,
01:29
and so on.
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i tako dalje.
01:31
Indeed, the person we call Fibonacci
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Doista, osoba koju nazivamo Fibonacci
01:33
was actually named Leonardo of Pisa,
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zvao se, zapravo, Leonardo od Pise,
01:36
and these numbers appear in his book "Liber Abaci,"
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a ovi se brojevi pojavljuju u njegovoj knjizi "Liber Abaci",
01:39
which taught the Western world
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iz koje je Zapadni svijet naučio
01:41
the methods of arithmetic that we use today.
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aritmetičke metode koje danas koristimo.
01:44
In terms of applications,
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Što se primjene tiče,
01:45
Fibonacci numbers appear in nature
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Fibonaccijevi brojevi se u prirodi pojavljuju
01:48
surprisingly often.
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iznenađujuće često.
01:49
The number of petals on a flower
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Broj latica na cvijetu
01:51
is typically a Fibonacci number,
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obično je neki Fibonaccijev broj,
01:53
or the number of spirals on a sunflower
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ili broj spirala na suncokretovom cvijetu,
01:56
or a pineapple
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ili na ananasovom plodu
01:57
tends to be a Fibonacci number as well.
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također teži jednom od Fibonaccijevih brojeva.
02:00
In fact, there are many more applications of Fibonacci numbers,
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Ustvari, u mnogo drugih slučajeva nalazimo Fibonaccijeve brojeve,
02:03
but what I find most inspirational about them
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ali ono što ja u njima smatram najviše nadahnjujućim
02:06
are the beautiful number patterns they display.
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jesu prelijepi brojevni obrasci koje prikazuju.
02:08
Let me show you one of my favorites.
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Pokazat ću vam jedan od svojih omiljenih.
02:11
Suppose you like to square numbers,
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Pretpostavimo da volite kvadrirati brojeve,
02:13
and frankly, who doesn't? (Laughter)
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i, iskreno, tko ne voli? (Smijeh)
02:16
Let's look at the squares
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Pogledajmo kvadrate
02:18
of the first few Fibonacci numbers.
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prvih nekoliko Fibonaccijevih brojeva.
02:20
So one squared is one,
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Dakle, jedan na kvadrat je jedan,
02:22
two squared is four, three squared is nine,
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dva na kvadrat je četiri, tri na kvadrat je devet,
02:24
five squared is 25, and so on.
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pet na kvadrat je dvadeset i pet, i tako dalje.
02:27
Now, it's no surprise
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Naravno, nije iznenađujuće
02:29
that when you add consecutive Fibonacci numbers,
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kad pribrajanjem uzastopnih Fibonaccijevih brojeva
02:32
you get the next Fibonacci number. Right?
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dobijemo sljedeći Fibonaccijev broj. Zar ne?
02:34
That's how they're created.
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Tako su i stvoreni.
02:35
But you wouldn't expect anything special
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Međutim, ne biste očekivali ništa osobito
02:37
to happen when you add the squares together.
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krenete li zbrajati kvadrate.
02:40
But check this out.
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Ali, pogledajte ovo.
02:42
One plus one gives us two,
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Jedan plus jedan daje dva,
02:44
and one plus four gives us five.
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a jedan plus četiri daje pet.
02:46
And four plus nine is 13,
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A četiri plus devet daju trinaest,
02:48
nine plus 25 is 34,
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a devet plus 25 je 34,
02:52
and yes, the pattern continues.
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i da, obrazac se nastavlja.
02:54
In fact, here's another one.
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Zapravo, evo vam još jednog.
02:56
Suppose you wanted to look at
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Pretpostavimo da ste poželjeli sagledati
02:58
adding the squares of the first few Fibonacci numbers.
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zbrajanje kvadrata prvih nekoliko Fibonaccijevih brojeva.
03:00
Let's see what we get there.
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Pogledajmo što ćemo dobiti.
03:02
So one plus one plus four is six.
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Dakle jedan plus jedan plus četiri je šest.
03:04
Add nine to that, we get 15.
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Dodamo li tome devet, dobit ćemo 15.
03:07
Add 25, we get 40.
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Dodajmo 25 i dobivamo 40.
03:09
Add 64, we get 104.
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Dodajmo 64 i dobivamo 104.
03:12
Now look at those numbers.
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Razmotrimo te brojeve.
03:14
Those are not Fibonacci numbers,
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To nisu Fiboonaccijevi brojevi,
03:16
but if you look at them closely,
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ali promotrite li ih pažljivije,
03:18
you'll see the Fibonacci numbers
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uočit ćete Fibonaccijeve brojeve
03:20
buried inside of them.
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skrivene u njima.
03:22
Do you see it? I'll show it to you.
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Vidite li ih? Pokazat ću vam.
03:24
Six is two times three, 15 is three times five,
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Šest je dva puta tri, a 15 je tri puta pet,
03:28
40 is five times eight,
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40 je pet puta osam,
03:30
two, three, five, eight, who do we appreciate?
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dva, tri, pet, osam, volite me takvog tko sam?
03:33
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:34
Fibonacci! Of course.
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Fibonacci! Naravno.
03:36
Now, as much fun as it is to discover these patterns,
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Koliko god bilo zabavno otkrivati ovakve obrasce,
03:40
it's even more satisfying to understand
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još je više ispunjavajuće uvidjeti
03:42
why they are true.
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zašto je tome tako.
03:44
Let's look at that last equation.
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Pogledajmo posljednju jednadžbu.
03:46
Why should the squares of one, one, two, three, five and eight
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Zašto bi kvadrati brojeva jedan, jedan, dva, tri, pet i osam
03:50
add up to eight times 13?
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u zbroju bili jednaki umnošku osam i 13?
03:53
I'll show you by drawing a simple picture.
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Objasnit ću vam ovim jednostavnim prikazom.
03:56
We'll start with a one-by-one square
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Započnimo s kvadratom dimenzija jedan puta jedan
03:58
and next to that put another one-by-one square.
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i do njega stavimo još jedan kvadrat dimenzija jedan puta jedan.
04:02
Together, they form a one-by-two rectangle.
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Zajedno, oni čine pravokutnik dimenzija jedan puta dva.
04:06
Beneath that, I'll put a two-by-two square,
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Ispod njih, nacrtat ću kvadrat dimenzija dva puta dva,
04:08
and next to that, a three-by-three square,
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a do njih, kvadrat tri puta tri,.
04:11
beneath that, a five-by-five square,
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Ispod njih, kvadrat pet puta pet,
04:13
and then an eight-by-eight square,
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a potom kvadrat osam puta osam,
04:15
creating one giant rectangle, right?
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kreirajući tako jedan ogroman pravokutnik, zar ne?
04:18
Now let me ask you a simple question:
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Postavit ću vam jednostavno pitanje:
04:20
what is the area of the rectangle?
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Kolika je površina pravokutnika?
04:23
Well, on the one hand,
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S jedne strane,
04:25
it's the sum of the areas
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ona je suma površina
04:28
of the squares inside it, right?
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ucrtanih kvadrata, zar ne?
04:30
Just as we created it.
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Tako je pravokutnik i nastao.
04:31
It's one squared plus one squared
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Dakle, jedan na kvadrat plus jedan na kvadrat,
04:33
plus two squared plus three squared
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plus dva na kvadrat, plus tri na kvadrat,
04:35
plus five squared plus eight squared. Right?
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plus pet na kvadrat, plus osam na kvadrat.
04:38
That's the area.
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To je površina.
04:40
On the other hand, because it's a rectangle,
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S druge strane, budući da se radi o pravokutniku,
04:42
the area is equal to its height times its base,
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površina je jednaka umnošku njegove visine i njegove baze,
04:46
and the height is clearly eight,
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pri čemu je visina očito osam
04:48
and the base is five plus eight,
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a baza je pet plus osam,
04:51
which is the next Fibonacci number, 13. Right?
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što je sljedeći Fibonaccijev broj, 13.Zar ne?
04:55
So the area is also eight times 13.
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Prema tome, površina je osam puta 13.
04:58
Since we've correctly calculated the area
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Budući da smo ispravno izračunali površinu
05:00
two different ways,
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na dva različita načina,
05:02
they have to be the same number,
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to trebaju biti isti brojevi,
05:04
and that's why the squares of one, one, two, three, five and eight
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i etto zašto kvadrati brojeva jedan, jedan, dva, tri, pet i osam
05:08
add up to eight times 13.
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zbrojeni daju osam puta 13.
05:10
Now, if we continue this process,
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Nastavimo li ovaj postupak,
05:12
we'll generate rectangles of the form 13 by 21,
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stvorit ćemo pravokutnike oblika 13 puta 21,
05:16
21 by 34, and so on.
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21 puta 34, i tako dalje.
05:19
Now check this out.
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A razmotrimo ovo.
05:20
If you divide 13 by eight,
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Podijelimo li 13 sa osam,
05:22
you get 1.625.
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dobit ćemo 1,625.
05:24
And if you divide the larger number by the smaller number,
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I dijelimo li veći broj s manjim brojem,
05:28
then these ratios get closer and closer
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primijetit ćemo da se količnici sve više približavaju
05:31
to about 1.618,
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broju 1,618,
05:33
known to many people as the Golden Ratio,
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mnogim ljudima znanom kao Zlatni omjer,
05:37
a number which has fascinated mathematicians,
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broj koji je stoljećima očaravao matematičare,
05:39
scientists and artists for centuries.
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znanstvenike i umjetnike stoljećima.
05:42
Now, I show all this to you because,
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Sve vam ovo pokazujem zato što,
05:45
like so much of mathematics,
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kao toliko toga u matematici,
05:47
there's a beautiful side to it
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ovo posjeduje osobitu ljepotu kojoj,
05:49
that I fear does not get enough attention
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bojim se, ne poklanjamo dovoljno pozornosti
05:51
in our schools.
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u našim školama.
05:52
We spend lots of time learning about calculation,
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Mnogo vremena provodimo učeći o računanju,
05:55
but let's not forget about application,
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ali ne zaboravimo na primjenu,
05:58
including, perhaps, the most important application of all,
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uključujući, možda, i najvažniju od svih mogućih primjena,
06:01
learning how to think.
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učiti kako misliti.
06:03
If I could summarize this in one sentence,
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Kad bih ovo mogao sažeti u jednoj rečenici,
06:05
it would be this:
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bila bi to ova:
06:07
Mathematics is not just solving for x,
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Matematika ne služi samo za rješavanje x-a,
06:10
it's also figuring out why.
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već i razotkrivanje onoga zašto.
06:13
Thank you very much.
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Hvala vam puno.
06:15
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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