How did Hitler rise to power? - Alex Gendler and Anthony Hazard

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Mile Živković

How did Adolf Hitler,

Kako je Adolf Hitler,

a tyrant who orchestrated one of the largest genocides in human history,

tiranin koji je orkestrirao jednim od najvećih genocida u ljudskoj istoriji,

rise to power in a democratic country?

došao na vlast u demokratskoj državi?

The story begins at the end of World War I.

Priča počinje krajem Prvog svetskog rata.

With the successful Allied advance in 1918,

Uspešnim napredovanjem Saveznika 1918,

Germany realized the war was unwinnable

Nemačka je shvatila da je rat nemoguće dobiti

and signed an armistice ending the fighting.

i potpisala je primirje kojim su okončane borbe.

As its imperial government collapsed,

Kako se rušila njena imperijalistička vlada,

civil unrest and worker strikes spread across the nation.

građanski nemiri i štrajkovi radnika su se širili nacijom.

Fearing a Communist revolution,

U strahu od komunističke revolucije,

major parties joined to suppress the uprisings,

veće partije su se udružile kako bi ugušile ustanke,

establishing the parliamentary Weimar Republic.

osnivajući tako parlamentarnu Vajmarsku Republiku.

One of the new government's first tasks

Jedan od prvih zadataka vlade

was implementing the peace treaty imposed by the Allies.

bio je primena mirovnog dogovora koji su nametnuli Saveznici.

In addition to losing over a tenth of its territory and dismantling its army,

Pored gubitka desetine svoje teritorije i raspuštanja svoje vojske,

Germany had to accept full responsibility for the war and pay reparations,

Nemačka je morala da prihvati punu odgovornost za rat i da plati obeštećenje,

debilitating its already weakened economy.

time narušavajući već oslabljenu ekonomiju.

All this was seen as a humiliation by many nationalists and veterans.

Mnogi nacionalisti i veterani su sve ovo videli kao poniženje.

They wrongly believed the war could have been won

Bili su u zabludi da su mogli da dobiju rat

if the army hadn't been betrayed by politicians and protesters.

da vojsku nisu izdali političari i demonstranti.

For Hitler, these views became obsession,

Za Hitlera su ovi stavovi postali opsesija,

and his bigotry and paranoid delusions led him to pin the blame on Jews.

a njegova netrpeljivost i paranoidne zablude

naveli su ga da svali krivicu na Jevreje.

His words found resonance in a society with many anti-Semitic people.

Njegove reči su pronašle odjek u društvu s mnoštvom antisemita.

By this time, hundreds of thousands of Jews

Do tada se stotine hiljada Jevreja

had integrated into German society,

bilo integrisalo u nemačko društvo,

but many Germans continued to perceive them as outsiders.

ali su ih mnogi Nemci i dalje doživljavali kao izvanjce.

After World War I, Jewish success led to ungrounded accusations

Nakon Prvog svetskog rata, jevrejski uspeh je doveo do neosnovanih optužbi

of subversion and war profiteering.

za subverziju i ratno profiterstvo.

It can not be stressed enough that these conspiracy theories

Ne može se dovoljno naglasiti da su ove teorije zavere

were born out of fear,

začete iz straha,

anger,

besa

and bigotry,

i netrpeljivosti,

not fact.

a ne iz činjenica.

Nonetheless, Hitler found success with them.

Pored toga, Hitler je imao uspeha s njima.

When he joined a small nationalist political party,

Kad se priključio maloj nacionalističkoj političkoj partiji,

his manipulative public speaking launched him into its leadership

njegovi manipulativni javni govori su ga smestili na poziciju vođe

and drew increasingly larger crowds.

i privlačili su sve veće gomile ljudi.

Combining anti-Semitism with populist resentment,

Kombinujući antisemitizam sa populističkom ozlojeđenošću,

the Nazis denounced both Communism and Capitalism

nacisti su se odrekli i komunizma i kapitalizma

as international Jewish conspiracies to destroy Germany.

kao međunarodne jevrejske zavere da se uništi Nemačka.

The Nazi party was not initially popular.

Nacistička partija u početku nije bila popularna.

After they made an unsuccessful attempt at overthrowing the government,

Nakon neuspešnog pokušaja da svrgnu vladu,

the party was banned,

partija je zabranjena,

and Hitler jailed for treason.

a Hitler je utamničen zbog izdaje.

But upon his release about a year later,

No nakon izlaska iz zatvora, oko godinu dana kasnije,

he immediately began to rebuild the movement.

momentalno je počeo da iznova gradi pokret.

And then, in 1929, the Great Depression happened.

A onda se 1929. desila Velika depresija.

It led to American banks withdrawing their loans from Germany,

Dovela je do toga da američke banke povuku zajmove iz Nemačke,

and the already struggling German economy collapsed overnight.

a već osiromašena nemačka ekonomija se srušila preko noći.

Hitler took advantage of the people's anger,

Hitler je iskoristio bes ljudi,

offering them convenient scapegoats

nudeći im prikladne žrtvene jarčeve

and a promise to restore Germany's former greatness.

i obećanje obnavljanja nekadašnje nemačke slave.

Mainstream parties proved unable to handle the crisis

Mejnstrim partije su se pokazale nevičnim da se izbore s krizom,

while left-wing opposition was too fragmented by internal squabbles.

dok je levičarska opozicija bila isuviše rasparčana zbog unutrašnjih razmirica.

And so some of the frustrated public flocked to the Nazis,

Te se deo frustrirane javnosti okupio oko nacista,

increasing their parliamentary votes from under 3% to over 18% in just two years.

povećavajući njihove parlamentarne glasove sa manje od 3% na preko 18%

za samo dve godine.

In 1932, Hitler ran for president,

Godine 1932, Hitler se kandidovao za predsednika,

losing the election to decorated war hero General von Hindenburg.

izgubivši izbore od odlikovanog ratnog heroja, generala Von Hindenburga.

But with 36% of the vote, Hitler had demonstrated the extent of his support.

Ali s 38% glasova, Hitler je pokazao opseg svojih pristalica.

The following year, advisors and business leaders

Sledeće godine su savetnici i poslovne vođe

convinced Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as Chancellor,

ubedili Hindenburga da postavi Hitlera za kancelara,

hoping to channel his popularity for their own goals.

u nadi da će kanalisati njegovu popularnost zarad ličnih ciljeva.

Though the Chancellor was only the administrative head of parliament,

Iako je kancelar bio tek administrativni starešina parlamenta,

Hitler steadily expanded the power of his position.

Hitler je nepokolebljivo širio moć svoje pozicije.

While his supporters formed paramilitary groups

Dok su njegove pristalice formirale paravojne grupe

and fought protestors in streets.

i borile se protiv demonstranata na ulicama.

Hitler raised fears of a Communist uprising

Hitler je uzburkao strahove od uspona komunista

and argued that only he could restore law and order.

i tvrdio je da samo on može ponovo da uspostavi red i zakon.

Then in 1933,

Potom je 1933.

a young worker was convicted of setting fire to the parliament building.

mladi radnik osuđen za potpaljivanje zgrade parlamenta.

Hitler used the event to convince the government

Hitler je iskoristio događaj da ubedi vladu

to grant him emergency powers.

da mu dodeli vlast u slučaju nužde.

Within a matter of months, freedom of the press was abolished,

Za svega nekoliko meseci ukinuta je sloboda štampe,

other parties were disbanded,

druge partije su raspuštene

and anti-Jewish laws were passed.

i doneseni su protivjevrejski zakoni.

Many of Hitler's early radical supporters were arrested and executed,

Mnoge Hitlerove rane radiklane pristalice su uhapšene i pogubljene,

along with potential rivals,

zajedno sa potencijalnim protivnicima,

and when President Hindenburg died in August 1934,

a kad je umro predsednik Hindenburg, u avgustu 1934,

it was clear there would be no new election.

bilo je jasno da neće biti novih izbora.

Disturbingly, many of Hitler's early measures didn't require mass repression.

Uznemirava to što mnoge Htlerove rane mere nisu zahtevale masovnu represiju.

His speeches exploited people's fear and ire

Njegovi govori su eksploatisali strah i ljutnju naroda

to drive their support behind him and the Nazi party.

da bi njemu i nacističkoj partiji pribavili podršku.

Meanwhile, businessmen and intellectuals,

U međuvremenu su poslovni ljudi i intelektualci,

wanting to be on the right side of public opinion,

želeći da budu na pravoj strani javnog mnjenja,

endorsed Hitler.

podržali Hitlera.

They assured themselves and each other

Ubeđivali su sebe i jedni druge

that his more extreme rhetoric was only for show.

da je ova nešto ekstremnija retorika samo radi razmetanja.

Decades later, Hitler's rise remains a warning

Decenijama kasnije, Hitlerov uspon ostaje upozorenje

of how fragile democratic institutions can be in the face of angry crowds

za to kako krhke demokratske institucije mogu da budu suočene s gnevnom ruljom

and a leader willing to feed their anger and exploit their fears.

i vođom spremnim da hrani njihov bes i eksploatiše njihove strahove.