How did Hitler rise to power? - Alex Gendler and Anthony Hazard

Translator: Arofat Akhundjanova Reviewer: Nazarbek Nazarov

How did Adolf Hitler,

Insoniyat tarixidagi eng yirik

a tyrant who orchestrated one of the largest genocides in human history,

genotsidni amalga oshirgan zolim Adolf Gitler qanday qilib demokratik mamlakatda

rise to power in a democratic country?

hokimiyatni o'z qo'liga oldi? Uning hokimiyat

The story begins at the end of World War I.

tepasiga kelishi I Jahon urushi oxiridagi voqealar bilan bog'liq.

With the successful Allied advance in 1918,

1918-yil Antanta ittifoqining muvaffaqiyatli hujumidan so'ng

Germany realized the war was unwinnable

Germaniya urushda g'alaba qozona olmasligini tushunib yetdi va

and signed an armistice ending the fighting.

urushga chek qo'ygan sulhga imzo chekdi.

As its imperial government collapsed,

Kayzer hukumati qulagach,

civil unrest and worker strikes spread across the nation.

mamlakatda g'alayonlar va ish tashlashlar kuchaydi.

Fearing a Communist revolution,

Kommunistik inqilobdan qo'rqqan asosiy

major parties joined to suppress the uprisings,

partiyalar qo'zg'alonlarni bostirish maqsadida birlashdilar va

establishing the parliamentary Weimar Republic.

parlamentar hukumat - Veymar respublikasini tashkil etdilar.

One of the new government's first tasks

Yangi hukumatning birlamchi vazifalaridan

was implementing the peace treaty imposed by the Allies.

biri Antantaning sulh shartlarini bajarish edi.

In addition to losing over a tenth of its territory and dismantling its army,

Hududining 1/10 qismini yo'qotish va qo'shinni qurolsizlantirishdan tashqari,

Germany had to accept full responsibility for the war and pay reparations,

Germaniya urush uchun to'liq javobgarlikni o'z zimmasiga olishi va kuchsiz

debilitating its already weakened economy.

iqtisodiyotini yanada zaiflashtiruvchi tovonni to'lashi kerak edi.

All this was seen as a humiliation by many nationalists and veterans.

Ko'plab millatchilar va urush qatnash- chilari buni haqorat deb qabul qildilar.

They wrongly believed the war could have been won

Ular, agar siyosatchilar va oppozitsiya armiyaga xiyonat

if the army hadn't been betrayed by politicians and protesters.

qilmaganida, urushda yutib chiqish mumkin edi, deb yanglishgandilar.

For Hitler, these views became obsession,

Xuddi shunday yanglish qarashlarga berilgan Gitler

and his bigotry and paranoid delusions led him to pin the blame on Jews.

mutaasibligi va paranoid xomxayollari bilan bor aybni yahudiylarga to'nkadi.

His words found resonance in a society with many anti-Semitic people.

Uning so'zlari ko'plab antisemitlardan iborat jamoatchilik orasida yoyildi.

By this time, hundreds of thousands of Jews

Bu vaqtga kelib, yuz minglab yahudiylar

had integrated into German society,

Germaniya jamiyatining bir qismiga aylanib ulgurgandi,

but many Germans continued to perceive them as outsiders.

ammo aksariyat nemislar yahudiylarni begona deb bilishgan.

After World War I, Jewish success led to ungrounded accusations

I Jahon urushidan keyin yahudiylar muvaffaqiyati ular tuzumni ag'darib,

of subversion and war profiteering.

urushdan foyda ko'rishgan degan asossiz ayblovlarga asos bo'ldi.

It can not be stressed enough that these conspiracy theories

Alohida ta'kidlash joizki, bu fitna sabablari

were born out of fear,

dalillarga emas, balki qo'rquv,

anger,

g'azab

and bigotry,

va mutaasiblikka

not fact.

asoslangan edi.

Nonetheless, Hitler found success with them.

Biroq Gitler ulardan o'rinli foydalana oldi.

When he joined a small nationalist political party,

U natsistlarning kichik siyosiy partiyasi a'zosi bo'ladi,

his manipulative public speaking launched him into its leadership

kuchli ta'sirga ega nutqi yordamida partiyada yetakchilikka erishadi va

and drew increasingly larger crowds.

ulkan olomon e'tiborini qozonadi.

Combining anti-Semitism with populist resentment,

Antisemitizm va populistik xurujlarni o'zida jamlagan natsizm

the Nazis denounced both Communism and Capitalism

kommunizm va kapitalizmga Germaniyani yo'q qilishni ko'zlagan

as international Jewish conspiracies to destroy Germany.

yahudiylar fitnasi sifatida qarshi chiqadi.

The Nazi party was not initially popular.

Avvaliga Milliy Sotsialistlar partiyasi yaxshi tanilmaydi.

After they made an unsuccessful attempt at overthrowing the government,

Hukumatni ag'darishga urinish muvaffaqiyatsiz tugagach,

the party was banned,

uning faoliyati taqiqlanadi va

and Hitler jailed for treason.

Gitler xoinlikda ayblanib qamoqqa olinadi.

But upon his release about a year later,

Ammo bir yildan so'ng ozodlikka chiqqach,

he immediately began to rebuild the movement.

u darhol siyosiy harakatni qayta tiklashga kirishadi.

And then, in 1929, the Great Depression happened.

1929-yil AQShda Buyuk Depressiya yuz beradi.

It led to American banks withdrawing their loans from Germany,

Amerika banklari Germaniyaga bergan qarzlarini bekor qiladi.

and the already struggling German economy collapsed overnight.

Natijada, Germaniya iqtisodiyoti bir kechadayoq inqirozga yuz tutadi.

Hitler took advantage of the people's anger,

Gitler xalq noroziligidan foydalanib,

offering them convenient scapegoats

aybsiz abydorlarni o'ylab topadi va

and a promise to restore Germany's former greatness.

Germaniyaning oldingi ulug'vorligini qayta tiklashga va'da beradi.

Mainstream parties proved unable to handle the crisis

Asosiy partiyalar inqirozni bartaraf etolmasligini isbotladi,

while left-wing opposition was too fragmented by internal squabbles.

ichki ziddiyatlarga to'lgan chap qanot muxolifatda esa birlik yo'qolgandi.

And so some of the frustrated public flocked to the Nazis,

Umidsizlangan xalqning bir qismi natsistlar tomoniga o'tadi va shu bois

increasing their parliamentary votes from under 3% to over 18% in just two years.

ularning parlamentdagi ulushi 2 yil ichida 3% dan 18% ga ko'tariladi.

In 1932, Hitler ran for president,

1932-yil Gitler prezidentlikka o'z nomzodini qo'yadi,

losing the election to decorated war hero General von Hindenburg.

ammo saylovni urush qahramoni general fon Gindenburgga boy beradi.

But with 36% of the vote, Hitler had demonstrated the extent of his support.

Biroq 36% ovoz to'plagan Gitler tarafdorlari soni oshganini isbot etadi.

The following year, advisors and business leaders

Gitlerning shuhratidan manfaatdor bo'lishga umid bog'lagan

convinced Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as Chancellor,

davlat maslahatchilar va ishbilarmonlar doirasi vakillari

hoping to channel his popularity for their own goals.

kelasi yil Gindenburgni uni kansler etib tayinlashga ko'ndirishadi.

Though the Chancellor was only the administrative head of parliament,

Garchi kansler parlamentning ma'muriy rahbari bo'lsa-da,

Hitler steadily expanded the power of his position.

Gitler asta-sekin o'z vakolatlarini kengaytirib boradi.

While his supporters formed paramilitary groups

Uning tarafdorlari harbiy guruhlarni tuzib,

and fought protestors in streets.

ko'chalarda namoshiychilarga qarshi kurashadi.

Hitler raised fears of a Communist uprising

Kommunistik inqilobdan cho'chigan Gitler esa

and argued that only he could restore law and order.

faqat u mamlakatdagi tartibni tiklay olishiga ishontirmoqchi bo'ladi.

Then in 1933,

1933-yil yosh ishchi

a young worker was convicted of setting fire to the parliament building.

parlament binosiga o't qo'yishda ayblanadi.

Hitler used the event to convince the government

Vaziyatdan foydalangan Gitler hukumatdan

to grant him emergency powers.

favqulodda vakolatlar olishga muvaffaq bo'ladi.

Within a matter of months, freedom of the press was abolished,

Bir necha oy ichida matbuot erkinligi yo'q qilinadi,

other parties were disbanded,

boshqa partiyalar tarqatib yuboriladi

and anti-Jewish laws were passed.

va yahudiylarga qarshi qonunlar qabul qilinadi.

Many of Hitler's early radical supporters were arrested and executed,

Gitlerning avvalgi radikal tarafdorlari, shu jumladan ehtimolli raqiblari

along with potential rivals,

hibsga olinadi va qatl etiladi.

and when President Hindenburg died in August 1934,

1934-yil avgustida Prezident Gindenburg vafot etgach,

it was clear there would be no new election.

yangi saylov o'tkazilmasligiga hech qanday shubha qolmaydi.

Disturbingly, many of Hitler's early measures didn't require mass repression.

Ajablanarlisi, Gitlerning ilk faoliyati ommaviy qatag'onni taqozo etmaydi.

His speeches exploited people's fear and ire

U nutqlarida xalqdagi qo'rquv va norozilik kayfiyatidan ustalik

to drive their support behind him and the Nazi party.

bilan foydalanib, odamlarni natsizm atrofida to'play boshlaydi.

Meanwhile, businessmen and intellectuals,

Ishbilarmon va ziyolilar doirasi esa

wanting to be on the right side of public opinion,

jamoatchilik ishonchini qozonish maqsadida

endorsed Hitler.

Gitlerni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.

They assured themselves and each other

Ular o'zlari va atrofdagilarni Gitler-

that his more extreme rhetoric was only for show.

-ning keskin nutqlari bor-yo'g'i tomosha ekaniga ishontirishadi.

Decades later, Hitler's rise remains a warning

Yillar o'tib, Gitlerning hokimiyatni egallashi demokratik institutlar

of how fragile democratic institutions can be in the face of angry crowds

olomonning g'azab va qo'rquvidan foydalanishga qodir siyosiy rahbar hamda

and a leader willing to feed their anger and exploit their fears.

uning xalqi qarshisida qanchalik zaif bo'lishi mumkinligi haqida ogoh etadi.