How did Hitler rise to power? - Alex Gendler and Anthony Hazard

9,988,424 views ・ 2016-07-18

TED-Ed


Videoni ijro etish uchun quyidagi inglizcha subtitrlarga ikki marta bosing.

Translator: Arofat Akhundjanova Reviewer: Nazarbek Nazarov
00:06
How did Adolf Hitler,
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Insoniyat tarixidagi eng yirik
00:08
a tyrant who orchestrated one of the largest genocides in human history,
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genotsidni amalga oshirgan zolim Adolf Gitler qanday qilib demokratik mamlakatda
00:12
rise to power in a democratic country?
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hokimiyatni o'z qo'liga oldi? Uning hokimiyat
00:16
The story begins at the end of World War I.
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tepasiga kelishi I Jahon urushi oxiridagi voqealar bilan bog'liq.
00:19
With the successful Allied advance in 1918,
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1918-yil Antanta ittifoqining muvaffaqiyatli hujumidan so'ng
00:22
Germany realized the war was unwinnable
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Germaniya urushda g'alaba qozona olmasligini tushunib yetdi va
00:26
and signed an armistice ending the fighting.
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urushga chek qo'ygan sulhga imzo chekdi.
00:29
As its imperial government collapsed,
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Kayzer hukumati qulagach,
00:31
civil unrest and worker strikes spread across the nation.
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mamlakatda g'alayonlar va ish tashlashlar kuchaydi.
00:36
Fearing a Communist revolution,
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Kommunistik inqilobdan qo'rqqan asosiy
00:37
major parties joined to suppress the uprisings,
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partiyalar qo'zg'alonlarni bostirish maqsadida birlashdilar va
00:41
establishing the parliamentary Weimar Republic.
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parlamentar hukumat - Veymar respublikasini tashkil etdilar.
00:45
One of the new government's first tasks
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Yangi hukumatning birlamchi vazifalaridan
00:47
was implementing the peace treaty imposed by the Allies.
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biri Antantaning sulh shartlarini bajarish edi.
00:51
In addition to losing over a tenth of its territory and dismantling its army,
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Hududining 1/10 qismini yo'qotish va qo'shinni qurolsizlantirishdan tashqari,
00:56
Germany had to accept full responsibility for the war and pay reparations,
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Germaniya urush uchun to'liq javobgarlikni o'z zimmasiga olishi va kuchsiz
01:02
debilitating its already weakened economy.
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iqtisodiyotini yanada zaiflashtiruvchi tovonni to'lashi kerak edi.
01:06
All this was seen as a humiliation by many nationalists and veterans.
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Ko'plab millatchilar va urush qatnash- chilari buni haqorat deb qabul qildilar.
01:10
They wrongly believed the war could have been won
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Ular, agar siyosatchilar va oppozitsiya armiyaga xiyonat
01:13
if the army hadn't been betrayed by politicians and protesters.
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qilmaganida, urushda yutib chiqish mumkin edi, deb yanglishgandilar.
01:19
For Hitler, these views became obsession,
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Xuddi shunday yanglish qarashlarga berilgan Gitler
01:22
and his bigotry and paranoid delusions led him to pin the blame on Jews.
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mutaasibligi va paranoid xomxayollari bilan bor aybni yahudiylarga to'nkadi.
01:28
His words found resonance in a society with many anti-Semitic people.
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Uning so'zlari ko'plab antisemitlardan iborat jamoatchilik orasida yoyildi.
01:32
By this time, hundreds of thousands of Jews
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Bu vaqtga kelib, yuz minglab yahudiylar
01:35
had integrated into German society,
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Germaniya jamiyatining bir qismiga aylanib ulgurgandi,
01:37
but many Germans continued to perceive them as outsiders.
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ammo aksariyat nemislar yahudiylarni begona deb bilishgan.
01:42
After World War I, Jewish success led to ungrounded accusations
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I Jahon urushidan keyin yahudiylar muvaffaqiyati ular tuzumni ag'darib,
01:47
of subversion and war profiteering.
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urushdan foyda ko'rishgan degan asossiz ayblovlarga asos bo'ldi.
01:51
It can not be stressed enough that these conspiracy theories
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Alohida ta'kidlash joizki, bu fitna sabablari
01:54
were born out of fear,
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dalillarga emas, balki qo'rquv,
01:56
anger,
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g'azab
01:57
and bigotry,
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va mutaasiblikka
01:58
not fact.
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asoslangan edi.
01:59
Nonetheless, Hitler found success with them.
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Biroq Gitler ulardan o'rinli foydalana oldi.
02:02
When he joined a small nationalist political party,
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U natsistlarning kichik siyosiy partiyasi a'zosi bo'ladi,
02:05
his manipulative public speaking launched him into its leadership
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kuchli ta'sirga ega nutqi yordamida partiyada yetakchilikka erishadi va
02:09
and drew increasingly larger crowds.
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ulkan olomon e'tiborini qozonadi.
02:12
Combining anti-Semitism with populist resentment,
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Antisemitizm va populistik xurujlarni o'zida jamlagan natsizm
02:16
the Nazis denounced both Communism and Capitalism
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kommunizm va kapitalizmga Germaniyani yo'q qilishni ko'zlagan
02:19
as international Jewish conspiracies to destroy Germany.
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yahudiylar fitnasi sifatida qarshi chiqadi.
02:24
The Nazi party was not initially popular.
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Avvaliga Milliy Sotsialistlar partiyasi yaxshi tanilmaydi.
02:27
After they made an unsuccessful attempt at overthrowing the government,
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Hukumatni ag'darishga urinish muvaffaqiyatsiz tugagach,
02:31
the party was banned,
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uning faoliyati taqiqlanadi va
02:33
and Hitler jailed for treason.
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Gitler xoinlikda ayblanib qamoqqa olinadi.
02:35
But upon his release about a year later,
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Ammo bir yildan so'ng ozodlikka chiqqach,
02:37
he immediately began to rebuild the movement.
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u darhol siyosiy harakatni qayta tiklashga kirishadi.
02:41
And then, in 1929, the Great Depression happened.
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1929-yil AQShda Buyuk Depressiya yuz beradi.
02:45
It led to American banks withdrawing their loans from Germany,
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Amerika banklari Germaniyaga bergan qarzlarini bekor qiladi.
02:49
and the already struggling German economy collapsed overnight.
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Natijada, Germaniya iqtisodiyoti bir kechadayoq inqirozga yuz tutadi.
02:54
Hitler took advantage of the people's anger,
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Gitler xalq noroziligidan foydalanib,
02:56
offering them convenient scapegoats
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aybsiz abydorlarni o'ylab topadi va
02:58
and a promise to restore Germany's former greatness.
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Germaniyaning oldingi ulug'vorligini qayta tiklashga va'da beradi.
03:02
Mainstream parties proved unable to handle the crisis
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Asosiy partiyalar inqirozni bartaraf etolmasligini isbotladi,
03:06
while left-wing opposition was too fragmented by internal squabbles.
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ichki ziddiyatlarga to'lgan chap qanot muxolifatda esa birlik yo'qolgandi.
03:11
And so some of the frustrated public flocked to the Nazis,
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Umidsizlangan xalqning bir qismi natsistlar tomoniga o'tadi va shu bois
03:15
increasing their parliamentary votes from under 3% to over 18% in just two years.
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ularning parlamentdagi ulushi 2 yil ichida 3% dan 18% ga ko'tariladi.
03:22
In 1932, Hitler ran for president,
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1932-yil Gitler prezidentlikka o'z nomzodini qo'yadi,
03:25
losing the election to decorated war hero General von Hindenburg.
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ammo saylovni urush qahramoni general fon Gindenburgga boy beradi.
03:30
But with 36% of the vote, Hitler had demonstrated the extent of his support.
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Biroq 36% ovoz to'plagan Gitler tarafdorlari soni oshganini isbot etadi.
03:35
The following year, advisors and business leaders
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Gitlerning shuhratidan manfaatdor bo'lishga umid bog'lagan
03:38
convinced Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as Chancellor,
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davlat maslahatchilar va ishbilarmonlar doirasi vakillari
03:42
hoping to channel his popularity for their own goals.
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kelasi yil Gindenburgni uni kansler etib tayinlashga ko'ndirishadi.
03:46
Though the Chancellor was only the administrative head of parliament,
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Garchi kansler parlamentning ma'muriy rahbari bo'lsa-da,
03:50
Hitler steadily expanded the power of his position.
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Gitler asta-sekin o'z vakolatlarini kengaytirib boradi.
03:54
While his supporters formed paramilitary groups
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Uning tarafdorlari harbiy guruhlarni tuzib,
03:56
and fought protestors in streets.
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ko'chalarda namoshiychilarga qarshi kurashadi.
03:59
Hitler raised fears of a Communist uprising
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Kommunistik inqilobdan cho'chigan Gitler esa
04:02
and argued that only he could restore law and order.
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faqat u mamlakatdagi tartibni tiklay olishiga ishontirmoqchi bo'ladi.
04:06
Then in 1933,
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1933-yil yosh ishchi
04:08
a young worker was convicted of setting fire to the parliament building.
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parlament binosiga o't qo'yishda ayblanadi.
04:13
Hitler used the event to convince the government
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Vaziyatdan foydalangan Gitler hukumatdan
04:16
to grant him emergency powers.
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favqulodda vakolatlar olishga muvaffaq bo'ladi.
04:19
Within a matter of months, freedom of the press was abolished,
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Bir necha oy ichida matbuot erkinligi yo'q qilinadi,
04:23
other parties were disbanded,
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boshqa partiyalar tarqatib yuboriladi
04:25
and anti-Jewish laws were passed.
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va yahudiylarga qarshi qonunlar qabul qilinadi.
04:28
Many of Hitler's early radical supporters were arrested and executed,
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Gitlerning avvalgi radikal tarafdorlari, shu jumladan ehtimolli raqiblari
04:33
along with potential rivals,
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hibsga olinadi va qatl etiladi.
04:35
and when President Hindenburg died in August 1934,
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1934-yil avgustida Prezident Gindenburg vafot etgach,
04:38
it was clear there would be no new election.
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yangi saylov o'tkazilmasligiga hech qanday shubha qolmaydi.
04:42
Disturbingly, many of Hitler's early measures didn't require mass repression.
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Ajablanarlisi, Gitlerning ilk faoliyati ommaviy qatag'onni taqozo etmaydi.
04:47
His speeches exploited people's fear and ire
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U nutqlarida xalqdagi qo'rquv va norozilik kayfiyatidan ustalik
04:50
to drive their support behind him and the Nazi party.
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bilan foydalanib, odamlarni natsizm atrofida to'play boshlaydi.
04:54
Meanwhile, businessmen and intellectuals,
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Ishbilarmon va ziyolilar doirasi esa
04:57
wanting to be on the right side of public opinion,
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jamoatchilik ishonchini qozonish maqsadida
04:59
endorsed Hitler.
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Gitlerni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.
05:01
They assured themselves and each other
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Ular o'zlari va atrofdagilarni Gitler-
05:03
that his more extreme rhetoric was only for show.
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-ning keskin nutqlari bor-yo'g'i tomosha ekaniga ishontirishadi.
05:06
Decades later, Hitler's rise remains a warning
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Yillar o'tib, Gitlerning hokimiyatni egallashi demokratik institutlar
05:09
of how fragile democratic institutions can be in the face of angry crowds
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olomonning g'azab va qo'rquvidan foydalanishga qodir siyosiy rahbar hamda
05:15
and a leader willing to feed their anger and exploit their fears.
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uning xalqi qarshisida qanchalik zaif bo'lishi mumkinligi haqida ogoh etadi.
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