How did Hitler rise to power? - Alex Gendler and Anthony Hazard

Kako je Hitler došao na vlast? - Alex Gendler i Anthony Hazard

Prevoditelj: Ivan Stamenković Recezent: Igor Pureta

How did Adolf Hitler,

Kako je Adolf Hitler,

a tyrant who orchestrated one of the largest genocides in human history,

tiranin koji je proveo jedan od najvećih genocida u ljudskoj povijesti,

rise to power in a democratic country?

došao na vlast u demokratskoj zemlji?

The story begins at the end of World War I.

Priča počinje na kraju Prvog svjetskog rata.

With the successful Allied advance in 1918,

Sa uspješnim napadima Saveznika 1918.,

Germany realized the war was unwinnable

Njemačka je shvatila da ne može pobijediti u ratu

and signed an armistice ending the fighting.

te su potpisali sporazum o prekidu sukoba.

As its imperial government collapsed,

Kako je njihova kraljevska vlada pala,

civil unrest and worker strikes spread across the nation.

građanski nemiri i štrajk radnika proširili su se zemljom.

Fearing a Communist revolution,

Bojeći se Komunističke revolucije,

major parties joined to suppress the uprisings,

velike stranke udružile su se kako bi spriječile ustanke,

establishing the parliamentary Weimar Republic.

uspostavljajući parlamentarnu Vajmarsku republiku.

One of the new government's first tasks

Jedan od prvih zadataka nove vlade

was implementing the peace treaty imposed by the Allies.

bio je implementiranje primirja koje su postavili Saveznici.

In addition to losing over a tenth of its territory and dismantling its army,

Kao dodatak gubitku desetine teritorija i raspuštanja vojske,

Germany had to accept full responsibility for the war and pay reparations,

Njemačka je morala prihvatiti odgovornost za rat i platiti reparacije,

debilitating its already weakened economy.

što je onesposobilo već slabu ekonomiju.

All this was seen as a humiliation by many nationalists and veterans.

Sve ovo je viđeno kao poniženje od strane mnogih nacionalista i veterana.

They wrongly believed the war could have been won

Pogrešno su vjerovali da se u ratu moglo pobijediti

if the army hadn't been betrayed by politicians and protesters.

da vojsku nisu izdali političari i prosjednici.

For Hitler, these views became obsession,

Za Hitlera, ti pogledi su postali opsesija,

and his bigotry and paranoid delusions led him to pin the blame on Jews.

a njegova zadrtost i paranoja dovele su ga do toga da je okrivio Židove.

His words found resonance in a society with many anti-Semitic people.

Njegove riječi pale su na plodno tlo u društvu sa puno anti-semita.

By this time, hundreds of thousands of Jews

Do tog trenutka, stotine tisuća Židova

had integrated into German society,

bilo je integrirano u njemačko društvo,

but many Germans continued to perceive them as outsiders.

ali mnogi Nijemci vidjeli su ih kao izopćenike.

After World War I, Jewish success led to ungrounded accusations

Nakon Prvog svjetskog rata, židovski uspjeh doveo je do neutemeljenih optužbi

of subversion and war profiteering.

za ratno profiterstvo i subverzije.

It can not be stressed enough that these conspiracy theories

Ne može se dovoljno naglasiti

were born out of fear,

da su te teorije stvorene iz straha,

anger,

bijesa,

and bigotry,

i zadrtosti,

not fact.

ne činjenica.

Nonetheless, Hitler found success with them.

No ipak, Hitler je s njima uspio.

When he joined a small nationalist political party,

Kad se pridružio maloj nacionalističkoj stranci,

his manipulative public speaking launched him into its leadership

njegovo manipulativno javno govorništvo gurnulo ga je u vodstsvo

and drew increasingly larger crowds.

i privlačilo je sve veće mase.

Combining anti-Semitism with populist resentment,

Kombinirajući anti-semitizaim sa populističkim zamjeranjima

the Nazis denounced both Communism and Capitalism

Nacisti su odbacili komunizam i kapitalizam

as international Jewish conspiracies to destroy Germany.

kao međunarodne židovske zavjere da se uništi Njemačka.

The Nazi party was not initially popular.

Nacistička stranka na početku nije bila popularna.

After they made an unsuccessful attempt at overthrowing the government,

Nakon što su imali neuspješan pokušaj zbacivanja vlade,

the party was banned,

stranka je zabranjena,

and Hitler jailed for treason.

i Hitler uhićen zbog izdaje.

But upon his release about a year later,

Nakon otpusta godinu dana kasnije,

he immediately began to rebuild the movement.

počeo je ponovno graditi pokret.

And then, in 1929, the Great Depression happened.

I onda, 1929., dogodila se velika depresija.

It led to American banks withdrawing their loans from Germany,

Dovela je do povlačenja zajmova američkih banaka iz Njemačke,

and the already struggling German economy collapsed overnight.

i već poljuljana njemačka ekonomija srušila se preko noći.

Hitler took advantage of the people's anger,

Hitler je iskoristio gnjev ljudi,

offering them convenient scapegoats

nudeći im prigodne žrtvene janjce

and a promise to restore Germany's former greatness.

i obećanja da će vratiti prijašnju veličinu Njemačke.

Mainstream parties proved unable to handle the crisis

Vodeće stranke nisu se mogle nositi s krizom

while left-wing opposition was too fragmented by internal squabbles.

dok je ljevica bila previše oslabljena unutarnjim sukobima.

And so some of the frustrated public flocked to the Nazis,

Tako da se dio frustrirane javnosti priklonio nacistima,

increasing their parliamentary votes from under 3% to over 18% in just two years.

povećavajući njihove glasove u parlamentu sa 3% na 18% u dvije godine.

In 1932, Hitler ran for president,

1932., Hitler se kandidirao za predsjednika,

losing the election to decorated war hero General von Hindenburg.

te je izbore izgubio od odlikovanog ratnog junaka generala von Hindenburga.

But with 36% of the vote, Hitler had demonstrated the extent of his support.

Ali sa 36% glasova, Hitler je demonstrirao doseg svoje podrške.

The following year, advisors and business leaders

Sljedeće godine, savjetnici i poslovni vođe

convinced Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as Chancellor,

uvjerili su Hindenburga da Hitlera postavi za Kancelara,

hoping to channel his popularity for their own goals.

u nadi da će iskoristiti njegovu popularnost za svoje ciljeve.

Though the Chancellor was only the administrative head of parliament,

Iako je kancelar bio samo administrativni predsjednik parlamenta,

Hitler steadily expanded the power of his position.

Hitler je polako širio snagu svog položaja.

While his supporters formed paramilitary groups

Dok su njegove pristalice formirale paramilitarne grupe

and fought protestors in streets.

i borile se s prosvjednicima na ulicama.

Hitler raised fears of a Communist uprising

Hitler je dizao strah od komunističkog ustanka

and argued that only he could restore law and order.

i tvrdio da samo on može povratiti red i mir.

Then in 1933,

Onda, 1933.,

a young worker was convicted of setting fire to the parliament building.

mladi radnik osuđen je za paljenje zgrade parlamenta.

Hitler used the event to convince the government

Hitler je iskoristio taj događaj da uvjeri vladu

to grant him emergency powers.

da mu da hitne ovlasti.

Within a matter of months, freedom of the press was abolished,

U roku od nekoliko mjeseci, sloboda tiska poništena je,

other parties were disbanded,

druge stranke su raspuštene,

and anti-Jewish laws were passed.

i donesen je zakon protiv Židova.

Many of Hitler's early radical supporters were arrested and executed,

Mnogi rani Hitlerovi radikalni pristaše uhićeni su i pogubljeni,

along with potential rivals,

zajedno s potencijalnim rivalima,

and when President Hindenburg died in August 1934,

i kada je predsjednik Hindenburg umro u kolovozu 1934.,

it was clear there would be no new election.

bilo je jasno da se novi izbori neće dogoditi.

Disturbingly, many of Hitler's early measures didn't require mass repression.

Što je uznemirujuće, mnoge rane mjere nisu tražile represiju.

His speeches exploited people's fear and ire

Hitlerovi govori iskorištavali su ljudski strah i ljutnju

to drive their support behind him and the Nazi party.

da dobije podršku za sebe i naciste.

Meanwhile, businessmen and intellectuals,

U međuvremenu, poslovni ljudi i intelektualci,

wanting to be on the right side of public opinion,

želeći biti na pravoj strani javnog mnijenja,

endorsed Hitler.

podržali su Hitlera.

They assured themselves and each other

Uvjeravali su sebe i jedni druge

that his more extreme rhetoric was only for show.

da je njegova ekstremna retorika samo za nastupe.

Decades later, Hitler's rise remains a warning

Desetljećima kasnije, njegovo uzdizanje ostaje upozorenje

of how fragile democratic institutions can be in the face of angry crowds

o krhkosti demokratskih institucija kada su suočene sa gnjevnim masama

and a leader willing to feed their anger and exploit their fears.

i vođom koji je spreman hraniti njihov bijes i iskorištavati strah.