How did Hitler rise to power? - Alex Gendler and Anthony Hazard

Kako se je Hitler vzpel na oblast? - Alex Gendler in Anthony Hazard

Translator: Anja Praprotnik Reviewer: Matej Divjak

How did Adolf Hitler,

Kako se je Adolf Hitler,

a tyrant who orchestrated one of the largest genocides in human history,

tiran, ki je povzročil enega največjih genocidov v človeški zgodovini,

rise to power in a democratic country?

povzpel na oblast v demokratični državi?

The story begins at the end of World War I.

Zgodba se začne na koncu 1. svetovne vojne.

With the successful Allied advance in 1918,

Po uspešnem prodoru zavezniške vojske leta 1918,

Germany realized the war was unwinnable

je Nemčija spoznala, da vojne ne more zmagati

and signed an armistice ending the fighting.

in podpisala premirje, s katerim se je bojevanje prenehalo.

As its imperial government collapsed,

Ko je cesarska vlada razpadla,

civil unrest and worker strikes spread across the nation.

so se po državi razširili civilni nemiri in delavske stavke.

V strahu pred komunistično revolucijo

Fearing a Communist revolution,

major parties joined to suppress the uprisings,

so se večje stranke združile in zatrle vstaje

establishing the parliamentary Weimar Republic.

ter s tem ustanovile parlamentarno weimarsko republiko.

One of the new government's first tasks

Ena prvih nalog nove vlade

was implementing the peace treaty imposed by the Allies.

je bila izvršba mirovne pogodbe, odrejene s strani zaveznikov.

In addition to losing over a tenth of its territory and dismantling its army,

Poleg tega, da so izgubili dobro desetino ozemlja in razpustili svojo vojsko,

Germany had to accept full responsibility for the war and pay reparations,

so Nemci morali prevzeti vso odgovornost za vojno in plačevati reparacije,

kar je izčrpalo njihovo že tako oslabljeno gospodarstvo.

debilitating its already weakened economy.

To se je številnim nacionalistom in veteranom zdelo ponižujoče.

All this was seen as a humiliation by many nationalists and veterans.

They wrongly believed the war could have been won

Zmotno so bili prepričani, da bi bilo vojno moč zmagati,

if the army hadn't been betrayed by politicians and protesters.

če vojske ne bi izdali politiki in protestniki.

For Hitler, these views became obsession,

Hitler je postal obseden s temi stališči.

and his bigotry and paranoid delusions led him to pin the blame on Jews.

V svoji fanatičnosti in paranoičnih zablodah je krivdo pripisal Židom.

His words found resonance in a society with many anti-Semitic people.

Njegove besede so bile dobro sprejete pri številnih antisemitih.

By this time, hundreds of thousands of Jews

Do takrat se je v nemško družbo

had integrated into German society,

integriralo že stotisoče Židov,

but many Germans continued to perceive them as outsiders.

vendar so za mnoge Nemce še vedno ostali tujci.

After World War I, Jewish success led to ungrounded accusations

Po 1. svetovni vojni je finančni uspeh Židov sprožil neutemeljene obtožbe

of subversion and war profiteering.

o prevratnem delovanju in vojnem dobičkarstvu.

Poudariti je treba, da so bile te teorije zarote

It can not be stressed enough that these conspiracy theories

were born out of fear,

posledica strahu,

anger,

jeze

in fanatičnosti,

and bigotry,

not fact.

ne dejstev.

Nonetheless, Hitler found success with them.

Kljub temu je Hitler z njimi uspel.

When he joined a small nationalist political party,

Ko se je pridružil majhni nacionalistični stranki,

his manipulative public speaking launched him into its leadership

so ga njegove manipulativne govorniške sposobnosti pognale v sam vrh stranke

and drew increasingly larger crowds.

in pritegnile vedno večje množice.

Combining anti-Semitism with populist resentment,

Nacisti so s kombinacijo antisemitizma in populističnih zamer

the Nazis denounced both Communism and Capitalism

komunizem in kapitalizem ožigosali

as international Jewish conspiracies to destroy Germany.

kot mednarodno židovsko zaroto za uničenje Nemčije.

The Nazi party was not initially popular.

Nacistična stranka sprva ni bila priljubljena.

After they made an unsuccessful attempt at overthrowing the government,

Po neuspelem poskusu državnega udara

the party was banned,

je bila stranka prepovedana,

Hitler pa zaprt zaradi izdaje.

and Hitler jailed for treason.

But upon his release about a year later,

Ko je bil po letu dni izpuščen,

he immediately began to rebuild the movement.

se je takoj lotil obnove gibanja.

And then, in 1929, the Great Depression happened.

Nato je leta 1929 sledila velika gospodarska kriza,

It led to American banks withdrawing their loans from Germany,

zaradi katere so ameriške banke preklicale svoja posojila Nemčiji

and the already struggling German economy collapsed overnight.

in že tako prizadeto nemško gospodarstvo se je čez noč sesulo.

Hitler took advantage of the people's anger,

Hitler je izkoristil bes ljudstva

offering them convenient scapegoats

in jim ponudil priročne grešne kozle

and a promise to restore Germany's former greatness.

ter obljubo o obnovitvi nekdanje nemške veličine.

Mainstream parties proved unable to handle the crisis

Večinske stranke se niso bile sposobne spopasti s krizo,

while left-wing opposition was too fragmented by internal squabbles.

levičarska opozicija pa je bila razdrobljena zaradi notranjih sporov.

And so some of the frustrated public flocked to the Nazis,

Tako je nekaj razdražene javnosti podprlo naciste

increasing their parliamentary votes from under 3% to over 18% in just two years.

in jim s tem v zgolj dveh letih povečalo podporo z manj kot 3 % na več kot 18 %.

In 1932, Hitler ran for president,

Leta 1932 je Hitler kandidiral za predsednika

losing the election to decorated war hero General von Hindenburg.

vendar je zmagal vojni heroj General von Hindenburg.

But with 36% of the vote, Hitler had demonstrated the extent of his support.

Kljub temu je s 36 % glasov Hitler dokazal obseg svoje podpore.

The following year, advisors and business leaders

Prihodnje leto so svetovalci in vodilni podjetniki

convinced Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as Chancellor,

prepričali Hindenburga, da Hitlerja imenuje za kanclerja,

hoping to channel his popularity for their own goals.

ker so želeli izkoristiti njegovo priljubljenost v lastne namene.

Though the Chancellor was only the administrative head of parliament,

Čeprav je bil kancler le administrativni vodja parlamenta,

Hitler steadily expanded the power of his position.

je Hitler postopoma povečal svoja pooblastila.

While his supporters formed paramilitary groups

Medtem ko so njegovi privrženci ustanavljali paravojaške skupine

and fought protestors in streets.

in se spopadali s protestniki na ulicah,

Hitler raised fears of a Communist uprising

je Hitler strašil s komunistično vstajo

and argued that only he could restore law and order.

in trdil, da je edini, ki lahko vzpostavi javni red in mir.

Then in 1933,

Nato je bil leta 1933

a young worker was convicted of setting fire to the parliament building.

mlad delavec obsojen poskusa požiga parlamenta.

Hitler used the event to convince the government

Hitler je dogodek izkoristil, da je vlado prepričal

to grant him emergency powers.

naj mu odobri posebna pooblastila v izrednih okoliščinah.

Within a matter of months, freedom of the press was abolished,

V nekaj mesecih je bila ukinjena novinarska svoboda,

other parties were disbanded,

ostale stranke so bile razpuščene,

and anti-Jewish laws were passed.

sprejeti pa so bili protižidovski zakoni.

Many of Hitler's early radical supporters were arrested and executed,

Številni Hitlerjevi nekdanji radikalni privrženci so bili aretirani in usmrčeni,

along with potential rivals,

prav tako morebitni tekmeci.

and when President Hindenburg died in August 1934,

Ko je predsednik Hindenburg avgusta 1934 umrl,

it was clear there would be no new election.

je bilo jasno, da novih volitev ne bo.

Disturbingly, many of Hitler's early measures didn't require mass repression.

Zaskrbljujoče je, da na začetku Hitler ni potreboval množičnega zatiranja.

His speeches exploited people's fear and ire

Njegovi govori so izkoriščali strah in jezo ljudstva.

to drive their support behind him and the Nazi party.

Na tak način je pridobil njihovo podporo in zagotovil podporo nacistični stranki.

Meanwhile, businessmen and intellectuals,

Medtem so poslovneži in intelektualci,

wanting to be on the right side of public opinion,

ki so želeli javno mnenje na svoji strani, prav tako podpirali Hitlerja.

endorsed Hitler.

They assured themselves and each other

Drug drugega so prepričevali,

that his more extreme rhetoric was only for show.

da so njegova skrajna stališča le razkazovanje.

Decades later, Hitler's rise remains a warning

Desetletja kasneje ostaja Hitlerjev vzpon svarilo,

of how fragile democratic institutions can be in the face of angry crowds

da so demokratične institucije lahko krhke vpričo besnih množic

and a leader willing to feed their anger and exploit their fears.

in vodje, ki je voljan podpihovati njihovo jezo in izkoriščati njihove strahove.