How did Hitler rise to power? - Alex Gendler and Anthony Hazard

10,475,710 views ใƒป 2016-07-18

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Roni Ravia ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
How did Adolf Hitler,
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ,
00:08
a tyrant who orchestrated one of the largest genocides in human history,
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ืขืจื™ืฅ ืฉืชื—ืช ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœ ืจืฆื— ื”ืขื ืžื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
00:12
rise to power in a democratic country?
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ืขืœื” ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช?
00:16
The story begins at the end of World War I.
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
00:19
With the successful Allied advance in 1918,
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ืขื ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืžืชืงืคื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื‘-1918,
00:22
Germany realized the war was unwinnable
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ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืคืกื“ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข
00:26
and signed an armistice ending the fighting.
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ื•ื—ืชืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ื ืฉืง ืฉืกื™ืžืœ ืืช ืงืฅ ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช.
00:29
As its imperial government collapsed,
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ืขื ืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ืงื™ืกืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช,
00:31
civil unrest and worker strikes spread across the nation.
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ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืžื”.
00:36
Fearing a Communist revolution,
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ื‘ืฉืœ ืคื—ื“ ืžืžื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช,
00:37
major parties joined to suppress the uprisings,
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ื›ืžื” ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืชืื—ื“ื• ืœืฉื ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ืžืจื“,
00:41
establishing the parliamentary Weimar Republic.
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ื•ื›ื•ื ื ื• ืืช ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืช ื•ื™ื™ืžืืจ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ืช.
00:45
One of the new government's first tasks
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ืื—ืช ืžืžืฉื™ืžื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”
00:47
was implementing the peace treaty imposed by the Allies.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืฉื ื›ืคื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื”.
00:51
In addition to losing over a tenth of its territory and dismantling its army,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ืžืฉื˜ื—ื” ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืฆื‘ืื”,
00:56
Germany had to accept full responsibility for the war and pay reparations,
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ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื ืืœืฆื” ืœืงื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืœืฉืœื ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื,
01:02
debilitating its already weakened economy.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœื›ืœืชื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืขื•ืขื” ืขื•ื“ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
01:06
All this was seen as a humiliation by many nationalists and veterans.
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ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื ืชืคืก ื›ื”ืฉืคืœื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืœืื•ืžื ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืฆื‘ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
01:10
They wrongly believed the war could have been won
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ื”ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื” ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”
01:13
if the army hadn't been betrayed by politicians and protesters.
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ืœื•ืœื ื‘ื’ื™ื“ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื•ื”ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ื.
01:19
For Hitler, these views became obsession,
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ื“ืขื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ,
01:22
and his bigotry and paranoid delusions led him to pin the blame on Jews.
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ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืื•ืคืงื™ื• ื•ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื• ื’ืจืžื• ืœื• ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืืฉื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื.
01:28
His words found resonance in a society with many anti-Semitic people.
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ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืจื•ื‘ืช ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื.
01:32
By this time, hundreds of thousands of Jews
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ื‘ืขืช ื”ื–ื•, ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื
01:35
had integrated into German society,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช,
01:37
but many Germans continued to perceive them as outsiders.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ื ื›ืืœ ื–ืจื™ื.
01:42
After World War I, Jewish success led to ungrounded accusations
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ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืืฉืžื•ืช
01:47
of subversion and war profiteering.
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ืฉืœ ื—ืชืจื ื•ืช ื•ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืจื•ื•ื— ืžื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.
01:51
It can not be stressed enough that these conspiracy theories
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ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื” ื”ืœืœื•
01:54
were born out of fear,
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ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืžืชื•ืš ืคื—ื“,
01:56
anger,
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ื›ืขืก,
01:57
and bigotry,
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ื•ืงื ืื•ืช,
01:58
not fact.
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ื•ืœื ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช.
01:59
Nonetheless, Hitler found success with them.
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ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื ื—ืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืขื ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื•.
02:02
When he joined a small nationalist political party,
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ื›ืฉื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื ื™ื•ืช,
02:05
his manipulative public speaking launched him into its leadership
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ื ืื•ืžื™ื• ื”ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”
02:09
and drew increasingly larger crowds.
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ื•ืงื”ืœ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื• ื”ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ.
02:12
Combining anti-Semitism with populist resentment,
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ืขื ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืขืก ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™,
02:16
the Nazis denounced both Communism and Capitalism
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ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื’ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื ื•ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื
02:19
as international Jewish conspiracies to destroy Germany.
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ื•ืงืจืื• ืœื”ื ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.
02:24
The Nazi party was not initially popular.
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ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
02:27
After they made an unsuccessful attempt at overthrowing the government,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขืฉืชื” ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืœ ืœื”ื“ื—ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”,
02:31
the party was banned,
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ื—ืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”,
02:33
and Hitler jailed for treason.
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ื•ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื”ื•ื›ื ืก ืœื›ืœื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื”.
02:35
But upon his release about a year later,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื• ื›ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
02:37
he immediately began to rebuild the movement.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื“ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”.
02:41
And then, in 1929, the Great Depression happened.
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ื•ืื–, ื‘-1929, ืงืจื” ื”ืฉืคืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
02:45
It led to American banks withdrawing their loans from Germany,
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ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื•, ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืžืฉื›ื• ืืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืชื™ื”ื ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื”,
02:49
and the already struggling German economy collapsed overnight.
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ื•ื›ืœื›ืœืชื” ื”ืจืขื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืœื”.
02:54
Hitler took advantage of the people's anger,
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ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื ื™ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืขืก ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™,
02:56
offering them convenient scapegoats
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ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื”ื ืฉืขื™ืจ ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ ื ื•ื—
02:58
and a promise to restore Germany's former greatness.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœืชื”.
03:02
Mainstream parties proved unable to handle the crisis
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ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ
03:06
while left-wing opposition was too fragmented by internal squabbles.
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ื•ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืคื•ืœื’ืช ืžื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉืœ ืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
03:11
And so some of the frustrated public flocked to the Nazis,
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ื•ื›ืš ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืชื•ืกื›ืœ ืคื ื” ืœืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช,
03:15
increasing their parliamentary votes from under 3% to over 18% in just two years.
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ื•ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื’ื“ืœ ืžืคื—ื•ืช ืž-3%, ืœืœืžืขืœื” ืž-18% ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
03:22
In 1932, Hitler ran for president,
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ื‘-1932, ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ืจืฅ ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช,
03:25
losing the election to decorated war hero General von Hindenburg.
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ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืžืขื•ื˜ืจ, ื”ื’ื ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื“ืจื‘ื•ืจื’.
03:30
But with 36% of the vote, Hitler had demonstrated the extent of his support.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื 36% ืžืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื•.
03:35
The following year, advisors and business leaders
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืขืกืงื™ื
03:38
convinced Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as Chancellor,
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ืฉื›ื ืขื• ืืช ื”ื™ื ื“ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ืœืงื ืฆืœืจ,
03:42
hoping to channel his popularity for their own goals.
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ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืชืขืœ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
03:46
Though the Chancellor was only the administrative head of parliament,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืงื ืฆืœืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืจืง ืœื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืจืืฉ ื”ืื“ืžื™ื ืกื˜ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜,
03:50
Hitler steadily expanded the power of his position.
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ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ืื˜ ืื˜ ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื•.
03:54
While his supporters formed paramilitary groups
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื• ื™ืฆืจื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืคืจื ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช
03:56
and fought protestors in streets.
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ื•ื ืœื—ืžื• ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
03:59
Hitler raised fears of a Communist uprising
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ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื ื˜ืข ืคื—ื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขื ื”ืชืจืขื•ืช ืœืžืจื“ ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™
04:02
and argued that only he could restore law and order.
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ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืจืง ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื—ื•ืง ื•ืกื“ืจ.
04:06
Then in 1933,
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ื•ืื–, ื‘-1933
04:08
a young worker was convicted of setting fire to the parliament building.
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ืจืฉืข ื‘ื”ืฆืชืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜.
04:13
Hitler used the event to convince the government
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ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื ื™ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”
04:16
to grant him emergency powers.
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ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืขืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื.
04:19
Within a matter of months, freedom of the press was abolished,
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ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™,
04:23
other parties were disbanded,
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ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืคืจืงื•
04:25
and anti-Jewish laws were passed.
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ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื•.
04:28
Many of Hitler's early radical supporters were arrested and executed,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชื•ืžื›ื™ื• ื”ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื ืืกืจื• ืื• ื”ื•ืฆืื• ืœื”ื•ืจื’,
04:33
along with potential rivals,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื,
04:35
and when President Hindenburg died in August 1934,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื ื“ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ ื”ืœืš ืœืขื•ืœืžื• ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1934,
04:38
it was clear there would be no new election.
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ืงื•ื™ืžื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช.
04:42
Disturbingly, many of Hitler's early measures didn't require mass repression.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื“ืื’ื”, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžืขืฉื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ.
04:47
His speeches exploited people's fear and ire
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ื ืื•ืžื™ื• ื ื™ืฆืœื• ืืช ื”ืคื—ื“ ื•ื”ื—ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
04:50
to drive their support behind him and the Nazi party.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื• ื•ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช.
04:54
Meanwhile, businessmen and intellectuals,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื,
04:57
wanting to be on the right side of public opinion,
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ืฉืจืฆื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ,
04:59
endorsed Hitler.
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ืื™ืžืฆื• ืืช ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ืœื—ื™ืงื.
05:01
They assured themselves and each other
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ื”ื ืฉื›ื ืขื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•ืืช ืขืžื™ืชื”ื
05:03
that his more extreme rhetoric was only for show.
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ืฉื“ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืจืง ื”ืฆื’ื”.
05:06
Decades later, Hitler's rise remains a warning
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ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ืื•ืช ืื–ื”ืจื”
05:09
of how fragile democratic institutions can be in the face of angry crowds
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ืœืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืขืก
05:15
and a leader willing to feed their anger and exploit their fears.
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ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืฉืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื ืืช ื›ืขืกื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ืคื—ื“ื™ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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