Paul Bloom: The origins of pleasure

Translator: Sergej Žižek Reviewer: Nika Kotnik

I'm going to talk today

Danes bom govoril

about the pleasures of everyday life.

o užitkih vsakdanjega življenja.

But I want to begin with a story

Ampak začel bi rad z zgodbo

of an unusual and terrible man.

o nenavadnem in groznem človeku.

This is Hermann Goering.

To je Hermann Göring.

Goering was Hitler's second in command in World War II,

Göring je bil Hitlerjev namestnik v drugi svetovni vojni,

his designated successor.

njegov imenovani naslednik.

And like Hitler,

In prav tako kot Hitler,

je bil tudi Göring zbiratelj umetniških del.

Goering fancied himself a collector of art.

He went through Europe, through World War II,

V času druge svetovne vojne je po Evropi

stealing, extorting and occasionally buying

kradel, izsiljeval in občasno kupoval

various paintings for his collection.

različne slike za njegovo zbirko.

And what he really wanted was something by Vermeer.

In resnično si je želel delo Vermeera.

Hitler had two of them, and he didn't have any.

Hitler je imel že dve, sam pa še nobenega.

So he finally found an art dealer,

Tako je končno našel trgovca z umetninami,

a Dutch art dealer named Han van Meegeren,

nizozemskega trgovca po imenu Han van Meegeren,

who sold him a wonderful Vermeer

ki mu je prodal čudovito delo Vermeera

for the cost of what would now be 10 million dollars.

za ceno, ki bi danes znašala 10 milijonov dolarjev.

And it was his favorite artwork ever.

Bilo je njegovo najljubše umetniško delo vseh časov.

World War II came to an end,

Druga svetovna vojna se je končala

and Goering was captured, tried at Nuremberg

in Göring je bil zajet ter po sojenju v Nürnbergu

and ultimately sentenced to death.

obsojen na smrt.

Then the Allied forces went through his collections

Zavezniške sile so prebrskale njegove zbirke,

and found the paintings

našle slike in začele iskati ljudi, ki so mu jih prodali.

and went after the people who sold it to him.

And at some point the Dutch police came into Amsterdam

Na neki točki je nizozemska policija prišla v Amsterdam

and arrested Van Meegeren.

in aretirala Van Meegerena.

Van Meegeren was charged with the crime of treason,

Bil je obsojen izdaje,

which is itself punishable by death.

ki je kaznovana s smrtjo.

Six weeks into his prison sentence,

Po šestih tednih zaporniške kazni

van Meegeren confessed.

je van Meegeren priznal.

But he didn't confess to treason.

Ampak ni priznal izdaje.

He said, "I did not sell a great masterpiece

Dejal je: "Nisem prodal velike umetnine

to that Nazi.

tistemu nacistu.

I painted it myself; I'm a forger."

Sam sem jo naslikal; ponarejevalec sem."

Now nobody believed him.

Nihče mu ni verjel.

And he said, "I'll prove it.

In je dejal: "To bom dokazal.

Bring me a canvas and some paint,

Prinesite mi platno in nekaj barve

and I will paint a Vermeer much better

in naslikal bom Vermeera, mnogo boljšega

than I sold that disgusting Nazi.

od tistega, ki sem ga prodal ostudnemu nacistu.

I also need alcohol and morphine, because it's the only way I can work."

Potrebujem tudi alkohol in morfij, saj le tako lahko delam."

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So they brought him in.

Privedli so ga.

He painted a beautiful Vermeer.

Naslikal je čudovitega Vermeera

And then the charges of treason were dropped.

in nato so bile obtožbe izdaje opuščene.

He had a lesser charge of forgery,

Bil je obsojen ponarejanja, dobil leto dni zapora

got a year sentence

and died a hero to the Dutch people.

in umrl kot junak nizozemskega ljudstva.

There's a lot more to be said about van Meegeren,

Še veliko je za povedati o van Meegerenu,

but I want to turn now to Goering,

vendar se sedaj želim vrniti k Göringu,

who's pictured here being interrogated at Nuremberg.

ki je na tej sliki prikazan na zasliševanju v Nürnbergu.

Now Goering was, by all accounts, a terrible man.

Göring je bil, v vseh pogledih, grozen človek.

Even for a Nazi, he was a terrible man.

Celo za nacista je bil grozen človek.

His American interrogators described him

Njegovi ameriški zasliševalci so ga opisali kot prisrčnega psihopata.

as an amicable psychopath.

But you could feel sympathy

Ampak lahko si sočustvoval z njegovo reakcijo,

for the reaction he had

when he was told that his favorite painting

ko je izvedel, da je njegova najljubša slika dejansko ponaredek.

was actually a forgery.

According to his biographer,

Glede na pričevanje njegovega biografa

"He looked as if for the first time

je "izgledal, kot da je prvič odkril, da na svetu obstaja zlo."

he had discovered there was evil in the world."

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

And he killed himself soon afterwards.

Kmalu zatem se je ubil.

He had discovered after all

Navsezadnje je odkril, da je slika, za katero je mislil, da je ta,

that the painting he thought was this

was actually that.

bila dejansko ta.

It looked the same,

Izgledala je enako,

but it had a different origin, it was a different artwork.

vendar je imela drug izvor, bila je druga umetnina.

It wasn't just him who was in for a shock.

Toda ni bil samo on presenečen.

Once van Meegeren was on trial, he couldn't stop talking.

Ko se je sojenje van Meegerenu začelo, ni mogel prenehati govoriti.

And he boasted about all the great masterpieces

Bahal se je z vsemi mojstrovinami, ki jih je sam naslikal

that he himself had painted

that were attributed to other artists.

in ki so bile pripisane drugim avtorjem.

In particular, "The Supper at Emmaus"

Zlasti "Večerja v Emavsu,"

which was viewed as Vermeer's finest masterpiece, his best work --

ki je veljala za Vermeerjevo najlepšo umetnino -

people would come [from] all over the world to see it --

ljudje so prihajali z vseh koncev sveta, da bi jo videli -

was actually a forgery.

je bila dejansko ponaredek.

It was not that painting, but that painting.

Ni bila ta slika, namreč ta slika.

And when that was discovered,

In ko je bilo to ugotovljeno,

it lost all its value and was taken away from the museum.

je izgubila vso svojo vrednost in bila odstranjena iz muzeja.

Why does this matter?

Zakaj je to pomembno?

I'm a psychologists -- why do origins matter so much?

Sam sem psiholog - zakaj je izvor tako zelo pomemben?

Why do we respond so much

Zakaj se tako močno odzovemo na naše znanje o tem, od kod kaj prihaja?

to our knowledge of where something comes from?

Well there's an answer that many people would give.

Obstaja odgovor, ki bi ga ponudilo veliko ljudi.

Many sociologists like Veblen and Wolfe

Mnogo sociologov, kot sta Veblen in Wolfe,

would argue that the reason why we take origins so seriously

bi trdilo, da je razlog za tako resen pristop k izvoru v tem,

is because we're snobs, because we're focused on status.

ker smo snobi, ker se preveč osredotočamo na status.

Among other things,

Med drugim, če želite pokazati, kako bogati in vplivni ste,

if you want to show off how rich you are, how powerful you are,

it's always better to own an original than a forgery

je vedno bolje imeti v lasti original kot ponaredek,

because there's always going to be fewer originals than forgeries.

saj bo vedno obstajalo manj originalov kot ponaredkov.

I don't doubt that that plays some role,

Ne dvomim, da to igra neko vlogo,

but what I want to convince you of today

ampak danes bi vas rad prepričal, da se dogaja še nekaj drugega.

is that there's something else going on.

I want to convince you

Rad bi vas prepričal, da smo ljudje, do neke mere, naravni esencialisti.

that humans are, to some extent, natural born essentialists.

What I mean by this

S tem mislim na to, da se ne odzovemo zgolj na stvari, kot jih vidimo,

is we don't just respond to things as we see them,

or feel them, or hear them.

čutimo ali slišimo.

Rather, our response is conditioned on our beliefs,

Naš odziv je pravzaprav pogojen z našimi prepričanji

about what they really are, what they came from,

o tem, kar dejansko so, od koder prihajajo,

what they're made of, what their hidden nature is.

iz česa so narejene, kaj tiči v njihovi skriti naravi.

I want to suggest that this is true,

Rad bi nakazal, da to ne drži zgolj za to, kako razmišljamo o stvareh,

not just for how we think about things,

but how we react to things.

ampak tudi kako se na stvari odzovemo.

So I want to suggest that pleasure is deep --

Rad bi torej predlagal, da je užitek globok -

and that this isn't true

in da to ne drži zgolj za užitke višje ravni, kot je umetnost,

just for higher level pleasures like art,

but even the most seemingly simple pleasures

ampak da celo na navidezno najpreprostejše užitke

are affected by our beliefs about hidden essences.

vplivajo naša prepričanja o skritem bistvu.

So take food.

Vzemimo za primer hrano.

Would you eat this?

Bi jedli to?

Well, a good answer is, "It depends. What is it?"

No, dober odgovor je: "Odvisno. Kaj je to?"

Some of you would eat it if it's pork, but not beef.

Nekateri bi jedli, če je svinjina in ne govedina.

Some of you would eat it if it's beef, but not pork.

Nekateri bi to jedli, če je govedina in ne svinjina.

Few of you would eat it if it's a rat

Redki od vas bi to jedli, če je podgana ali človek.

or a human.

Some of you would eat it only if it's a strangely colored piece of tofu.

Nekateri bi to jedli zgolj, če je čudno obarvan kos tofuja.

That's not so surprising.

To ni tako presenetljivo.

But what's more interesting

Kar je bolj zanimivo je,

is how it tastes to you

da je stopnja okusnosti

will depend critically on what you think you're eating.

izredno odvisna od tega, kaj mislite, da jeste.

So one demonstration of this was done with young children.

Demonstracija tega je bila narejena z otroki.

How do you make children

Kako otroke prepričati, da bodo jedli korenje in pili mleko

not just be more likely to eat carrots and drink milk,

but to get more pleasure from eating carrots and drinking milk --

in da bodo v tem tudi uživali -

to think they taste better?

da bodo mislili, da je okusnejše?

It's simple, you tell them they're from McDonald's.

Preprosto - rečete jim, da je iz McDonald's-a.

They believe McDonald's food is tastier,

Verjamejo, da je hrana iz McDonald's-a okusnejša

and it leads them to experience it as tastier.

in zaradi tega jo tudi doživljajo kot okusnejšo.

How do you get adults to really enjoy wine?

Kako pripraviti odrasle, da bodo zares uživali v vinu?

It's very simple:

Zelo preprosto je:

pour it from an expensive bottle.

nalijte ga iz drage steklenice.

There are now dozens, perhaps hundreds of studies showing

Obstaja na ducate, morda na stotine študij,

ki kažejo, da je zaradi prepričanja o pitju nečesa dragega to zate okusnejše.

that if you believe you're drinking the expensive stuff,

it tastes better to you.

This was recently done with a neuroscientific twist.

Nedavno je bilo to narejeno z nevroznanstvenim preobratom.

They get people into a fMRI scanner,

Ljudi namestijo v fMRI skener

and while they're lying there, through a tube,

in medtem ko v njem ležijo, skozi cevko srkajo vino.

they get to sip wine.

In front of them on a screen is information about the wine.

Pred njimi je zaslon z informacijami o vinu.

Everybody, of course,

Vsi, seveda, pijejo popolnoma isto vino.

drinks exactly the same wine.

But if you believe you're drinking expensive stuff,

Vendar, če verjameš, da piješ dražjega,

parts of the brain associated with pleasure and reward

se deli možganov, povezani z užitkom in nagrado,

light up like a Christmas tree.

zasvetijo kot božično drevo.

It's not just that you say it's more pleasurable, you say you like it more,

Ni stvar zgolj v tem, da rečeš, da bolj uživaš in ti je bolj všeč,

you really experience it in a different way.

ampak resnično to doživljaš drugače.

Or take sex.

Ali na primer seks.

These are stimuli I've used in some of my studies.

To so dražljaji, ki sem jih uporabil v nekaterih mojih študijah.

And if you simply show people these pictures,

Če ljudem preprosto pokažemo te slike,

they'll say these are fairly attractive people.

bodo dejali, da sta to precej privlačna človeka.

But how attractive you find them,

Ampak, kako privlačna se vam zdita,

kako seksualno ali romantično vas ganejo,

how sexually or romantically moved you are by them,

rests critically on who you think you're looking at.

je kritično odvisno od tega, koga mislite, da gledate.

You probably think the picture on the left is male,

Verjetno mislite, da je levo slika moškega in desno slika ženske.

the one on the right is female.

If that belief turns out to be mistaken, it will make a difference.

Če se to izkaže za napačno, bi to spremenilo vaše mnenje.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

It will make a difference if they turn out to be

Vplivalo bi tudi, če se izkaže,

much younger or much older than you think they are.

da sta veliko mlajša ali starejša, kot mislite, da sta.

It will make a difference if you were to discover

Na sliko bi gledali drugače, če bi odkrili,

that the person you're looking at with lust

da je oseba, ki jo gledate s poželenjem, zakrinkana verzija vašega sina ali hčerke,

is actually a disguised version of your son or daughter,

your mother or father.

vaše matere ali očeta.

Knowing somebody's your kin typically kills the libido.

Vedenje o sorodstvu navadno ubije libido.

Maybe one of the most heartening findings

Morda eno izmed bolj ohrabrujočih odkritij s področja psihologije užitka

from the psychology of pleasure

is there's more to looking good than your physical appearance.

je, da za dobrim izgledom stoji več kot zgolj fizična pojava.

If you like somebody, they look better to you.

Če ti je nekdo všeč, zate izgleda bolje.

This is why spouses in happy marriages

Zaradi tega so pari v srečnih zakonih

tend to think that their husband or wife

nagnjeni k mišljenju, da njihov mož ali žena

looks much better than anyone else thinks that they do.

izgleda veliko bolje, kot mislijo ostali.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

A particularly dramatic example of this

Posebno dramatičen primer tega

comes from a neurological disorder known as Capgras syndrome.

izhaja iz nevrološke motnje imenovane Capgrasov sindrom.

So Capgras syndrome is a disorder

Capgrasov sindrom je motnja, kjer je oseba podvržena posebni zablodi.

where you get a specific delusion.

Sufferers of Capgras syndrome

Osebe, ki trpijo za tem sindromom verjamejo, da so bili njihovi najbližji

believe that the people they love most in the world

have been replaced by perfect duplicates.

zamenjani s popolnimi dvojniki.

Now often, a result of Capgras syndrome is tragic.

Pogosto so lahko rezultati Capgrasovega sindroma tragični.

People have murdered those that they loved,

Ljudje so umorili ljubljene, misleč, da gre za vsiljivce.

believing that they were murdering an imposter.

But there's at least one case

Obstaja pa vsaj en primer, kjer se je Capgrasov sindrom končal srečno.

where Capgras syndrome had a happy ending.

This was recorded in 1931.

To je bilo zabeleženo leta 1931.

"Research described a woman with Capgras syndrome

"Študija je opisala žensko s Capgrasovim sindromom,

who complained about her poorly endowed and sexually inadequate lover."

ki se je pritoževala nad slabo obdarjenim in seksualno neprimernim ljubimcem."

But that was before she got Capgras syndrome.

Ampak to je bilo preden je dobila Capgrasov sindrom.

After she got it, "She was happy to report

Po tem "je z veseljem poročala o odkritju o njegovem dvojniku,

that she has discovered that he possessed a double

ki je bogat, možat, lep in aristokratičen."

who was rich, virile, handsome and aristocratic."

Of course, it was the same man,

Seveda je šlo za istega moškega, a ga je gledala na drugačen način.

but she was seeing him in different ways.

As a third example,

Kot tretji primer pomislite na potrošniške izdelke.

consider consumer products.

So one reason why you might like something is its utility.

En razlog, zakaj bi vam nekaj bilo všeč, je uporabnost.

You can put shoes on your feet; you can play golf with golf clubs;

Čevlje lahko obujete; s palicami za golf lahko igrate golf;

and chewed up bubble gum doesn't do anything at all for you.

in od prežvečenega žvečilnega gumija nimate nobene koristi.

But each of these three objects has value

Vendar ima vsak od teh predmetov vrednost onkraj njegove koristi za vas,

above and beyond what it can do for you

based on its history.

temelječo na njegovi zgodovini.

The golf clubs were owned by John F. Kennedy

Palice za golf so pripadale Johnu F. Kennedyju

and sold for three-quarters of a million dollars at auction.

in so bile na dražbi prodane za tri četrt milijona dolarjev.

The bubble gum was chewed up by pop star Britney Spears

Žvečilni gumi je prežvečila pop zvezda Britney Spears,

and sold for several hundreds of dollars.

prodan pa je bil za več sto dolarjev.

And in fact, there's a thriving market

Dejansko obstaja cvetoč trg za delno zaužito hrano priljubljenih ljudi.

in the partially eaten food of beloved people.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

The shoes are perhaps the most valuable of all.

Ti čevlji so morda od vseh najbolj dragoceni.

According to an unconfirmed report,

Glede na nepotrjeno poročilo je

a Saudi millionaire offered 10 million dollars

saudski milijonar ponudil 10 milijonov dolarjev za ta par čevljev.

for this pair of shoes.

They were the ones thrown at George Bush

Bili so tisti, vrženi v Georgea Busha

at an Iraqi press conference several years ago.

na iraški novinarski konferenci pred nekaj leti.

(Applause)

(Aplavz)

Now this attraction to objects

Ta privlačnost do predmetov ne deluje zgolj za predmete znanih oseb.

doesn't just work for celebrity objects.

Each one of us, most people,

Vsakdo izmed nas, večina ljudi,

have something in our life that's literally irreplaceable,

ima v življenju nekaj, kar je dobesedno nezamenljivo.

in that it has value because of its history --

Vrednost te stvari pa prihaja iz njene zgodovine -

maybe your wedding ring, maybe your child's baby shoes --

morda vaš poročni prstan, morda otroški čevlji vašega potomca -

so that if it was lost, you couldn't get it back.

in če bi bila izgubljena, je ne bi mogli dobiti nazaj.

You could get something that looked like it or felt like it,

Lahko bi dobili nekaj, kar je tako na videz in otip,

but you couldn't get the same object back.

ampak istega predmeta ne bi mogli dobiti nazaj.

With my colleagues George Newman and Gil Diesendruck,

S kolegoma Georgeom Newmanom in Gilom Diesendruckom

we've looked to see what sort of factors, what sort of history, matters

smo preverili, kateri dejavniki, kakšna zgodovina je pomembna

for the objects that people like.

pri predmetih, ki so ljudem všeč.

So in one of our experiments,

V enem izmed naših eksperimentov

we asked people to name a famous person who they adored,

smo ljudi vprašali po znanih osebah, ki jih obožujejo,

a living person they adored.

še živečih oseb, ki jih obožujejo.

So one answer was George Clooney.

Eden izmed odgovorov je bil George Clooney.

Then we asked them,

Nato smo jih vprašali: "Koliko bi odšteli za njegov pulover?"

"How much would you pay for George Clooney's sweater?"

And the answer is a fair amount --

In odgovor je precej visoka vrednost -

more than you would pay for a brand new sweater

več kot bi plačali za popolnoma nov pulover

or a sweater owned by somebody who you didn't adore.

ali pulover, ki je pripadal nekomu, ki ga niso oboževali.

Then we asked other groups of subjects --

Nato smo vprašali drugo skupino -

we gave them different restrictions

podali smo jim drugačne omejitve in drugačne pogoje.

and different conditions.

So for instance, we told some people,

Na primer, nekaterim izmed njih smo dejali:

"Look, you can buy the sweater,

"Poglejte, lahko kupite pulover,

but you can't tell anybody you own it,

ampak nikomur ne smete povedati, da ga imate

and you can't resell it."

in ne smete ga prodati naprej."

That drops the value of it,

Zaradi tega je njegova cena upadla,

suggesting that that's one reason why we like it.

kar nakazuje na enega od razlogov, zakaj nam je všeč.

But what really causes an effect

Ampak resnično vpliva na rezultate,

is you tell people, "Look, you could resell it, you could boast about it,

če rečemo: "Lahko ga prodate naprej, lahko se bahate,

but before it gets to you,

vendar bo, preden ga dobite, temeljito opran."

it's thoroughly washed."

That causes a huge drop in the value.

To je povzročilo ogromen padec v vrednosti.

As my wife put it, "You've washed away the Clooney cooties."

Kot pravi moja žena, smo s tem "odplaknili Clooneyjeve bacile."

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So let's go back to art.

Pa se vrnimo nazaj k umetnosti.

I would love a Chagall. I love the work of Chagall.

Rad bi imel Chagalla. Rad imam njegovo delo.

If people want to get me something at the end of the conference,

Če bi mi kdo rad kaj podaril ob koncu konference, mi lahko kupi Chagalla.

you could buy me a Chagall.

But I don't want a duplicate,

Vendar nočem kopije,

even if I can't tell the difference.

čeprav ne bi opazil razlike.

That's not because, or it's not simply because,

To ni zato, oziroma ni preprosto zato,

I'm a snob and want to boast about having an original.

ker sem snob in se hočem bahati z originalom.

Rather, it's because I want something that has a specific history.

To je zato, ker si želim nečesa z določeno zgodovino.

In the case of artwork,

V primeru umetniških del je zgodovina zares posebna.

the history is special indeed.

The philosopher Denis Dutton

Filozof Denis Dutton v svoji čudoviti knjigi "The Art Instinct"

in his wonderful book "The Art Instinct"

makes the case that, "The value of an artwork

ugotavlja, da je "vrednost umetniškega dela

is rooted in assumptions about the human performance underlying its creation."

zakoreninjena v domnevah o človeškem delu, potrebnem za njegovo stvaritev. "

And that could explain the difference

To bi lahko pojasnilo razliko med originalom in ponaredkom.

between an original and a forgery.

They may look alike, but they have a different history.

Lahko sta podobna, vendar z različno zgodovino.

The original is typically the product of a creative act,

Original je tipično produkt kreativnega dejanja,

the forgery isn't.

ponaredek pa ne.

I think this approach can explain differences

Menim, da tovrsten pristop lahko pojasni razlike

in people's taste in art.

v različnih okusih za umetnost.

This is a work by Jackson Pollock.

To je delo Jacksona Pollocka.

Who here likes the work of Jackson Pollock?

Komu izmed vas so njegova dela všeč?

Okay. Who here, it does nothing for them?

Dobro. Na koga izmed vas sploh ne vplivajo? Komu preprosto niso všeč?

They just don't like it.

I'm not going to make a claim about who's right,

Ne bom trdil, kdo ima prav, bom pa postavil empirično trditev

but I will make an empirical claim

about people's intuitions,

o človeški intuiciji:

which is that, if you like the work of Jackson Pollock,

Če vam je delo Jacksona Pollocka všeč,

you'll tend more so than the people who don't like it

ste bolj kot ljudje, ki jim to ni všeč, nagnjeni

to believe that these works are difficult to create,

k prepričanju, da je ta dela težko ustvariti,

that they require a lot of time and energy

da je zanje potrebno veliko časa in energije

and creative energy.

ter kreativne energije.

I use Jackson Pollock on purpose as an example

Jacksona Pollocka kot primer uporabljam namenoma,

because there's a young American artist

saj obstaja mlada ameriška umetnica, ki slika v njegovem stilu.

who paints very much in the style of Jackson Pollock,

and her work was worth

Njena dela so bila vredna več deset tisoč dolarjev -

many tens of thousands of dollars --

in large part because she's a very young artist.

v glavnem zato, ker je zelo mlada umetnica.

This is Marla Olmstead

To je Marla Olmstead,

who did most of her work when she was three years old.

ki je večino del napravila, ko je bila stara tri leta.

The interesting thing about Marla Olmstead

Zanimivo glede Marle Olmstead je, da je njena družina napravila napako,

is her family made the mistake

of inviting the television program 60 Minutes II into their house

ko je v svoj dom povabila televizijski program 60 Minut,

to film her painting.

da bi jo posneli kako slika.

And they then reported that her father was coaching her.

Nato so poročali, da jo uči njen oče.

When this came out on television,

Ko je bilo to objavljeno na televiziji,

the value of her art dropped to nothing.

je vrednost njenih del skoraj povsem upadla.

It was the same art, physically,

Fizično so bila dela enaka,

but the history had changed.

a njihova zgodovina se je spremenila.

I've been focusing now on the visual arts,

Osredotočal sem se na vizualno umetnost,

but I want to give two examples from music.

rad pa bi podal tudi dva primera iz glasbe.

This is Joshua Bell, a very famous violinist.

To je Joshua Bell, zelo slaven violinist.

And the Washington Post reporter Gene Weingarten

Novinar Washington Posta, Gene Weingarten,

decided to enlist him for an audacious experiment.

se ga je odločil vpoklicati v drzen eksperiment.

The question is: How much would people like Joshua Bell,

Vprašanje: Kako bi bila Joshua Bell in njegova glasba ljudem všeč,

the music of Joshua Bell,

if they didn't know they were listening to Joshua Bell?

če ne bi vedeli, da poslušajo njega?

So he got Joshua Bell to take his million dollar violin

Tako je pripravil Joshuo Bella, da je svojo milijon dolarjev vredno violino

down to a Washington D.C. subway station

prinesel na postajo podzemne železnice v Washingtonu,

and stand in the corner and see how much money he would make.

se postavil v kot in spremljal, koliko denarja bo zaslužil.

And here's a brief clip of this.

Tukaj je krajši odlomek.

(Violin music)

(Violinska glasba)

After being there for three-quarters of an hour,

Po tem, ko je tam stal tri četrt ure, je zaslužil 32 dolarjev.

he made 32 dollars.

Not bad. It's also not good.

Ni slabo. Prav tako pa tudi ni dobro.

Apparently to really enjoy the music of Joshua Bell,

Očitno je za uživanje v glasbi Joshue Bell

you have to know you're listening to Joshua Bell.

potrebno vedeti, da poslušate Joshuo Bell.

He actually made 20 dollars more than that,

Pravzaprav je zaslužil 20 dolarjev več, vendar tega ni upošteval.

but he didn't count it.

Because this woman comes up --

Pojavila se je namreč ženska - kar lahko vidite na koncu posnetka.

you see at the end of the video -- she comes up.

Pred nekaj tedni ga je slišala v Kongresni knjižnici

She had heard him at the Library of Congress a few weeks before

at this extravagant black-tie affair.

v ekstravagantni opravi s črno kravato.

So she's stunned that he's standing in a subway station.

Bila je presenečena, da stoji na postaji podzemne železnice.

So she's struck with pity.

Presunilo jo je usmiljenje.

She reaches into her purse and hands him a 20.

Segla je v torbico in mu dala dvajsetaka.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

(Applause)

(Aplavz)

The second example from music

Drugi primer iz glasbe je modernistična kompozicija Johna Cagea, 4' 33''.

is from John Cage's modernist composition,

"4'33"."

As many of you know,

Kot mnogi izmed vas veste, pri tej kompoziciji pianist sede na klop,

this is the composition where the pianist sits at a bench,

opens up the piano

odpre klavir in štiri minute in 33 sekund samo sedi - to je obdobje tišine.

and sits and does nothing for four minutes and 33 seconds --

that period of silence.

And people have different views on this.

Ljudje imajo na to različne poglede.

But what I want to point out

Vendar, kar hočem izpostaviti je,

is you can buy this from iTunes.

da lahko to kupite preko iTunes.

(Smeh)

(Laughter)

For a dollar 99,

Za $1.99 lahko poslušate to tišino,

you can listen to that silence,

which is different than other forms of silence.

ki je drugačna od drugih vrst tišine.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Now I've been talking so far about pleasure,

Do zdaj sem govoril o užitku, vendar, kar tudi želim predlagati, je,

but what I want to suggest

is that everything I've said applies as well to pain.

da se vse povedano nanaša tudi na bolečino.

And how you think about what you're experiencing,

To, kako razmišljaš o tem, kar doživljaš, tvoja prepričanja o samem bistvu tega,

your beliefs about the essence of it,

affect how it hurts.

vpliva na intenziteto bolečine.

One lovely experiment

Ljubek eksperiment sta napravila Kurt Gray in Dan Wegener.

was done by Kurt Gray and Dan Wegner.

What they did was they hooked up Harvard undergraduates

Harvardske študente sta priklopila na napravo za elektrošoke.

to an electric shock machine.

And they gave them a series of painful electric shocks.

Izpostavila sta jih bolečim električnim šokom.

So it was a series of five painful shocks.

Bil je niz petih elektrošokov.

Half of them are told that they're being given the shocks

Polovici udeležencev sta dejala, da je za šoke odgovoren nekdo iz sosednje sobe,

by somebody in another room,

but the person in the other room doesn't know they're giving them shocks.

vendar se ta oseba tega ne zaveda.

There's no malevolence, they're just pressing a button.

Ni zlonamernosti, samo pritiska na gumbe.

The first shock is recorded as very painful.

Prvi šok je bil zabeležen kot zelo boleč.

The second shock feels less painful, because you get a bit used to it.

Drugi je manj boleč, saj se že malo navadiš.

The third drops, the fourth, the fifth.

Tretji boli še manj, četrti, peti. Bolečina pojenja.

The pain gets less.

In the other condition,

V drugem pogoju so udeležencem dejali,

they're told that the person in the next room

da nekdo sproža elektrošoke namerno - da ve, da to počne.

is shocking them on purpose -- knows they're shocking them.

The first shock hurts like hell.

Prvi elektrošok je bolel kot hudič.

The second shock hurts just as much,

Drugi je bolel prav tako močno,

and the third and the fourth and the fifth.

in tretji in četrti in peti.

It hurts more

Bolj boli, če verjameš, da ti nekdo to počne namerno.

if you believe somebody is doing it to you on purpose.

The most extreme example of this

Najskrajnejši primer tega je,

is that in some cases,

da v nekaterih primerih,

pain under the right circumstances

lahko bolečina v pravih okoliščinah

can transform into pleasure.

preraste v užitek.

Humans have this extraordinarily interesting property

Ljudje imamo to nenavadno zanimivo lastnost,

that will often seek out low-level doses of pain

da pogosto iščemo manjše odmerke bolečine

in controlled circumstances

v nadzorovanih okoliščinah in v njih uživamo -

and take pleasure from it --

as in the eating of hot chili peppers

kot v uživanju pekočih čilijev,

and roller coaster rides.

ali v vožnji z vlakci v zabaviščnih parkih.

The point was nicely summarized

To lepo povzame pesnik John Milton,

by the poet John Milton

who wrote, "The mind is its own place,

ki je zapisal: "Um je poseben kraj, in v sebi lahko ustvari nebesa iz pekla,

and in itself can make a heaven of hell,

a hell of heaven."

pekel iz nebes."

And I'll end with that. Thank you.

In s tem bom tudi zaključil. Hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplavz)