Paul Bloom: The origins of pleasure

197,921 views ใƒป 2011-07-27

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Oren Szekatch ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
I'm going to talk today
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื
00:17
about the pleasures of everyday life.
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ืขืœ ืชืขื ื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื.
00:19
But I want to begin with a story
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
00:21
of an unusual and terrible man.
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ืขืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื™ื’ืจืชื™ ื•ื ื•ืจื.
00:23
This is Hermann Goering.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืจืžืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื’.
00:25
Goering was Hitler's second in command in World War II,
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ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”,
00:28
his designated successor.
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ื”ื™ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืฉืœื•.
00:30
And like Hitler,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ,
00:32
Goering fancied himself a collector of art.
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ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืจืื” ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืืกืคืŸ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช.
00:34
He went through Europe, through World War II,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”,
00:36
stealing, extorting and occasionally buying
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ื’ื•ื ื‘, ืžืฉื™ื’ ื‘ืกื—ื™ื˜ื” ื•ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืืฃ ืงื•ื ื”
00:39
various paintings for his collection.
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ืฉืœืœ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœื•.
00:41
And what he really wanted was something by Vermeer.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืจืฆื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ื™ ื•ืจืžืจ.
00:44
Hitler had two of them, and he didn't have any.
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ืœื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ื•ืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœืœ.
00:47
So he finally found an art dealer,
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ืื– ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ืกื•ื—ืจ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช,
00:49
a Dutch art dealer named Han van Meegeren,
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ืกื•ื—ืจ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืืŸ ื•ืืŸ ืžื’ืจืŸ,
00:52
who sold him a wonderful Vermeer
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ืฉืžื›ืจ ืœื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื ืคืœืื” ืฉืœ ื•ืจืžืจ
00:54
for the cost of what would now be 10 million dollars.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื” ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื” 10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
00:57
And it was his favorite artwork ever.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:00
World War II came to an end,
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ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกื™ื•ืžื”,
01:02
and Goering was captured, tried at Nuremberg
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ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ื ืชืคืก, ื•ื ืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื ื™ืจื ื‘ืจื’
01:05
and ultimately sentenced to death.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื’ื–ืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื•ืช.
01:08
Then the Allied forces went through his collections
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ืื– ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœื•
01:10
and found the paintings
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ื•ืžืฆืื• ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื
01:12
and went after the people who sold it to him.
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ื•ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ืื—ืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื›ืจื• ืœื• ืื•ืชื.
01:14
And at some point the Dutch police came into Amsterdam
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ื•ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื
01:17
and arrested Van Meegeren.
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ื•ืืกืจื” ืืช ื•ืืŸ ืžื’ืจืŸ.
01:19
Van Meegeren was charged with the crime of treason,
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ื•ืืŸ ืžื’ืจืŸ ื”ื•ืืฉื ื‘ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื”,
01:22
which is itself punishable by death.
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ืืฉืจ ื’ื–ืจ ื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื•ืช.
01:25
Six weeks into his prison sentence,
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ืฉื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื•,
01:27
van Meegeren confessed.
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ื•ืืŸ ืžื’ืจืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื”.
01:29
But he didn't confess to treason.
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ืืš ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื”.
01:31
He said, "I did not sell a great masterpiece
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื›ืจืชื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
01:34
to that Nazi.
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ืœื ืืฆื™ ื”ื–ื”.
01:36
I painted it myself; I'm a forger."
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ืื ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืจืชื™ ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื™, ืื ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืคืŸ."
01:39
Now nobody believed him.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืœื•.
01:42
And he said, "I'll prove it.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืื ื™ ืื•ื›ื™ื— ื–ืืช.
01:44
Bring me a canvas and some paint,
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ื”ื‘ื• ืœื™ ืงื ื‘ืก ื•ืงืฆืช ืฆื‘ืข,
01:46
and I will paint a Vermeer much better
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืฆื™ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ื•ืจืžืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:48
than I sold that disgusting Nazi.
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ืžื–ื” ืฉืžื›ืจืชื™ ืœื ืืฆื™ ื”ื ืœื•ื– ื”ื”ื•ื.
01:50
I also need alcohol and morphine, because it's the only way I can work."
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ืื ื™ ื–ืงื•ืง ื’ื ืœืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื•ืžื•ืจืคื™ื•ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืจืง ื›ืš ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“."
01:53
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:55
So they brought him in.
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ืื– ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืชื•.
01:57
He painted a beautiful Vermeer.
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ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื™ืคื™ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื•ืจืžืจ.
02:00
And then the charges of treason were dropped.
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ื•ืื– ืื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ.
02:03
He had a lesser charge of forgery,
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ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ื ืงืœ ืขืœ ื–ื™ื•ืฃ,
02:05
got a year sentence
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ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช ืžืืกืจ
02:07
and died a hero to the Dutch people.
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ื•ืžืช ื›ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™.
02:11
There's a lot more to be said about van Meegeren,
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ื™ืฉื ื ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื•ืืŸ ืžื’ืจืŸ,
02:14
but I want to turn now to Goering,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืชื” ืืœ ื’ืจื™ื ื’,
02:16
who's pictured here being interrogated at Nuremberg.
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ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆื ืคื” ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”, ื ื—ืงืจ ื‘ื ื™ืจื ื‘ืจื’.
02:19
Now Goering was, by all accounts, a terrible man.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ื”ื™ื”, ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช, ืื“ื ื ื•ืจื.
02:21
Even for a Nazi, he was a terrible man.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื ืืฆื™, ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืื“ื ื ื•ืจื.
02:24
His American interrogators described him
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื• ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืชื™ืืจื• ืื•ืชื•
02:27
as an amicable psychopath.
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ื›ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืคื˜ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™.
02:29
But you could feel sympathy
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื™ื”
02:31
for the reaction he had
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ืขืœ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื•
02:33
when he was told that his favorite painting
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืืžืจ ืœื• ืฉื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•
02:35
was actually a forgery.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื™ื•ืฃ.
02:37
According to his biographer,
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ืœืคื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืฃ ืฉืœื•,
02:39
"He looked as if for the first time
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"ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
02:41
he had discovered there was evil in the world."
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืฉืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื."
02:43
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:46
And he killed himself soon afterwards.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืื‘ื“ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ืจื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
02:49
He had discovered after all
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ
02:51
that the painting he thought was this
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ืฉื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ื”
02:53
was actually that.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื”.
02:56
It looked the same,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื–ื”ื”,
02:58
but it had a different origin, it was a different artwork.
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ืืš ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื”, ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื”.
03:00
It wasn't just him who was in for a shock.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื”ื•ื ืฉืขืžื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืฉื•ืง.
03:02
Once van Meegeren was on trial, he couldn't stop talking.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื•ืืŸ ืžื’ืจืŸ ื ืฉืคื˜, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื“ื‘ืจ.
03:05
And he boasted about all the great masterpieces
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
03:07
that he himself had painted
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ืฆื™ื™ืจ
03:09
that were attributed to other artists.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืœืืžื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
03:11
In particular, "The Supper at Emmaus"
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, "ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ ืืฆืœ ืืžื™ื™ืื•ืก"
03:13
which was viewed as Vermeer's finest masterpiece, his best work --
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ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ื›ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืคืช ืฉืœ ื•ืจืžืจ, ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ --
03:16
people would come [from] all over the world to see it --
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื›ืœ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืชื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” --
03:19
was actually a forgery.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื™ื•ืฃ.
03:21
It was not that painting, but that painting.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืืœื ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
03:23
And when that was discovered,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ื”ืชื’ืœื”,
03:25
it lost all its value and was taken away from the museum.
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ื”ื•ื ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ืขืจื›ื• ื•ื ืœืงื— ืžื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ.
03:28
Why does this matter?
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ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื”?
03:30
I'm a psychologists -- why do origins matter so much?
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ืืชื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš?
03:33
Why do we respond so much
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื”
03:35
to our knowledge of where something comes from?
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ืœื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืข?
03:38
Well there's an answer that many people would give.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื.
03:40
Many sociologists like Veblen and Wolfe
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ืกืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื•ื•ื‘ืœืŸ ื•ื•ืœืฃ
03:43
would argue that the reason why we take origins so seriously
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ื™ื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช
03:46
is because we're snobs, because we're focused on status.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืกื ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืžื“.
03:49
Among other things,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืชืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
03:51
if you want to show off how rich you are, how powerful you are,
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ืื ืืชื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉื™ืจ ืืชื”, ื›ืžื” ืจื‘ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืืชื”,
03:53
it's always better to own an original than a forgery
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ื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื•ืฃ
03:55
because there's always going to be fewer originals than forgeries.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื–ื™ื•ืคื™ื.
03:59
I don't doubt that that plays some role,
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืกืคืง ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
04:01
but what I want to convince you of today
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ืืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืชื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื
04:03
is that there's something else going on.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ.
04:05
I want to convince you
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืชื›ื
04:07
that humans are, to some extent, natural born essentialists.
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ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื ื•ืฉ ื”ื, ืœืจืžื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืžืœื™ื“ื”.
04:10
What I mean by this
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ื”
04:12
is we don't just respond to things as we see them,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืกืชื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื,
04:14
or feel them, or hear them.
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ืื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื, ืื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืื•ืชื.
04:16
Rather, our response is conditioned on our beliefs,
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ืืœื ืœื™ืชืจ ื“ื™ื•ืง, ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื ื• ืžื•ืชื ืช ื‘ืืžื•ื ืชื ื•,
04:19
about what they really are, what they came from,
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื‘ืืžืช, ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื•,
04:22
what they're made of, what their hidden nature is.
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ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื, ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื˜ื‘ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™.
04:25
I want to suggest that this is true,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืืžืช,
04:27
not just for how we think about things,
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ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื™ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
04:29
but how we react to things.
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ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืื™ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
04:31
So I want to suggest that pleasure is deep --
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉืขื•ื ื’ ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืžื•ืง --
04:33
and that this isn't true
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ื•ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ
04:35
just for higher level pleasures like art,
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ืจืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ืจื’ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืชืขื ื•ื’ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช,
04:38
but even the most seemingly simple pleasures
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ืืœื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืชืขื ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื ืจืื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื
04:41
are affected by our beliefs about hidden essences.
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ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ื™ ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื”.
04:44
So take food.
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ืงื—ื• ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
04:46
Would you eat this?
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?
04:48
Well, a good answer is, "It depends. What is it?"
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืชื”ื™ื”, "ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™, ืžื” ื–ื”?"
04:51
Some of you would eat it if it's pork, but not beef.
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ื—ืœืงื›ื ื™ืื›ืœื• ืืช ื–ื” ืื ื–ื” ื—ื–ื™ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืงืจ.
04:53
Some of you would eat it if it's beef, but not pork.
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ื—ืœืงื›ื ื™ืื›ืœื• ืืช ื–ื” ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืงืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื—ื–ื™ืจ.
04:56
Few of you would eat it if it's a rat
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ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ืื›ืœื• ืืช ื–ื” ืื ื–ื” ืขื›ื‘ืจ
04:58
or a human.
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ืื• ืื“ื.
05:00
Some of you would eat it only if it's a strangely colored piece of tofu.
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ื—ืœืงื›ื ื™ืื›ืœื• ืืช ื–ื” ืจืง ืื ื–ื”ื• ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ื˜ื•ืคื• ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื–ืจ.
05:04
That's not so surprising.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข.
05:06
But what's more interesting
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
05:08
is how it tastes to you
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ื”ื•ื ืื™ืš ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื
05:10
will depend critically on what you think you're eating.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื.
05:13
So one demonstration of this was done with young children.
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ืื– ื”ื“ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช ืœื–ื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื.
05:16
How do you make children
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืชื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื
05:18
not just be more likely to eat carrots and drink milk,
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ืฉืœื ืจืง ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื’ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื—ืœื‘,
05:21
but to get more pleasure from eating carrots and drinking milk --
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ืืœื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœืžืฆื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืขื ื•ื’ ืžืื›ื™ืœืช ื’ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ืช ื—ืœื‘ --
05:24
to think they taste better?
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ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื˜ืขื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ?
05:26
It's simple, you tell them they're from McDonald's.
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืืชื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“ืก.
05:29
They believe McDonald's food is tastier,
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ื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“ืก ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:31
and it leads them to experience it as tastier.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื˜ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:34
How do you get adults to really enjoy wine?
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ืื™ืš ืืชื ืชื’ืจืžื• ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืŸ?
05:36
It's very simple:
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜:
05:38
pour it from an expensive bottle.
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ืžื–ื’ื• ื–ืืช ืžื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื™ืงืจ.
05:40
There are now dozens, perhaps hundreds of studies showing
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ื™ืฉื ื ืขืฉืจื•ืช, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ืžืื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืžืจืื™ื
05:43
that if you believe you're drinking the expensive stuff,
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ื›ื™ ืื ืืชื” ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืฉื•ืชื” ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืงืจ,
05:45
it tastes better to you.
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ื˜ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:47
This was recently done with a neuroscientific twist.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื•ืจื•-ืžื“ืขื™.
05:50
They get people into a fMRI scanner,
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ื”ื ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืกื•ืจืง fMRI,
05:52
and while they're lying there, through a tube,
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ืฉื›ื‘ื• ืฉื, ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื
05:54
they get to sip wine.
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ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ.
05:56
In front of them on a screen is information about the wine.
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ืžื•ืœื ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื’ื‘ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืŸ.
05:59
Everybody, of course,
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ื›ื•ืœื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
06:01
drinks exactly the same wine.
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ืฉืชื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง.
06:03
But if you believe you're drinking expensive stuff,
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ืืš ืื ืืชื” ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืฉื•ืชื” ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืงืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:06
parts of the brain associated with pleasure and reward
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ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืขื ืชืขื ื•ื’ ื•ื’ืžื•ืœ
06:09
light up like a Christmas tree.
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ื ื“ืœืงื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื•ืจื•ืช ืขืฅ ืืฉื•ื— ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“.
06:11
It's not just that you say it's more pleasurable, you say you like it more,
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ื–ื• ืœื ืจืง ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืžืขื ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืชื” ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:14
you really experience it in a different way.
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ืืชื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชื ืกื” ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช.
06:17
Or take sex.
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ืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžื™ืŸ.
06:20
These are stimuli I've used in some of my studies.
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ืืœื• ื”ื ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืžื—ืงืจื™ื™.
06:23
And if you simply show people these pictures,
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ื•ืื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชืจืื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
06:26
they'll say these are fairly attractive people.
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ื”ื ื™ืืžืจื• ื›ื™ ืืœื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™.
06:28
But how attractive you find them,
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ืืš ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืื•ืชื,
06:31
how sexually or romantically moved you are by them,
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ื›ืžื” ืืชื ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืื• ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื,
06:34
rests critically on who you think you're looking at.
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ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื™ ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื.
06:37
You probably think the picture on the left is male,
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ืืชื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉืžืืœ ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจ,
06:40
the one on the right is female.
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ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื”.
06:42
If that belief turns out to be mistaken, it will make a difference.
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ืื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ืชืชื’ืœื” ื›ืฉื’ื•ื™ื™ื”, ื–ื” ื™ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”.
06:45
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:47
It will make a difference if they turn out to be
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ื–ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืื ื”ื ื™ืชื’ืœื•
06:49
much younger or much older than you think they are.
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ื›ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžืžื” ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื.
06:52
It will make a difference if you were to discover
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ื–ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืื ืชื’ืœื•
06:54
that the person you're looking at with lust
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ืฉืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ืขืœื™ื• ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืชืฉื•ืงื”
06:56
is actually a disguised version of your son or daughter,
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื’ื™ืจืกื ืžื—ื•ืคืฉืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื ื›ื ืื• ื‘ื™ืชื›ื,
06:58
your mother or father.
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ืื™ืžื›ื ืื• ืื‘ื™ื›ื.
07:00
Knowing somebody's your kin typically kills the libido.
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ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉืคื—ืชืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ืจื’ ืืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•.
07:03
Maybe one of the most heartening findings
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ืื•ืœื™ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื
07:05
from the psychology of pleasure
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ืžื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื’
07:07
is there's more to looking good than your physical appearance.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืืฉืจ ืจืง ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœืš.
07:10
If you like somebody, they look better to you.
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ืื ืืชื ืžื—ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื•, ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืจืื” ืœื›ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:13
This is why spouses in happy marriages
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื’ื™ื ื” ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื•ืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืฉืจ
07:16
tend to think that their husband or wife
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ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœ ืื• ื”ืืฉื” ืฉืœื”ื
07:18
looks much better than anyone else thinks that they do.
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ื ืจืื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืืฉืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืฉื‘.
07:21
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:23
A particularly dramatic example of this
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืœื›ืš
07:26
comes from a neurological disorder known as Capgras syndrome.
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ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืคืจืขื” ื ื™ื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื ืงืจืื™ืช ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืงืคื’ืจื.
07:29
So Capgras syndrome is a disorder
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ืื– ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืงืคื’ืจื ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืจืขื”
07:32
where you get a specific delusion.
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ื‘ื” ืืชื” ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืืฉืœื™ื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช.
07:34
Sufferers of Capgras syndrome
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ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืงืคื’ืจื
07:36
believe that the people they love most in the world
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ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื›ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
07:38
have been replaced by perfect duplicates.
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ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื• ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ื™ ื›ืคื™ืœื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื.
07:40
Now often, a result of Capgras syndrome is tragic.
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ื›ืขืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื, ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืงืคื’ืจื ื”ืŸ ื˜ืจื’ื™ื•ืช.
07:43
People have murdered those that they loved,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืจืฆื—ื• ืืช ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื”ื,
07:45
believing that they were murdering an imposter.
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ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื ืžืชื—ื–ื”.
07:48
But there's at least one case
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ืืš ื™ืฉื ื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžืงืจื” ืื—ื“
07:50
where Capgras syndrome had a happy ending.
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ื‘ื• ืœืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืงืคื’ืจื ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ื•ื ืฉืžื—.
07:52
This was recorded in 1931.
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ื–ื” ืงืจื” ืฉื ืช 1931.
07:54
"Research described a woman with Capgras syndrome
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"ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืชื™ืืจื” ืืฉื” ืขื ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืงืคื’ืจื
07:57
who complained about her poorly endowed and sexually inadequate lover."
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ืฉื”ืชืœื•ื ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืื”ื‘ ืฉืœื” ืฉืœื ื ื™ื—ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ืžืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืœื ืชื™ืคืงื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื”.
08:00
But that was before she got Capgras syndrome.
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ืืš ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœืงืชื” ื‘ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืงืคื’ืจื.
08:03
After she got it, "She was happy to report
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœืงืชื” ื‘ื–ื”, "ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื” ืœื“ื•ื•ื—
08:05
that she has discovered that he possessed a double
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื™ืœืชื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื›ืคื™ืœ
08:08
who was rich, virile, handsome and aristocratic."
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื™ืจ, ื’ื‘ืจื™, ื ืื” ื•ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™."
08:10
Of course, it was the same man,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื,
08:12
but she was seeing him in different ways.
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ืืš ื”ื™ื ืจืืชื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
08:14
As a third example,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช,
08:16
consider consumer products.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื”.
08:18
So one reason why you might like something is its utility.
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ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœื” ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชืื”ื‘ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
08:21
You can put shoes on your feet; you can play golf with golf clubs;
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืขื•ืœ ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื›ื; ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ื’ื•ืœืฃ ืขื ืืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืฃ:
08:24
and chewed up bubble gum doesn't do anything at all for you.
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ื•ืžืกื˜ื™ืง ืœืขื•ืก ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื.
08:27
But each of these three objects has value
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ืืš ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ืฉ ืขืจืš
08:29
above and beyond what it can do for you
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ืžืขืœ ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื
08:31
based on its history.
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื•.
08:33
The golf clubs were owned by John F. Kennedy
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ืืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืฃ ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืค. ืงื ื“ื™
08:36
and sold for three-quarters of a million dollars at auction.
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ื•ื ืžื›ืจื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ 750,000$ ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ืช.
08:39
The bubble gum was chewed up by pop star Britney Spears
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ื”ืžืกื˜ื™ืง ื ืœืขืก ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช ื”ืคื•ืค ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ ืกืคื™ืจืก
08:42
and sold for several hundreds of dollars.
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ื•ื ืžื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื.
08:44
And in fact, there's a thriving market
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืง ืฉื•ืงืง
08:46
in the partially eaten food of beloved people.
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ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ืื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื—ืฆื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื”ื•ื“ื™ื.
08:49
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:51
The shoes are perhaps the most valuable of all.
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ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืขืจืš.
08:54
According to an unconfirmed report,
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ืœืคื™ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืœื ืจื™ืฉืžื™,
08:56
a Saudi millionaire offered 10 million dollars
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ืจ ืกืขื•ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืข 10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ
08:58
for this pair of shoes.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
09:00
They were the ones thrown at George Bush
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ื”ื ืืœื• ืฉื ื–ืจืงื• ืขืœ ื’ื•ืจื’' ื‘ื•ืฉ
09:03
at an Iraqi press conference several years ago.
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ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื.
09:05
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
09:07
Now this attraction to objects
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื–ื• ืœื—ืคืฆื™ื
09:09
doesn't just work for celebrity objects.
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ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืจืง ืขืœ ื—ืคืฆื™ ื™ื“ื•ืขื ื™ื.
09:11
Each one of us, most people,
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ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
09:13
have something in our life that's literally irreplaceable,
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ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœืคื”,
09:16
in that it has value because of its history --
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขืจืš ืขืงื‘ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื• --
09:19
maybe your wedding ring, maybe your child's baby shoes --
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ืื•ืœื™ ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื, ืื•ืœื™ ื ืขืœื™ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื›ื --
09:22
so that if it was lost, you couldn't get it back.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
09:25
You could get something that looked like it or felt like it,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืื• ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื• ื–ื”,
09:27
but you couldn't get the same object back.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื—ืคืฅ ืขืฆืžื• ื—ื–ืจื”.
09:30
With my colleagues George Newman and Gil Diesendruck,
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ืขื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื™ ื’ื•ืจื’' ื ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื•ื’ื™ืœ ื“ื™ืกื ื“ืจื•ืง,
09:33
we've looked to see what sort of factors, what sort of history, matters
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ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื, ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืžืฉื ื”
09:36
for the objects that people like.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื.
09:38
So in one of our experiments,
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ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื•,
09:40
we asked people to name a famous person who they adored,
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ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืฉื”ื ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื,
09:43
a living person they adored.
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ืื“ื ื—ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื.
09:45
So one answer was George Clooney.
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื•ืจื’' ืงืœื•ื ื™.
09:47
Then we asked them,
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ืื– ืฉืืœื ื• ืื•ืชื,
09:49
"How much would you pay for George Clooney's sweater?"
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"ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืกื•ื•ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจื’' ืงืœื•ื ื™?"
09:51
And the answer is a fair amount --
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื›ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ --
09:53
more than you would pay for a brand new sweater
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืขืœ ืกื•ื•ื“ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
09:56
or a sweater owned by somebody who you didn't adore.
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ืื• ืกื•ื•ื“ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื ืœื ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื.
09:59
Then we asked other groups of subjects --
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ืื– ืฉืืœื ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ืื—ืจื•ืช --
10:01
we gave them different restrictions
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ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
10:03
and different conditions.
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ื•ืชื ืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
10:05
So for instance, we told some people,
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ืื– ืœืžืฉืœ, ืืžืจื ื• ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
10:07
"Look, you can buy the sweater,
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"ืชืจืื•, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื•ื•ื“ืจ,
10:09
but you can't tell anybody you own it,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื›ื,
10:11
and you can't resell it."
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ื•ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื‘."
10:13
That drops the value of it,
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื–ื”,
10:15
suggesting that that's one reason why we like it.
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ื•ืจืžื– ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื–ื• ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืคืฅ.
10:18
But what really causes an effect
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื”ืฉืคื™ืข
10:20
is you tell people, "Look, you could resell it, you could boast about it,
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ื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉืืžืจื ื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื, "ืชืจืื•, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื”, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”,
10:23
but before it gets to you,
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ืืš ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื›ื,
10:25
it's thoroughly washed."
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ื–ื” ื™ื ื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช."
10:27
That causes a huge drop in the value.
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ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื”ื•ืจื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืขืจืš.
10:30
As my wife put it, "You've washed away the Clooney cooties."
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืื™ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืžืจืช, "ื ื™ืงื™ืช ืืช ื›ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงืœื•ื ื™."
10:33
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:35
So let's go back to art.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช.
10:37
I would love a Chagall. I love the work of Chagall.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื’ืœ. ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื’ืœ.
10:39
If people want to get me something at the end of the conference,
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ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ืขื™ื“ื”,
10:41
you could buy me a Chagall.
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื ื•ืช ืœื™ ืฉื’ืœ.
10:43
But I don't want a duplicate,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ื”ืขืชืง,
10:45
even if I can't tell the difference.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ.
10:47
That's not because, or it's not simply because,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ, ืื• ื–ื” ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื’ืœืœ,
10:49
I'm a snob and want to boast about having an original.
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ืฉืื ื™ ืกื ื•ื‘ ื•ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชืคืืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช.
10:52
Rather, it's because I want something that has a specific history.
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ืืœื, ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช.
10:55
In the case of artwork,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช,
10:57
the history is special indeed.
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ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช.
10:59
The philosopher Denis Dutton
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ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื“ื ื™ืก ื“ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ
11:01
in his wonderful book "The Art Instinct"
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ื‘ืกื™ืคืจื• ื”ืžื•ืคืœื "ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ ื”ืืžืŸ"
11:03
makes the case that, "The value of an artwork
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ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™, "ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช
11:05
is rooted in assumptions about the human performance underlying its creation."
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ื ื˜ื•ืขื” ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœื•."
11:08
And that could explain the difference
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ
11:10
between an original and a forgery.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืœืžื–ื•ื™ื™ืคืช.
11:12
They may look alike, but they have a different history.
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช, ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื”.
11:14
The original is typically the product of a creative act,
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ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™,
11:17
the forgery isn't.
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ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ืคืช ืื™ื ื ื” ื›ื–ื•.
11:19
I think this approach can explain differences
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื
11:22
in people's taste in art.
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ื‘ื˜ืขื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืžื ื•ืช.
11:24
This is a work by Jackson Pollock.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื•ืง.
11:26
Who here likes the work of Jackson Pollock?
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ืžื™ ื›ืืŸ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื•ืง?
11:30
Okay. Who here, it does nothing for them?
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ืื•ืงื™ื™. ืœืžื™ ืžื›ืืŸ, ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ?
11:32
They just don't like it.
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
11:35
I'm not going to make a claim about who's right,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื•ื“ืง,
11:37
but I will make an empirical claim
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ืขื ื” ืืžืคื™ืจื™ืช
11:39
about people's intuitions,
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ืขืœ ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
11:41
which is that, if you like the work of Jackson Pollock,
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ืฉื”ื™ื, ืื ืืชื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื•ืง,
11:43
you'll tend more so than the people who don't like it
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ืืชื ืชื˜ื• ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•
11:46
to believe that these works are difficult to create,
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ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ,
11:49
that they require a lot of time and energy
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ืฉื”ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
11:51
and creative energy.
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ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช.
11:53
I use Jackson Pollock on purpose as an example
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ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื•ืง ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื”
11:56
because there's a young American artist
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืืžื ื™ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื”
11:58
who paints very much in the style of Jackson Pollock,
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ืฉืžืฆื™ื™ืจืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืกื’ื ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื•ืง,
12:00
and her work was worth
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ืฉื•ื•ื”
12:02
many tens of thousands of dollars --
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ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื --
12:04
in large part because she's a very young artist.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืืžื ื™ืช ื›ื” ืฆืขื™ืจื”.
12:06
This is Marla Olmstead
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืจืœื” ืื•ืœืžืกื˜ื“
12:08
who did most of her work when she was three years old.
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ืฉืขืฉืชื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ.
12:10
The interesting thing about Marla Olmstead
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืจืœื” ืื•ืœืžืกื˜ื“
12:12
is her family made the mistake
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ืขืฉืชื” ื˜ืขื•ืช
12:14
of inviting the television program 60 Minutes II into their house
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ื•ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” "60 ื“ืงื•ืช II" ืœื‘ื™ืชื
12:18
to film her painting.
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ืœืฆืœื ืื•ืชื” ืžืฆื™ื™ืจืช.
12:20
And they then reported that her father was coaching her.
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ื•ื”ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ื›ื™ ืื‘ื™ื” ืžืืžืŸ ืื•ืชื”.
12:23
When this came out on television,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆื ืœื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”,
12:25
the value of her art dropped to nothing.
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ืขืจืš ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืฆื ื— ืœื›ืœื•ื.
12:28
It was the same art, physically,
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื•ืชื” ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ืคื™ื–ื™ืช,
12:30
but the history had changed.
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ืืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื•ื ืชื”.
12:33
I've been focusing now on the visual arts,
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ื”ืชืžืงื“ืชื™ ื›ืขืช ื‘ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช,
12:35
but I want to give two examples from music.
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ืืš ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืช ืฉืชื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”.
12:37
This is Joshua Bell, a very famous violinist.
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ื–ื”ื• ื’'ื•ืฉื•ืข ื‘ืœ, ื›ื ืจ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืžืื•ื“.
12:39
And the Washington Post reporter Gene Weingarten
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ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืกื˜ ื’'ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืืจื˜ืŸ
12:42
decided to enlist him for an audacious experiment.
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ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืื•ืชื• ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื ื•ืขื–.
12:45
The question is: How much would people like Joshua Bell,
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื: ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื’'ื•ืฉื•ืข ื‘ืœ,
12:47
the music of Joshua Bell,
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ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืฉื•ืข ื‘ืœ,
12:49
if they didn't know they were listening to Joshua Bell?
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ืื ื”ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื”ื ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืœื’'ื•ืฉื•ืข ื‘ืœ?
12:53
So he got Joshua Bell to take his million dollar violin
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื’'ื•ืฉื•ืข ื‘ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ืฉืœื•
12:56
down to a Washington D.C. subway station
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ืœืชื—ื ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ
12:59
and stand in the corner and see how much money he would make.
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ื•ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืงื‘ืœ.
13:02
And here's a brief clip of this.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”.
13:04
(Violin music)
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(ื ื’ื™ื ืช ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ)
13:11
After being there for three-quarters of an hour,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขืžื“ ืฉื ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืจื‘ืขื™ ืฉืขื”,
13:13
he made 32 dollars.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— 32$.
13:16
Not bad. It's also not good.
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ืœื ืจืข. ืืš ื–ื” ื’ื ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘.
13:18
Apparently to really enjoy the music of Joshua Bell,
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ื›ื“ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžื ื’ื™ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืฉื•ืข ื‘ืœ,
13:21
you have to know you're listening to Joshua Bell.
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ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืืชื ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืœื’'ื•ืฉื•ืข ื‘ืœ.
13:24
He actually made 20 dollars more than that,
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืฉื” 20$ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”,
13:26
but he didn't count it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื›ืœืœ ืืช ื–ื”.
13:28
Because this woman comes up --
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืื” --
13:30
you see at the end of the video -- she comes up.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ -- ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื”.
13:32
She had heard him at the Library of Congress a few weeks before
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืขื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืคื ื™-ื›ืŸ
13:34
at this extravagant black-tie affair.
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ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ืžื•ืคืจื–.
13:37
So she's stunned that he's standing in a subway station.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืžื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื• ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช.
13:40
So she's struck with pity.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืช ื—ืžืœื”.
13:42
She reaches into her purse and hands him a 20.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืžืืจื ืงื” 20 ื•ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื• .
13:44
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:46
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:48
The second example from music
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ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
13:50
is from John Cage's modernist composition,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื”ืงื•ืžืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื’',
13:52
"4'33"."
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"33'4." "
13:54
As many of you know,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
13:56
this is the composition where the pianist sits at a bench,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืงื•ืžืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืกืœ,
13:59
opens up the piano
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ืคื•ืชื— ืืช ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ
14:01
and sits and does nothing for four minutes and 33 seconds --
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ื•ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืžืฉืš 4 ื“ืงื•ืช ื•- 33 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช --
14:03
that period of silence.
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ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื“ืžืžื”.
14:05
And people have different views on this.
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ื•ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื”.
14:07
But what I want to point out
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ืืš ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ
14:09
is you can buy this from iTunes.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืžืื™ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื ื–.
14:11
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:13
For a dollar 99,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ 1.99 $,
14:15
you can listen to that silence,
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœื“ืžืžื” ื”ื–ื•,
14:17
which is different than other forms of silence.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืžืžื•ืช.
14:20
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:22
Now I've been talking so far about pleasure,
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ืื ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขื“ ืขืชื” ืขืœ ืขื•ื ื’,
14:25
but what I want to suggest
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ืืš ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข
14:27
is that everything I've said applies as well to pain.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™ ืขื“ ืขืชื” ืชืงืฃ ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ื™ ื›ืื‘.
14:30
And how you think about what you're experiencing,
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ื•ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฉืืชื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื,
14:32
your beliefs about the essence of it,
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ืืžื•ื ืชื›ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ,
14:34
affect how it hurts.
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ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ื›ื•ืื‘.
14:36
One lovely experiment
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืื—ื“
14:38
was done by Kurt Gray and Dan Wegner.
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ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ื™ ืงื•ืจื˜ ื’ืจื™ื™ ื•ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ื’ื ืจ.
14:40
What they did was they hooked up Harvard undergraduates
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื‘ืจื• ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืžื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“
14:42
to an electric shock machine.
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ืœืžื›ื•ื ืช ืžื›ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช.
14:44
And they gave them a series of painful electric shocks.
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ื•ื”ื ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžื›ืื™ื‘ื•ืช.
14:47
So it was a series of five painful shocks.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืžื›ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžื›ืื™ื‘ื•ืช.
14:50
Half of them are told that they're being given the shocks
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ืœืžื—ืฆื™ืชื ืกื•ืคืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืžื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ
14:52
by somebody in another room,
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ื™ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืื—ืจ,
14:54
but the person in the other room doesn't know they're giving them shocks.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืื—ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ืžื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ.
14:57
There's no malevolence, they're just pressing a button.
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืจื•ืข ืœื‘, ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืคืชื•ืจ.
14:59
The first shock is recorded as very painful.
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ื”ืžื›ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ืžื“ื“ืช ื›ืžืื•ื“ ื›ื•ืื‘ืช.
15:02
The second shock feels less painful, because you get a bit used to it.
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ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื ืžื“ื“ืช ื›ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ื•ืื‘ืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืžืขื˜ ืžืชืจื’ืœ ืœื–ื”.
15:05
The third drops, the fourth, the fifth.
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ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื™ื•ืจื“ืช, ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช.
15:07
The pain gets less.
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ื”ื›ืื‘ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืคื•ื—ืช.
15:10
In the other condition,
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™,
15:12
they're told that the person in the next room
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ื ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืฉื”ืื“ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืœื™ื“
15:14
is shocking them on purpose -- knows they're shocking them.
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ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืžื›ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” -- ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืžื›ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ.
15:17
The first shock hurts like hell.
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ื”ืžื›ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ื•ืื‘ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ.
15:19
The second shock hurts just as much,
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ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื›ื•ืื‘ืช ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื”,
15:21
and the third and the fourth and the fifth.
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ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช.
15:23
It hurts more
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ื–ื” ื›ื•ืื‘ ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ
15:25
if you believe somebody is doing it to you on purpose.
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ืื ืืชื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ืœื›ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”.
15:28
The most extreme example of this
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ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื›ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืœื›ืš
15:31
is that in some cases,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื,
15:33
pain under the right circumstances
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ื›ืื‘ ืชื—ืช ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช
15:35
can transform into pleasure.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื”ืคืš ืœืขื•ื ื’.
15:37
Humans have this extraordinarily interesting property
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช
15:40
that will often seek out low-level doses of pain
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ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืชื—ืคืฉ ืจืžื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืื‘
15:42
in controlled circumstances
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืงืจื•ืช
15:44
and take pleasure from it --
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ื•ื™ื™ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื–ื” ืชืขื ื•ื’ --
15:46
as in the eating of hot chili peppers
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืื›ื™ืœืช ืคืœืคืœื™ื ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื
15:48
and roller coaster rides.
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ื•ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื.
15:51
The point was nicely summarized
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ืกื•ื›ืžื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื—ืžื“ื”
15:53
by the poet John Milton
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ
15:55
who wrote, "The mind is its own place,
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ืืฉืจ ื›ืชื‘, " ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•,
15:57
and in itself can make a heaven of hell,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ ืžื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื,
15:59
a hell of heaven."
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ื•ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื ืžื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ."
16:01
And I'll end with that. Thank you.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
16:03
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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