Paul Bloom: The origins of pleasure

197,495 views ・ 2011-07-27

TED


請雙擊下方英文字幕播放視頻。

譯者: Joyce Chou 審譯者: Jenny Yang
00:15
I'm going to talk today
0
15260
2000
今天我要講的是
00:17
about the pleasures of everyday life.
1
17260
2000
有關日常生活的快樂
00:19
But I want to begin with a story
2
19260
2000
但我想先說一則關於
00:21
of an unusual and terrible man.
3
21260
2000
一位特殊又可怕的人的故事
00:23
This is Hermann Goering.
4
23260
2000
他是赫曼.戈林(Hermann Goering)
00:25
Goering was Hitler's second in command in World War II,
5
25260
3000
戈林是希特勒在二戰時期的副司令官
00:28
his designated successor.
6
28260
2000
也是他指定的接班人
00:30
And like Hitler,
7
30260
2000
和希特勒一樣
00:32
Goering fancied himself a collector of art.
8
32260
2000
戈林也自認自己是一位愛好藝術的收藏家
00:34
He went through Europe, through World War II,
9
34260
2000
他在二戰時期,走遍歐洲
00:36
stealing, extorting and occasionally buying
10
36260
3000
竊取,強奪,偶爾購買
00:39
various paintings for his collection.
11
39260
2000
不同的畫作作為私人收藏
00:41
And what he really wanted was something by Vermeer.
12
41260
3000
而當中他最想擁有的是維梅爾(Vermeer)的作品
00:44
Hitler had two of them, and he didn't have any.
13
44260
3000
希特勒收藏了其中兩幅,而他一幅也沒有
00:47
So he finally found an art dealer,
14
47260
2000
後來他終於找上了一位藝術品經銷商
00:49
a Dutch art dealer named Han van Meegeren,
15
49260
3000
一位名叫漢‧凡‧米格倫(Han van Meegeren)的荷蘭畫商
00:52
who sold him a wonderful Vermeer
16
52260
2000
他賣給他一幅完美的維梅爾的作品
00:54
for the cost of what would now be 10 million dollars.
17
54260
3000
該作品估計現值一千萬美元
00:57
And it was his favorite artwork ever.
18
57260
3000
該作品也是戈林的最愛
01:00
World War II came to an end,
19
60260
2000
二戰結束時
01:02
and Goering was captured, tried at Nuremberg
20
62260
3000
戈林被捕,在紐倫堡審判
01:05
and ultimately sentenced to death.
21
65260
3000
而最終被判死刑
01:08
Then the Allied forces went through his collections
22
68260
2000
後來盟軍審查了他的收藏品
01:10
and found the paintings
23
70260
2000
找到那些畫作
01:12
and went after the people who sold it to him.
24
72260
2000
逮捕了當時販售畫作給他的人
01:14
And at some point the Dutch police came into Amsterdam
25
74260
3000
某天荷蘭警方到阿姆斯特丹
01:17
and arrested Van Meegeren.
26
77260
2000
逮捕了凡‧米格倫
01:19
Van Meegeren was charged with the crime of treason,
27
79260
3000
凡‧米格倫被控叛國罪
01:22
which is itself punishable by death.
28
82260
3000
叛國罪是會被判處死刑
01:25
Six weeks into his prison sentence,
29
85260
2000
米格倫在監獄服刑的六星期裡
01:27
van Meegeren confessed.
30
87260
2000
他坦承犯罪
01:29
But he didn't confess to treason.
31
89260
2000
但他並非認了叛國罪
01:31
He said, "I did not sell a great masterpiece
32
91260
3000
他說:「我並沒有販賣偉大的畫作
01:34
to that Nazi.
33
94260
2000
給那個納粹。
01:36
I painted it myself; I'm a forger."
34
96260
3000
那是我自己畫的,我是一名仿畫家。」
01:39
Now nobody believed him.
35
99260
3000
沒有人相信他
01:42
And he said, "I'll prove it.
36
102260
2000
然後他說:「我可以證明的。
01:44
Bring me a canvas and some paint,
37
104260
2000
給我一些畫布和顏料,
01:46
and I will paint a Vermeer much better
38
106260
2000
我可以畫出一幅
01:48
than I sold that disgusting Nazi.
39
108260
2000
比我賣給那令人厭惡的納粹更好的維梅爾作品。
01:50
I also need alcohol and morphine, because it's the only way I can work."
40
110260
3000
我還需要酒和嗎啡,因為這樣我才能工作。」
01:53
(Laughter)
41
113260
2000
(笑聲)
01:55
So they brought him in.
42
115260
2000
所以他們給了他這些東西
01:57
He painted a beautiful Vermeer.
43
117260
3000
他也畫出了一幅美麗的維梅爾畫作
02:00
And then the charges of treason were dropped.
44
120260
3000
後來叛國的罪名就撤銷了
02:03
He had a lesser charge of forgery,
45
123260
2000
他被判了一個較輕的偽造罪
02:05
got a year sentence
46
125260
2000
判刑一年
02:07
and died a hero to the Dutch people.
47
127260
3000
死後成為荷蘭人民的英雄
02:11
There's a lot more to be said about van Meegeren,
48
131260
3000
關於凡‧米格倫還有很多事情可以說
02:14
but I want to turn now to Goering,
49
134260
2000
但我想回來談戈林
02:16
who's pictured here being interrogated at Nuremberg.
50
136260
3000
照片裡的他在紐倫堡被審問
02:19
Now Goering was, by all accounts, a terrible man.
51
139260
2000
戈林,據所有的罪狀,是一個可怕的人
02:21
Even for a Nazi, he was a terrible man.
52
141260
3000
就算是對納粹分子而言,他還是個可怕的人
02:24
His American interrogators described him
53
144260
3000
他的美籍審問官形容他
02:27
as an amicable psychopath.
54
147260
2000
是一名友善的精神變態者
02:29
But you could feel sympathy
55
149260
2000
但各位可以對他感到同情的是
02:31
for the reaction he had
56
151260
2000
他的反應
02:33
when he was told that his favorite painting
57
153260
2000
當他被告知他最愛的畫作
02:35
was actually a forgery.
58
155260
2000
其實是幅仿畫
02:37
According to his biographer,
59
157260
2000
據他的傳記作者所說
02:39
"He looked as if for the first time
60
159260
2000
「他看上去好像是
02:41
he had discovered there was evil in the world."
61
161260
2000
他第一次發現有世界上有邪惡的事。」
02:43
(Laughter)
62
163260
3000
(笑聲)
02:46
And he killed himself soon afterwards.
63
166260
3000
之後他很快地就自殺了
02:49
He had discovered after all
64
169260
2000
他後來發現
02:51
that the painting he thought was this
65
171260
2000
他原先以為的這幅畫
02:53
was actually that.
66
173260
3000
事實上是這一幅
02:56
It looked the same,
67
176260
2000
這看起來是相同的
02:58
but it had a different origin, it was a different artwork.
68
178260
2000
但來源不同,這是完全不同的畫作
03:00
It wasn't just him who was in for a shock.
69
180260
2000
不單是他感到驚訝
03:02
Once van Meegeren was on trial, he couldn't stop talking.
70
182260
3000
某次凡‧米格倫受訊時,他不由自主地說出
03:05
And he boasted about all the great masterpieces
71
185260
2000
他吹噓所有其他藝術家所創作的
03:07
that he himself had painted
72
187260
2000
偉大的畫作
03:09
that were attributed to other artists.
73
189260
2000
都是他一個人所畫
03:11
In particular, "The Supper at Emmaus"
74
191260
2000
其中特別是《在伊默斯的晚餐》
03:13
which was viewed as Vermeer's finest masterpiece, his best work --
75
193260
3000
這幅被視為是維梅爾最優秀的作品,他的鉅作
03:16
people would come [from] all over the world to see it --
76
196260
3000
這幅眾人願意從世界各地前去觀賞的作品
03:19
was actually a forgery.
77
199260
2000
其實是幅仿畫
03:21
It was not that painting, but that painting.
78
201260
2000
不是這一幅,而是這一幅
03:23
And when that was discovered,
79
203260
2000
當真相被發現後
03:25
it lost all its value and was taken away from the museum.
80
205260
3000
這幅畫失去了價值,也從博物館裡撤下
03:28
Why does this matter?
81
208260
2000
為什麼會這樣?
03:30
I'm a psychologists -- why do origins matter so much?
82
210260
3000
心理學家們,為什麼來源如此重要?
03:33
Why do we respond so much
83
213260
2000
為何我們對於所知的事物
03:35
to our knowledge of where something comes from?
84
215260
3000
來自何處的反應如此大?
03:38
Well there's an answer that many people would give.
85
218260
2000
大部分的人會說一個答案
03:40
Many sociologists like Veblen and Wolfe
86
220260
3000
很多社會學家像是Veblen和Wolfe會認為
03:43
would argue that the reason why we take origins so seriously
87
223260
3000
我們之所以如此看重事物來自何處
03:46
is because we're snobs, because we're focused on status.
88
226260
3000
是因為我們很勢利,我們看重地位
03:49
Among other things,
89
229260
2000
除此之外
03:51
if you want to show off how rich you are, how powerful you are,
90
231260
2000
如果你想展現自己的財力和權力
03:53
it's always better to own an original than a forgery
91
233260
2000
當然擁有一幅真跡會比擁有一幅仿畫來的好
03:55
because there's always going to be fewer originals than forgeries.
92
235260
3000
因為和仿畫比起來,真跡只會越來越少
03:59
I don't doubt that that plays some role,
93
239260
2000
我不否認這或多或少有些關聯
04:01
but what I want to convince you of today
94
241260
2000
但我今天想告訴各位的是
04:03
is that there's something else going on.
95
243260
2000
這當中還有別的原因
04:05
I want to convince you
96
245260
2000
我想讓各位知道
04:07
that humans are, to some extent, natural born essentialists.
97
247260
3000
人類,其實就某些層面而言,我們是天生的本質主義者
04:10
What I mean by this
98
250260
2000
我的意思是
04:12
is we don't just respond to things as we see them,
99
252260
2000
我們對於物件的反應不只是我們看見他們
04:14
or feel them, or hear them.
100
254260
2000
感受到他們,或聽見他們
04:16
Rather, our response is conditioned on our beliefs,
101
256260
3000
相反地,我們的反應來自我們對該物件的認知
04:19
about what they really are, what they came from,
102
259260
3000
他們本質,他們的來源
04:22
what they're made of, what their hidden nature is.
103
262260
3000
他們的材質,以及他們的潛在特性
04:25
I want to suggest that this is true,
104
265260
2000
我想說這是真實的
04:27
not just for how we think about things,
105
267260
2000
不單是我們如何看待物品
04:29
but how we react to things.
106
269260
2000
而是我們對物品的反應
04:31
So I want to suggest that pleasure is deep --
107
271260
2000
我想傳達的是,快樂其實是深層的
04:33
and that this isn't true
108
273260
2000
這並非
04:35
just for higher level pleasures like art,
109
275260
3000
只針對像是藝術這種較高層次的快樂
04:38
but even the most seemingly simple pleasures
110
278260
3000
而是即便是看似最簡單的快樂
04:41
are affected by our beliefs about hidden essences.
111
281260
3000
也都受到我們對於物品潛在本質的認知的影響
04:44
So take food.
112
284260
2000
拿食物來說
04:46
Would you eat this?
113
286260
2000
各位想吃這塊肉嗎?
04:48
Well, a good answer is, "It depends. What is it?"
114
288260
3000
一個好的答案是「要看這是什麼肉?」
04:51
Some of you would eat it if it's pork, but not beef.
115
291260
2000
如果不是牛肉,而是豬肉,某些人會吃
04:53
Some of you would eat it if it's beef, but not pork.
116
293260
3000
如果不是豬肉,而是牛肉,也有某些人會吃
04:56
Few of you would eat it if it's a rat
117
296260
2000
如果是老鼠肉
04:58
or a human.
118
298260
2000
或人肉,極少數的人也會吃
05:00
Some of you would eat it only if it's a strangely colored piece of tofu.
119
300260
3000
而如果是一塊奇怪顏色的豆腐,也有某些人會吃
05:04
That's not so surprising.
120
304260
2000
這一點都不需要驚訝
05:06
But what's more interesting
121
306260
2000
更有趣的是
05:08
is how it tastes to you
122
308260
2000
這塊肉對我們來說味道如何
05:10
will depend critically on what you think you're eating.
123
310260
3000
取決於我們認為我們在吃什麼
05:13
So one demonstration of this was done with young children.
124
313260
3000
以幼童當作例子來看
05:16
How do you make children
125
316260
2000
要如何讓孩童
05:18
not just be more likely to eat carrots and drink milk,
126
318260
3000
不僅僅能多吃紅蘿蔔和多喝牛奶
05:21
but to get more pleasure from eating carrots and drinking milk --
127
321260
3000
更要讓他們在吃紅蘿蔔和喝牛奶時覺得快樂 --
05:24
to think they taste better?
128
324260
2000
覺得這兩樣東西更好吃?
05:26
It's simple, you tell them they're from McDonald's.
129
326260
3000
很簡單,你就告訴他們這兩樣東西是從麥當勞買來的
05:29
They believe McDonald's food is tastier,
130
329260
2000
他們相信麥當勞的食物比較好吃
05:31
and it leads them to experience it as tastier.
131
331260
3000
這點讓他們覺得所吃的東西比較美味
05:34
How do you get adults to really enjoy wine?
132
334260
2000
那要如何讓成人真正享受紅酒呢?
05:36
It's very simple:
133
336260
2000
非常簡單:
05:38
pour it from an expensive bottle.
134
338260
2000
就把酒從很貴的酒瓶倒出來
05:40
There are now dozens, perhaps hundreds of studies showing
135
340260
3000
現在有幾十個,可能是上百個研究顯示
05:43
that if you believe you're drinking the expensive stuff,
136
343260
2000
如果你相信你在喝昂貴的東西
05:45
it tastes better to you.
137
345260
2000
你會覺得它的味道更好
05:47
This was recently done with a neuroscientific twist.
138
347260
3000
最近有個用神經科學方式的實驗
05:50
They get people into a fMRI scanner,
139
350260
2000
他們讓人躺進dMRI掃描儀
05:52
and while they're lying there, through a tube,
140
352260
2000
當人躺在那裡,通過一根管子
05:54
they get to sip wine.
141
354260
2000
他們可以喝酒
05:56
In front of them on a screen is information about the wine.
142
356260
3000
而在他們面前的螢幕則會顯示關於他們喝的酒的資訊
05:59
Everybody, of course,
143
359260
2000
每一個人
06:01
drinks exactly the same wine.
144
361260
2000
喝的都是同樣的酒
06:03
But if you believe you're drinking expensive stuff,
145
363260
3000
但如果你相信你在喝昂貴的酒
06:06
parts of the brain associated with pleasure and reward
146
366260
3000
大腦掌管快樂和回報的區塊
06:09
light up like a Christmas tree.
147
369260
2000
就像點亮聖誕樹一樣興奮起來
06:11
It's not just that you say it's more pleasurable, you say you like it more,
148
371260
3000
這不只是你說你比較快樂,或你比較喜歡
06:14
you really experience it in a different way.
149
374260
3000
而是你用不同的方式在感受這件事
06:17
Or take sex.
150
377260
3000
就性別來說
06:20
These are stimuli I've used in some of my studies.
151
380260
3000
這是我曾用在某些研究裡的刺激方式
06:23
And if you simply show people these pictures,
152
383260
3000
如果單純讓人們看這些照片
06:26
they'll say these are fairly attractive people.
153
386260
2000
他們會說這些人相當地有魅力
06:28
But how attractive you find them,
154
388260
3000
但你認為他們多有魅力
06:31
how sexually or romantically moved you are by them,
155
391260
3000
多性感,多麼令你覺得浪漫
06:34
rests critically on who you think you're looking at.
156
394260
3000
關鍵在於你覺得你正在看誰
06:37
You probably think the picture on the left is male,
157
397260
3000
你也許認為左邊這張圖是男性
06:40
the one on the right is female.
158
400260
2000
右邊這張圖是女性
06:42
If that belief turns out to be mistaken, it will make a difference.
159
402260
3000
但如果這樣的認知是錯誤的,那將是完全不同的感受
06:45
(Laughter)
160
405260
2000
(笑聲)
06:47
It will make a difference if they turn out to be
161
407260
2000
如果他們比各位想的還要年輕或年長
06:49
much younger or much older than you think they are.
162
409260
3000
也會有不同的結果
06:52
It will make a difference if you were to discover
163
412260
2000
如果你發現你用慾望的角度看的人
06:54
that the person you're looking at with lust
164
414260
2000
其實是你的兒子或女兒
06:56
is actually a disguised version of your son or daughter,
165
416260
2000
或你的母親或父親的變裝照
06:58
your mother or father.
166
418260
2000
感受也是截然不同的
07:00
Knowing somebody's your kin typically kills the libido.
167
420260
3000
獲悉某人是你的親人通常會扼殺掉慾望
07:03
Maybe one of the most heartening findings
168
423260
2000
也許其中最令人振奮的發現是
07:05
from the psychology of pleasure
169
425260
2000
心理學上的快樂
07:07
is there's more to looking good than your physical appearance.
170
427260
3000
是你看起來比外表更好看
07:10
If you like somebody, they look better to you.
171
430260
3000
如果你喜歡某人,你看他們就會覺得比較好看
07:13
This is why spouses in happy marriages
172
433260
3000
這就為何在幸福的婚姻裡
07:16
tend to think that their husband or wife
173
436260
2000
配偶們都會認為他們的另一半
07:18
looks much better than anyone else thinks that they do.
174
438260
3000
遠比別人認為的還要好看許多
07:21
(Laughter)
175
441260
2000
(笑聲)
07:23
A particularly dramatic example of this
176
443260
3000
一個特別典型的例子
07:26
comes from a neurological disorder known as Capgras syndrome.
177
446260
3000
是神經系統疾病,稱做卡波格拉斯症候群
07:29
So Capgras syndrome is a disorder
178
449260
3000
卡波格拉斯症候群是一種精神疾病
07:32
where you get a specific delusion.
179
452260
2000
讓人有特定的幻覺
07:34
Sufferers of Capgras syndrome
180
454260
2000
卡波格拉斯症候群的病人
07:36
believe that the people they love most in the world
181
456260
2000
相信這世界上他們最愛的人
07:38
have been replaced by perfect duplicates.
182
458260
2000
被人給完美的冒充了
07:40
Now often, a result of Capgras syndrome is tragic.
183
460260
3000
卡波格拉斯症候群常有悲慘的事
07:43
People have murdered those that they loved,
184
463260
2000
他們把他們最愛的人給殺害
07:45
believing that they were murdering an imposter.
185
465260
3000
因為他們相信他們殺害的是一位冒充者
07:48
But there's at least one case
186
468260
2000
但至少有一個病例
07:50
where Capgras syndrome had a happy ending.
187
470260
2000
一位卡波格拉斯症候的病人有了美滿的結局
07:52
This was recorded in 1931.
188
472260
2000
這是1931年的一個紀錄
07:54
"Research described a woman with Capgras syndrome
189
474260
3000
研究裡一位患有卡波格拉斯症候群的女性
07:57
who complained about her poorly endowed and sexually inadequate lover."
190
477260
3000
抱怨她那位天資不足且缺乏魅力的情人
08:00
But that was before she got Capgras syndrome.
191
480260
3000
但這是在她罹患卡波格拉斯症候群之前
08:03
After she got it, "She was happy to report
192
483260
2000
在她罹患此精神疾病後,「她開心的說
08:05
that she has discovered that he possessed a double
193
485260
3000
她發現他擁有兩倍的優點
08:08
who was rich, virile, handsome and aristocratic."
194
488260
2000
是一位富有,強健,貴族般的情人。」
08:10
Of course, it was the same man,
195
490260
2000
當然,她口中說的是同一位男人
08:12
but she was seeing him in different ways.
196
492260
2000
但她卻用不同的眼光看他
08:14
As a third example,
197
494260
2000
第三個例子
08:16
consider consumer products.
198
496260
2000
談談消費產品
08:18
So one reason why you might like something is its utility.
199
498260
3000
你喜歡東西的其中一個原因可能是其功用
08:21
You can put shoes on your feet; you can play golf with golf clubs;
200
501260
3000
你可以把鞋穿在腳上;你可以用這套高球球具打高爾夫球
08:24
and chewed up bubble gum doesn't do anything at all for you.
201
504260
3000
而嚼泡泡糖則對你一點用處也沒有
08:27
But each of these three objects has value
202
507260
2000
但這三樣東西
08:29
above and beyond what it can do for you
203
509260
2000
根據他們的來歷
08:31
based on its history.
204
511260
2000
都有超乎其功用的價值
08:33
The golf clubs were owned by John F. Kennedy
205
513260
3000
這套高球球具原是甘迺迪所有
08:36
and sold for three-quarters of a million dollars at auction.
206
516260
3000
在一次拍賣會上以七十五萬美元賣出
08:39
The bubble gum was chewed up by pop star Britney Spears
207
519260
3000
這泡泡糖是流行明星小甜甜布蘭妮嚼過的
08:42
and sold for several hundreds of dollars.
208
522260
2000
後來賣了幾百塊美元
08:44
And in fact, there's a thriving market
209
524260
2000
事實上,心愛的人吃過的食物
08:46
in the partially eaten food of beloved people.
210
526260
3000
也是很有市場的
08:49
(Laughter)
211
529260
2000
(笑聲)
08:51
The shoes are perhaps the most valuable of all.
212
531260
3000
這雙鞋可能是三樣裡最有價值的
08:54
According to an unconfirmed report,
213
534260
2000
根據未經證實的報導
08:56
a Saudi millionaire offered 10 million dollars
214
536260
2000
一位沙烏地阿拉伯的富翁花了一千萬美元
08:58
for this pair of shoes.
215
538260
2000
賣了這雙鞋
09:00
They were the ones thrown at George Bush
216
540260
3000
這就是那雙在幾年前在伊拉克
09:03
at an Iraqi press conference several years ago.
217
543260
2000
一場記者會上丟布希的鞋子
09:05
(Applause)
218
545260
2000
(掌聲)
09:07
Now this attraction to objects
219
547260
2000
而這種物品產生的吸引力
09:09
doesn't just work for celebrity objects.
220
549260
2000
並非只發生在有名的物品
09:11
Each one of us, most people,
221
551260
2000
我們每一個人,大部分的人
09:13
have something in our life that's literally irreplaceable,
222
553260
3000
都有某些東西是無法被取代的
09:16
in that it has value because of its history --
223
556260
3000
這些東西的價值來自於物品的背景 --
09:19
maybe your wedding ring, maybe your child's baby shoes --
224
559260
3000
也許是你的婚戒,也是你孩子嬰兒時穿的鞋 --
09:22
so that if it was lost, you couldn't get it back.
225
562260
3000
所以如果東西遺失了,你無法找回
09:25
You could get something that looked like it or felt like it,
226
565260
2000
你可能可以找到看起來或摸起來類似的物品
09:27
but you couldn't get the same object back.
227
567260
3000
但你無法找回一模一樣的東西
09:30
With my colleagues George Newman and Gil Diesendruck,
228
570260
3000
與我的同事George Newman和Gil Diesendruck一起
09:33
we've looked to see what sort of factors, what sort of history, matters
229
573260
3000
我們希望了解是什麼樣的因素,什麼樣的背景,原因
09:36
for the objects that people like.
230
576260
2000
會讓人喜歡物品
09:38
So in one of our experiments,
231
578260
2000
所以在我們某一個實驗裡
09:40
we asked people to name a famous person who they adored,
232
580260
3000
我們請人們說出他們喜歡的名人
09:43
a living person they adored.
233
583260
2000
一位他們崇拜的還在世的人
09:45
So one answer was George Clooney.
234
585260
2000
其中有人回答喬治克隆尼
09:47
Then we asked them,
235
587260
2000
然後我們問他們
09:49
"How much would you pay for George Clooney's sweater?"
236
589260
2000
「你願意花多少錢買喬治克隆尼的毛衣?」
09:51
And the answer is a fair amount --
237
591260
2000
答案是一筆相當多的金額 --
09:53
more than you would pay for a brand new sweater
238
593260
3000
比起買一件全新的毛衣還要多
09:56
or a sweater owned by somebody who you didn't adore.
239
596260
3000
也比你不崇拜的人所擁有的毛衣還多
09:59
Then we asked other groups of subjects --
240
599260
2000
然後我們問了其他的主題
10:01
we gave them different restrictions
241
601260
2000
我們給了他們不同的限制
10:03
and different conditions.
242
603260
2000
還有不同的條件
10:05
So for instance, we told some people,
243
605260
2000
例如,我們告訴某些人
10:07
"Look, you can buy the sweater,
244
607260
2000
「聽好,你能買那件毛衣
10:09
but you can't tell anybody you own it,
245
609260
2000
但你不能告訴任何人你擁有那件毛衣
10:11
and you can't resell it."
246
611260
2000
然後你也不能把毛衣再拍賣出去。」
10:13
That drops the value of it,
247
613260
2000
該件毛衣的價值下跌了
10:15
suggesting that that's one reason why we like it.
248
615260
3000
這說明了我們喜歡這件毛衣的其中一個原因
10:18
But what really causes an effect
249
618260
2000
但真正造成影響的是
10:20
is you tell people, "Look, you could resell it, you could boast about it,
250
620260
3000
你告訴人們:「看,你可以再把毛衣賣出去,你可以吹捧毛衣的價值
10:23
but before it gets to you,
251
623260
2000
但在你得到毛衣之前
10:25
it's thoroughly washed."
252
625260
2000
這毛衣已經完全洗乾淨了。」
10:27
That causes a huge drop in the value.
253
627260
3000
這點造成毛衣的價值大跌
10:30
As my wife put it, "You've washed away the Clooney cooties."
254
630260
3000
如同我太太說的:「你已經把克隆尼的味道洗掉了。」
10:33
(Laughter)
255
633260
2000
(笑聲)
10:35
So let's go back to art.
256
635260
2000
我們回來談藝術
10:37
I would love a Chagall. I love the work of Chagall.
257
637260
2000
我喜歡夏卡爾,我喜歡夏卡爾的作品
10:39
If people want to get me something at the end of the conference,
258
639260
2000
如果在座有人想在演講結束後送我禮物
10:41
you could buy me a Chagall.
259
641260
2000
可以送我夏卡爾的東西
10:43
But I don't want a duplicate,
260
643260
2000
但即便我分辨不出差別
10:45
even if I can't tell the difference.
261
645260
2000
我也不要複製品
10:47
That's not because, or it's not simply because,
262
647260
2000
這不是因為,不是單純因為,
10:49
I'm a snob and want to boast about having an original.
263
649260
3000
我是一個勢力的人,想吹噓自己擁有一幅真跡
10:52
Rather, it's because I want something that has a specific history.
264
652260
3000
而是因為我想要擁有一件帶有特殊意義的東西
10:55
In the case of artwork,
265
655260
2000
這些藝術作品
10:57
the history is special indeed.
266
657260
2000
他們的歷史背景是非常特別的
10:59
The philosopher Denis Dutton
267
659260
2000
哲學家Denis Dutton
11:01
in his wonderful book "The Art Instinct"
268
661260
2000
在他精彩的著作《The Art Instinct》
11:03
makes the case that, "The value of an artwork
269
663260
2000
說明了「藝術作品的價值
11:05
is rooted in assumptions about the human performance underlying its creation."
270
665260
3000
存在於人類行為中創造力的假設。」
11:08
And that could explain the difference
271
668260
2000
這點足以解釋
11:10
between an original and a forgery.
272
670260
2000
真跡和仿畫的不同
11:12
They may look alike, but they have a different history.
273
672260
2000
真品和複製品看起來相同,但他們擁有不同的歷史背景
11:14
The original is typically the product of a creative act,
274
674260
3000
真品是創作出來的產物
11:17
the forgery isn't.
275
677260
2000
而複製品則不是
11:19
I think this approach can explain differences
276
679260
3000
這個理論可以解釋
11:22
in people's taste in art.
277
682260
2000
人們在藝術品味上的差別
11:24
This is a work by Jackson Pollock.
278
684260
2000
這是Jackson Pollock的作品
11:26
Who here likes the work of Jackson Pollock?
279
686260
3000
在座有誰喜歡Jackson Pollock的作品的呢?
11:30
Okay. Who here, it does nothing for them?
280
690260
2000
好,那在座有人對這作品一點都不感興趣的呢?
11:32
They just don't like it.
281
692260
3000
他們不喜歡這件作品
11:35
I'm not going to make a claim about who's right,
282
695260
2000
我不會說明到底哪一方是對的
11:37
but I will make an empirical claim
283
697260
2000
但我會做一項關於
11:39
about people's intuitions,
284
699260
2000
人類意念的實證說明
11:41
which is that, if you like the work of Jackson Pollock,
285
701260
2000
也就是說,如果你喜歡Jackson Pollock的作品
11:43
you'll tend more so than the people who don't like it
286
703260
3000
你會比那些不喜歡他作品的人
11:46
to believe that these works are difficult to create,
287
706260
3000
更願意去相信這些作品是很困難才完成的
11:49
that they require a lot of time and energy
288
709260
2000
這需要花上很多的時間和體力
11:51
and creative energy.
289
711260
2000
還有創造力
11:53
I use Jackson Pollock on purpose as an example
290
713260
3000
我刻意用Jackson Pollock當作例子
11:56
because there's a young American artist
291
716260
2000
因為有一位年輕的美國藝術家
11:58
who paints very much in the style of Jackson Pollock,
292
718260
2000
她也用和Jackson Pollock相同的手法畫畫
12:00
and her work was worth
293
720260
2000
她的作品
12:02
many tens of thousands of dollars --
294
722260
2000
價值上萬塊美金 --
12:04
in large part because she's a very young artist.
295
724260
2000
而大部分的原因是因為她是一位非常年輕的藝術家
12:06
This is Marla Olmstead
296
726260
2000
這位是Marla Olmstead
12:08
who did most of her work when she was three years old.
297
728260
2000
在她三歲時她完成了她大部分的作品
12:10
The interesting thing about Marla Olmstead
298
730260
2000
而關於Marla Olmstead一件有趣的事是
12:12
is her family made the mistake
299
732260
2000
她家人犯了一個錯誤
12:14
of inviting the television program 60 Minutes II into their house
300
734260
4000
就是邀請電視節目60 Minutes II到他們家中
12:18
to film her painting.
301
738260
2000
拍攝她作畫的過程
12:20
And they then reported that her father was coaching her.
302
740260
3000
然後他們報導出她父親在教導她作畫
12:23
When this came out on television,
303
743260
2000
當這段影片在電視上撥出
12:25
the value of her art dropped to nothing.
304
745260
3000
她的作品就失去了價值
12:28
It was the same art, physically,
305
748260
2000
這基本上是同樣的藝術
12:30
but the history had changed.
306
750260
3000
但作品的歷史背景被改變了
12:33
I've been focusing now on the visual arts,
307
753260
2000
剛才我一直在講視覺藝術
12:35
but I want to give two examples from music.
308
755260
2000
我要講兩個音樂的例子
12:37
This is Joshua Bell, a very famous violinist.
309
757260
2000
這位是Joshua Bell,他是非常有名的小提琴家
12:39
And the Washington Post reporter Gene Weingarten
310
759260
3000
華盛頓郵報的記者Gene Weingarten
12:42
decided to enlist him for an audacious experiment.
311
762260
3000
打算要徵詢他做一項大膽的實驗
12:45
The question is: How much would people like Joshua Bell,
312
765260
2000
實驗是:大家願意花多少錢在Joshua Bell身上
12:47
the music of Joshua Bell,
313
767260
2000
花在Joshua Bell的音樂上
12:49
if they didn't know they were listening to Joshua Bell?
314
769260
3000
如果他們不知道他們在聆聽Joshua Bell的音樂?
12:53
So he got Joshua Bell to take his million dollar violin
315
773260
3000
他要Joshua Bell帶著他的百萬小提琴
12:56
down to a Washington D.C. subway station
316
776260
3000
下到華盛頓特區的地鐵站
12:59
and stand in the corner and see how much money he would make.
317
779260
3000
站在角落看看他能賺到多少錢
13:02
And here's a brief clip of this.
318
782260
2000
這一小段影片
13:04
(Violin music)
319
784260
7000
(小提琴音樂)
13:11
After being there for three-quarters of an hour,
320
791260
2000
在那裡過了四十五分鐘
13:13
he made 32 dollars.
321
793260
3000
他賺了三十二塊錢
13:16
Not bad. It's also not good.
322
796260
2000
不差,但也不好
13:18
Apparently to really enjoy the music of Joshua Bell,
323
798260
3000
顯然要真正享受Joshua Bell的音樂
13:21
you have to know you're listening to Joshua Bell.
324
801260
3000
你也必須要知道你正在聽Joshua Bell演奏
13:24
He actually made 20 dollars more than that,
325
804260
2000
他實際上多賺了20塊
13:26
but he didn't count it.
326
806260
2000
但他沒去算
13:28
Because this woman comes up --
327
808260
2000
因為這位女士出現
13:30
you see at the end of the video -- she comes up.
328
810260
2000
各位看到在影片的最後 -- 她出現了
13:32
She had heard him at the Library of Congress a few weeks before
329
812260
2000
因為她在幾週前聽曾在美國國會圖書館
13:34
at this extravagant black-tie affair.
330
814260
3000
聽過他穿著正式的黑色禮服演奏
13:37
So she's stunned that he's standing in a subway station.
331
817260
3000
所以當看到他站在地鐵站裡,她嚇呆了
13:40
So she's struck with pity.
332
820260
2000
她感到可憐
13:42
She reaches into her purse and hands him a 20.
333
822260
2000
她從皮包裡拿出二十塊錢給她
13:44
(Laughter)
334
824260
2000
(笑聲)
13:46
(Applause)
335
826260
2000
(掌聲)
13:48
The second example from music
336
828260
2000
第二個音樂的例子是
13:50
is from John Cage's modernist composition,
337
830260
2000
是John Cage的現代創作曲
13:52
"4'33"."
338
832260
2000
《四分三十三秒》
13:54
As many of you know,
339
834260
2000
如在座各位所知
13:56
this is the composition where the pianist sits at a bench,
340
836260
3000
這首曲子,鋼琴演奏者坐在椅子
13:59
opens up the piano
341
839260
2000
打開鋼琴
14:01
and sits and does nothing for four minutes and 33 seconds --
342
841260
2000
就坐在那兒,整整四分三十三秒都不做任何事 --
14:03
that period of silence.
343
843260
2000
這段時間是靜默的
14:05
And people have different views on this.
344
845260
2000
大家對此曲有著不同的看法
14:07
But what I want to point out
345
847260
2000
但我想說的是
14:09
is you can buy this from iTunes.
346
849260
2000
這可以從iTunes上購買這首曲子
14:11
(Laughter)
347
851260
2000
(笑聲)
14:13
For a dollar 99,
348
853260
2000
花上1.99美元
14:15
you can listen to that silence,
349
855260
2000
你可以聽那段靜默的音樂
14:17
which is different than other forms of silence.
350
857260
3000
這和其他形式的靜默是不同的
14:20
(Laughter)
351
860260
2000
(笑聲)
14:22
Now I've been talking so far about pleasure,
352
862260
3000
我已經談論非常多有關快樂
14:25
but what I want to suggest
353
865260
2000
但我想說的是
14:27
is that everything I've said applies as well to pain.
354
867260
3000
我剛說的每一件事也能套用在談痛苦上
14:30
And how you think about what you're experiencing,
355
870260
2000
以及如何認知我們的遭遇
14:32
your beliefs about the essence of it,
356
872260
2000
我們對於事物本質的信念
14:34
affect how it hurts.
357
874260
2000
還有是如何影響傷害的
14:36
One lovely experiment
358
876260
2000
一項很可愛的實驗
14:38
was done by Kurt Gray and Dan Wegner.
359
878260
2000
由Kurt Gray和Dan Wegner所執行
14:40
What they did was they hooked up Harvard undergraduates
360
880260
2000
他們讓哈佛的大學生
14:42
to an electric shock machine.
361
882260
2000
戴上電子刺激工具
14:44
And they gave them a series of painful electric shocks.
362
884260
3000
然後給他們一系列的疼痛電子刺激
14:47
So it was a series of five painful shocks.
363
887260
3000
所以是一系列五次的疼痛刺激
14:50
Half of them are told that they're being given the shocks
364
890260
2000
有一半的人有被告知會被在另一間房間的人
14:52
by somebody in another room,
365
892260
2000
給予疼痛的刺激
14:54
but the person in the other room doesn't know they're giving them shocks.
366
894260
3000
但在另一間房間的人並不知道他們在給別人刺激
14:57
There's no malevolence, they're just pressing a button.
367
897260
2000
他們有沒有惡意,只是按一個按鈕
14:59
The first shock is recorded as very painful.
368
899260
3000
第一次的刺激記錄是非常痛苦
15:02
The second shock feels less painful, because you get a bit used to it.
369
902260
3000
第二次則較輕,因為你感到有些習慣
15:05
The third drops, the fourth, the fifth.
370
905260
2000
第三次再減輕,第四次,第五次更輕微
15:07
The pain gets less.
371
907260
3000
痛苦隨次數遞減
15:10
In the other condition,
372
910260
2000
而另一個情況是
15:12
they're told that the person in the next room
373
912260
2000
受試者被告知在隔壁房間的人
15:14
is shocking them on purpose -- knows they're shocking them.
374
914260
3000
是刻意在給他們電子刺激 -- 他們知道要刺激他們
15:17
The first shock hurts like hell.
375
917260
2000
第一次的刺激痛苦的像在地獄
15:19
The second shock hurts just as much,
376
919260
2000
第二次更痛苦
15:21
and the third and the fourth and the fifth.
377
921260
2000
而第三第四和第五次
15:23
It hurts more
378
923260
2000
如果你相信某人士刻意要這麼做
15:25
if you believe somebody is doing it to you on purpose.
379
925260
3000
感受到的痛苦則越來越多
15:28
The most extreme example of this
380
928260
3000
最極端的例子
15:31
is that in some cases,
381
931260
2000
是在某些情況下
15:33
pain under the right circumstances
382
933260
2000
痛苦在對的情況下
15:35
can transform into pleasure.
383
935260
2000
可以轉變為快樂
15:37
Humans have this extraordinarily interesting property
384
937260
3000
人類有非常有趣的特質
15:40
that will often seek out low-level doses of pain
385
940260
2000
往往能在掌控的情況下
15:42
in controlled circumstances
386
942260
2000
尋求找到最少量的痛苦
15:44
and take pleasure from it --
387
944260
2000
然後從中獲得快樂 --
15:46
as in the eating of hot chili peppers
388
946260
2000
就像在吃辣椒
15:48
and roller coaster rides.
389
948260
3000
和玩雲霄飛車一樣
15:51
The point was nicely summarized
390
951260
2000
這觀點其實早就被
15:53
by the poet John Milton
391
953260
2000
詩人John Milton所寫下
15:55
who wrote, "The mind is its own place,
392
955260
2000
他寫道:「心有它自己的地方,
15:57
and in itself can make a heaven of hell,
393
957260
2000
而它本身可以把地獄看作天堂,
15:59
a hell of heaven."
394
959260
2000
或天堂看作地獄。」
16:01
And I'll end with that. Thank you.
395
961260
2000
就以這句話做結語,謝謝各位
16:03
(Applause)
396
963260
7000
(掌聲)
關於本網站

本網站將向您介紹對學習英語有用的 YouTube 視頻。 您將看到來自世界各地的一流教師教授的英語課程。 雙擊每個視頻頁面上顯示的英文字幕,從那裡播放視頻。 字幕與視頻播放同步滾動。 如果您有任何意見或要求,請使用此聯繫表與我們聯繫。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7