Paul Bloom: The origins of pleasure

197,186 views ・ 2011-07-27

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譯者: Joyce Chou 審譯者: Jenny Yang
00:15
I'm going to talk today
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今天我要講的是
00:17
about the pleasures of everyday life.
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有關日常生活的快樂
00:19
But I want to begin with a story
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但我想先說一則關於
00:21
of an unusual and terrible man.
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一位特殊又可怕的人的故事
00:23
This is Hermann Goering.
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他是赫曼.戈林(Hermann Goering)
00:25
Goering was Hitler's second in command in World War II,
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戈林是希特勒在二戰時期的副司令官
00:28
his designated successor.
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也是他指定的接班人
00:30
And like Hitler,
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和希特勒一樣
00:32
Goering fancied himself a collector of art.
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戈林也自認自己是一位愛好藝術的收藏家
00:34
He went through Europe, through World War II,
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他在二戰時期,走遍歐洲
00:36
stealing, extorting and occasionally buying
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竊取,強奪,偶爾購買
00:39
various paintings for his collection.
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不同的畫作作為私人收藏
00:41
And what he really wanted was something by Vermeer.
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而當中他最想擁有的是維梅爾(Vermeer)的作品
00:44
Hitler had two of them, and he didn't have any.
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希特勒收藏了其中兩幅,而他一幅也沒有
00:47
So he finally found an art dealer,
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後來他終於找上了一位藝術品經銷商
00:49
a Dutch art dealer named Han van Meegeren,
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一位名叫漢‧凡‧米格倫(Han van Meegeren)的荷蘭畫商
00:52
who sold him a wonderful Vermeer
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他賣給他一幅完美的維梅爾的作品
00:54
for the cost of what would now be 10 million dollars.
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該作品估計現值一千萬美元
00:57
And it was his favorite artwork ever.
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該作品也是戈林的最愛
01:00
World War II came to an end,
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二戰結束時
01:02
and Goering was captured, tried at Nuremberg
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戈林被捕,在紐倫堡審判
01:05
and ultimately sentenced to death.
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而最終被判死刑
01:08
Then the Allied forces went through his collections
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後來盟軍審查了他的收藏品
01:10
and found the paintings
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找到那些畫作
01:12
and went after the people who sold it to him.
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逮捕了當時販售畫作給他的人
01:14
And at some point the Dutch police came into Amsterdam
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某天荷蘭警方到阿姆斯特丹
01:17
and arrested Van Meegeren.
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逮捕了凡‧米格倫
01:19
Van Meegeren was charged with the crime of treason,
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凡‧米格倫被控叛國罪
01:22
which is itself punishable by death.
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叛國罪是會被判處死刑
01:25
Six weeks into his prison sentence,
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米格倫在監獄服刑的六星期裡
01:27
van Meegeren confessed.
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他坦承犯罪
01:29
But he didn't confess to treason.
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但他並非認了叛國罪
01:31
He said, "I did not sell a great masterpiece
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他說:「我並沒有販賣偉大的畫作
01:34
to that Nazi.
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給那個納粹。
01:36
I painted it myself; I'm a forger."
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那是我自己畫的,我是一名仿畫家。」
01:39
Now nobody believed him.
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沒有人相信他
01:42
And he said, "I'll prove it.
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然後他說:「我可以證明的。
01:44
Bring me a canvas and some paint,
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給我一些畫布和顏料,
01:46
and I will paint a Vermeer much better
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我可以畫出一幅
01:48
than I sold that disgusting Nazi.
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比我賣給那令人厭惡的納粹更好的維梅爾作品。
01:50
I also need alcohol and morphine, because it's the only way I can work."
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我還需要酒和嗎啡,因為這樣我才能工作。」
01:53
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
01:55
So they brought him in.
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所以他們給了他這些東西
01:57
He painted a beautiful Vermeer.
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他也畫出了一幅美麗的維梅爾畫作
02:00
And then the charges of treason were dropped.
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後來叛國的罪名就撤銷了
02:03
He had a lesser charge of forgery,
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他被判了一個較輕的偽造罪
02:05
got a year sentence
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判刑一年
02:07
and died a hero to the Dutch people.
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死後成為荷蘭人民的英雄
02:11
There's a lot more to be said about van Meegeren,
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關於凡‧米格倫還有很多事情可以說
02:14
but I want to turn now to Goering,
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但我想回來談戈林
02:16
who's pictured here being interrogated at Nuremberg.
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照片裡的他在紐倫堡被審問
02:19
Now Goering was, by all accounts, a terrible man.
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戈林,據所有的罪狀,是一個可怕的人
02:21
Even for a Nazi, he was a terrible man.
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就算是對納粹分子而言,他還是個可怕的人
02:24
His American interrogators described him
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他的美籍審問官形容他
02:27
as an amicable psychopath.
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是一名友善的精神變態者
02:29
But you could feel sympathy
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但各位可以對他感到同情的是
02:31
for the reaction he had
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他的反應
02:33
when he was told that his favorite painting
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當他被告知他最愛的畫作
02:35
was actually a forgery.
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其實是幅仿畫
02:37
According to his biographer,
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據他的傳記作者所說
02:39
"He looked as if for the first time
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「他看上去好像是
02:41
he had discovered there was evil in the world."
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他第一次發現有世界上有邪惡的事。」
02:43
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
02:46
And he killed himself soon afterwards.
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之後他很快地就自殺了
02:49
He had discovered after all
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他後來發現
02:51
that the painting he thought was this
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他原先以為的這幅畫
02:53
was actually that.
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事實上是這一幅
02:56
It looked the same,
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這看起來是相同的
02:58
but it had a different origin, it was a different artwork.
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但來源不同,這是完全不同的畫作
03:00
It wasn't just him who was in for a shock.
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不單是他感到驚訝
03:02
Once van Meegeren was on trial, he couldn't stop talking.
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某次凡‧米格倫受訊時,他不由自主地說出
03:05
And he boasted about all the great masterpieces
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他吹噓所有其他藝術家所創作的
03:07
that he himself had painted
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偉大的畫作
03:09
that were attributed to other artists.
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都是他一個人所畫
03:11
In particular, "The Supper at Emmaus"
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其中特別是《在伊默斯的晚餐》
03:13
which was viewed as Vermeer's finest masterpiece, his best work --
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這幅被視為是維梅爾最優秀的作品,他的鉅作
03:16
people would come [from] all over the world to see it --
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這幅眾人願意從世界各地前去觀賞的作品
03:19
was actually a forgery.
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其實是幅仿畫
03:21
It was not that painting, but that painting.
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不是這一幅,而是這一幅
03:23
And when that was discovered,
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當真相被發現後
03:25
it lost all its value and was taken away from the museum.
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這幅畫失去了價值,也從博物館裡撤下
03:28
Why does this matter?
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為什麼會這樣?
03:30
I'm a psychologists -- why do origins matter so much?
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心理學家們,為什麼來源如此重要?
03:33
Why do we respond so much
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為何我們對於所知的事物
03:35
to our knowledge of where something comes from?
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來自何處的反應如此大?
03:38
Well there's an answer that many people would give.
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大部分的人會說一個答案
03:40
Many sociologists like Veblen and Wolfe
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很多社會學家像是Veblen和Wolfe會認為
03:43
would argue that the reason why we take origins so seriously
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我們之所以如此看重事物來自何處
03:46
is because we're snobs, because we're focused on status.
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是因為我們很勢利,我們看重地位
03:49
Among other things,
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除此之外
03:51
if you want to show off how rich you are, how powerful you are,
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如果你想展現自己的財力和權力
03:53
it's always better to own an original than a forgery
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當然擁有一幅真跡會比擁有一幅仿畫來的好
03:55
because there's always going to be fewer originals than forgeries.
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因為和仿畫比起來,真跡只會越來越少
03:59
I don't doubt that that plays some role,
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我不否認這或多或少有些關聯
04:01
but what I want to convince you of today
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但我今天想告訴各位的是
04:03
is that there's something else going on.
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這當中還有別的原因
04:05
I want to convince you
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我想讓各位知道
04:07
that humans are, to some extent, natural born essentialists.
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人類,其實就某些層面而言,我們是天生的本質主義者
04:10
What I mean by this
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我的意思是
04:12
is we don't just respond to things as we see them,
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我們對於物件的反應不只是我們看見他們
04:14
or feel them, or hear them.
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感受到他們,或聽見他們
04:16
Rather, our response is conditioned on our beliefs,
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相反地,我們的反應來自我們對該物件的認知
04:19
about what they really are, what they came from,
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他們本質,他們的來源
04:22
what they're made of, what their hidden nature is.
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他們的材質,以及他們的潛在特性
04:25
I want to suggest that this is true,
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我想說這是真實的
04:27
not just for how we think about things,
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不單是我們如何看待物品
04:29
but how we react to things.
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而是我們對物品的反應
04:31
So I want to suggest that pleasure is deep --
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我想傳達的是,快樂其實是深層的
04:33
and that this isn't true
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這並非
04:35
just for higher level pleasures like art,
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只針對像是藝術這種較高層次的快樂
04:38
but even the most seemingly simple pleasures
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而是即便是看似最簡單的快樂
04:41
are affected by our beliefs about hidden essences.
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也都受到我們對於物品潛在本質的認知的影響
04:44
So take food.
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拿食物來說
04:46
Would you eat this?
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各位想吃這塊肉嗎?
04:48
Well, a good answer is, "It depends. What is it?"
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一個好的答案是「要看這是什麼肉?」
04:51
Some of you would eat it if it's pork, but not beef.
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如果不是牛肉,而是豬肉,某些人會吃
04:53
Some of you would eat it if it's beef, but not pork.
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如果不是豬肉,而是牛肉,也有某些人會吃
04:56
Few of you would eat it if it's a rat
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如果是老鼠肉
04:58
or a human.
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或人肉,極少數的人也會吃
05:00
Some of you would eat it only if it's a strangely colored piece of tofu.
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而如果是一塊奇怪顏色的豆腐,也有某些人會吃
05:04
That's not so surprising.
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這一點都不需要驚訝
05:06
But what's more interesting
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更有趣的是
05:08
is how it tastes to you
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這塊肉對我們來說味道如何
05:10
will depend critically on what you think you're eating.
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取決於我們認為我們在吃什麼
05:13
So one demonstration of this was done with young children.
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以幼童當作例子來看
05:16
How do you make children
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要如何讓孩童
05:18
not just be more likely to eat carrots and drink milk,
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不僅僅能多吃紅蘿蔔和多喝牛奶
05:21
but to get more pleasure from eating carrots and drinking milk --
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更要讓他們在吃紅蘿蔔和喝牛奶時覺得快樂 --
05:24
to think they taste better?
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覺得這兩樣東西更好吃?
05:26
It's simple, you tell them they're from McDonald's.
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很簡單,你就告訴他們這兩樣東西是從麥當勞買來的
05:29
They believe McDonald's food is tastier,
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他們相信麥當勞的食物比較好吃
05:31
and it leads them to experience it as tastier.
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這點讓他們覺得所吃的東西比較美味
05:34
How do you get adults to really enjoy wine?
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那要如何讓成人真正享受紅酒呢?
05:36
It's very simple:
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非常簡單:
05:38
pour it from an expensive bottle.
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就把酒從很貴的酒瓶倒出來
05:40
There are now dozens, perhaps hundreds of studies showing
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現在有幾十個,可能是上百個研究顯示
05:43
that if you believe you're drinking the expensive stuff,
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如果你相信你在喝昂貴的東西
05:45
it tastes better to you.
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你會覺得它的味道更好
05:47
This was recently done with a neuroscientific twist.
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最近有個用神經科學方式的實驗
05:50
They get people into a fMRI scanner,
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他們讓人躺進dMRI掃描儀
05:52
and while they're lying there, through a tube,
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當人躺在那裡,通過一根管子
05:54
they get to sip wine.
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他們可以喝酒
05:56
In front of them on a screen is information about the wine.
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而在他們面前的螢幕則會顯示關於他們喝的酒的資訊
05:59
Everybody, of course,
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每一個人
06:01
drinks exactly the same wine.
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喝的都是同樣的酒
06:03
But if you believe you're drinking expensive stuff,
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但如果你相信你在喝昂貴的酒
06:06
parts of the brain associated with pleasure and reward
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大腦掌管快樂和回報的區塊
06:09
light up like a Christmas tree.
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就像點亮聖誕樹一樣興奮起來
06:11
It's not just that you say it's more pleasurable, you say you like it more,
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這不只是你說你比較快樂,或你比較喜歡
06:14
you really experience it in a different way.
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而是你用不同的方式在感受這件事
06:17
Or take sex.
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就性別來說
06:20
These are stimuli I've used in some of my studies.
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這是我曾用在某些研究裡的刺激方式
06:23
And if you simply show people these pictures,
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如果單純讓人們看這些照片
06:26
they'll say these are fairly attractive people.
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他們會說這些人相當地有魅力
06:28
But how attractive you find them,
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但你認為他們多有魅力
06:31
how sexually or romantically moved you are by them,
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多性感,多麼令你覺得浪漫
06:34
rests critically on who you think you're looking at.
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關鍵在於你覺得你正在看誰
06:37
You probably think the picture on the left is male,
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你也許認為左邊這張圖是男性
06:40
the one on the right is female.
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右邊這張圖是女性
06:42
If that belief turns out to be mistaken, it will make a difference.
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但如果這樣的認知是錯誤的,那將是完全不同的感受
06:45
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
06:47
It will make a difference if they turn out to be
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如果他們比各位想的還要年輕或年長
06:49
much younger or much older than you think they are.
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也會有不同的結果
06:52
It will make a difference if you were to discover
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如果你發現你用慾望的角度看的人
06:54
that the person you're looking at with lust
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其實是你的兒子或女兒
06:56
is actually a disguised version of your son or daughter,
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或你的母親或父親的變裝照
06:58
your mother or father.
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感受也是截然不同的
07:00
Knowing somebody's your kin typically kills the libido.
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獲悉某人是你的親人通常會扼殺掉慾望
07:03
Maybe one of the most heartening findings
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也許其中最令人振奮的發現是
07:05
from the psychology of pleasure
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心理學上的快樂
07:07
is there's more to looking good than your physical appearance.
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是你看起來比外表更好看
07:10
If you like somebody, they look better to you.
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如果你喜歡某人,你看他們就會覺得比較好看
07:13
This is why spouses in happy marriages
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這就為何在幸福的婚姻裡
07:16
tend to think that their husband or wife
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配偶們都會認為他們的另一半
07:18
looks much better than anyone else thinks that they do.
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遠比別人認為的還要好看許多
07:21
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
07:23
A particularly dramatic example of this
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一個特別典型的例子
07:26
comes from a neurological disorder known as Capgras syndrome.
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是神經系統疾病,稱做卡波格拉斯症候群
07:29
So Capgras syndrome is a disorder
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卡波格拉斯症候群是一種精神疾病
07:32
where you get a specific delusion.
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讓人有特定的幻覺
07:34
Sufferers of Capgras syndrome
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卡波格拉斯症候群的病人
07:36
believe that the people they love most in the world
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相信這世界上他們最愛的人
07:38
have been replaced by perfect duplicates.
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被人給完美的冒充了
07:40
Now often, a result of Capgras syndrome is tragic.
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卡波格拉斯症候群常有悲慘的事
07:43
People have murdered those that they loved,
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他們把他們最愛的人給殺害
07:45
believing that they were murdering an imposter.
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因為他們相信他們殺害的是一位冒充者
07:48
But there's at least one case
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但至少有一個病例
07:50
where Capgras syndrome had a happy ending.
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一位卡波格拉斯症候的病人有了美滿的結局
07:52
This was recorded in 1931.
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這是1931年的一個紀錄
07:54
"Research described a woman with Capgras syndrome
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研究裡一位患有卡波格拉斯症候群的女性
07:57
who complained about her poorly endowed and sexually inadequate lover."
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抱怨她那位天資不足且缺乏魅力的情人
08:00
But that was before she got Capgras syndrome.
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但這是在她罹患卡波格拉斯症候群之前
08:03
After she got it, "She was happy to report
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在她罹患此精神疾病後,「她開心的說
08:05
that she has discovered that he possessed a double
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她發現他擁有兩倍的優點
08:08
who was rich, virile, handsome and aristocratic."
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是一位富有,強健,貴族般的情人。」
08:10
Of course, it was the same man,
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當然,她口中說的是同一位男人
08:12
but she was seeing him in different ways.
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但她卻用不同的眼光看他
08:14
As a third example,
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第三個例子
08:16
consider consumer products.
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談談消費產品
08:18
So one reason why you might like something is its utility.
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你喜歡東西的其中一個原因可能是其功用
08:21
You can put shoes on your feet; you can play golf with golf clubs;
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你可以把鞋穿在腳上;你可以用這套高球球具打高爾夫球
08:24
and chewed up bubble gum doesn't do anything at all for you.
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而嚼泡泡糖則對你一點用處也沒有
08:27
But each of these three objects has value
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但這三樣東西
08:29
above and beyond what it can do for you
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根據他們的來歷
08:31
based on its history.
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都有超乎其功用的價值
08:33
The golf clubs were owned by John F. Kennedy
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這套高球球具原是甘迺迪所有
08:36
and sold for three-quarters of a million dollars at auction.
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在一次拍賣會上以七十五萬美元賣出
08:39
The bubble gum was chewed up by pop star Britney Spears
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這泡泡糖是流行明星小甜甜布蘭妮嚼過的
08:42
and sold for several hundreds of dollars.
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後來賣了幾百塊美元
08:44
And in fact, there's a thriving market
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事實上,心愛的人吃過的食物
08:46
in the partially eaten food of beloved people.
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也是很有市場的
08:49
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
08:51
The shoes are perhaps the most valuable of all.
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這雙鞋可能是三樣裡最有價值的
08:54
According to an unconfirmed report,
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根據未經證實的報導
08:56
a Saudi millionaire offered 10 million dollars
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一位沙烏地阿拉伯的富翁花了一千萬美元
08:58
for this pair of shoes.
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賣了這雙鞋
09:00
They were the ones thrown at George Bush
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這就是那雙在幾年前在伊拉克
09:03
at an Iraqi press conference several years ago.
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一場記者會上丟布希的鞋子
09:05
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
09:07
Now this attraction to objects
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而這種物品產生的吸引力
09:09
doesn't just work for celebrity objects.
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並非只發生在有名的物品
09:11
Each one of us, most people,
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我們每一個人,大部分的人
09:13
have something in our life that's literally irreplaceable,
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都有某些東西是無法被取代的
09:16
in that it has value because of its history --
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這些東西的價值來自於物品的背景 --
09:19
maybe your wedding ring, maybe your child's baby shoes --
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也許是你的婚戒,也是你孩子嬰兒時穿的鞋 --
09:22
so that if it was lost, you couldn't get it back.
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所以如果東西遺失了,你無法找回
09:25
You could get something that looked like it or felt like it,
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你可能可以找到看起來或摸起來類似的物品
09:27
but you couldn't get the same object back.
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但你無法找回一模一樣的東西
09:30
With my colleagues George Newman and Gil Diesendruck,
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與我的同事George Newman和Gil Diesendruck一起
09:33
we've looked to see what sort of factors, what sort of history, matters
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我們希望了解是什麼樣的因素,什麼樣的背景,原因
09:36
for the objects that people like.
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會讓人喜歡物品
09:38
So in one of our experiments,
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所以在我們某一個實驗裡
09:40
we asked people to name a famous person who they adored,
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我們請人們說出他們喜歡的名人
09:43
a living person they adored.
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一位他們崇拜的還在世的人
09:45
So one answer was George Clooney.
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其中有人回答喬治克隆尼
09:47
Then we asked them,
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然後我們問他們
09:49
"How much would you pay for George Clooney's sweater?"
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「你願意花多少錢買喬治克隆尼的毛衣?」
09:51
And the answer is a fair amount --
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答案是一筆相當多的金額 --
09:53
more than you would pay for a brand new sweater
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比起買一件全新的毛衣還要多
09:56
or a sweater owned by somebody who you didn't adore.
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也比你不崇拜的人所擁有的毛衣還多
09:59
Then we asked other groups of subjects --
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然後我們問了其他的主題
10:01
we gave them different restrictions
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我們給了他們不同的限制
10:03
and different conditions.
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還有不同的條件
10:05
So for instance, we told some people,
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例如,我們告訴某些人
10:07
"Look, you can buy the sweater,
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「聽好,你能買那件毛衣
10:09
but you can't tell anybody you own it,
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但你不能告訴任何人你擁有那件毛衣
10:11
and you can't resell it."
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然後你也不能把毛衣再拍賣出去。」
10:13
That drops the value of it,
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該件毛衣的價值下跌了
10:15
suggesting that that's one reason why we like it.
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這說明了我們喜歡這件毛衣的其中一個原因
10:18
But what really causes an effect
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但真正造成影響的是
10:20
is you tell people, "Look, you could resell it, you could boast about it,
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你告訴人們:「看,你可以再把毛衣賣出去,你可以吹捧毛衣的價值
10:23
but before it gets to you,
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但在你得到毛衣之前
10:25
it's thoroughly washed."
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這毛衣已經完全洗乾淨了。」
10:27
That causes a huge drop in the value.
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這點造成毛衣的價值大跌
10:30
As my wife put it, "You've washed away the Clooney cooties."
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如同我太太說的:「你已經把克隆尼的味道洗掉了。」
10:33
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
10:35
So let's go back to art.
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我們回來談藝術
10:37
I would love a Chagall. I love the work of Chagall.
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我喜歡夏卡爾,我喜歡夏卡爾的作品
10:39
If people want to get me something at the end of the conference,
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如果在座有人想在演講結束後送我禮物
10:41
you could buy me a Chagall.
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可以送我夏卡爾的東西
10:43
But I don't want a duplicate,
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但即便我分辨不出差別
10:45
even if I can't tell the difference.
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我也不要複製品
10:47
That's not because, or it's not simply because,
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這不是因為,不是單純因為,
10:49
I'm a snob and want to boast about having an original.
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我是一個勢力的人,想吹噓自己擁有一幅真跡
10:52
Rather, it's because I want something that has a specific history.
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而是因為我想要擁有一件帶有特殊意義的東西
10:55
In the case of artwork,
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這些藝術作品
10:57
the history is special indeed.
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他們的歷史背景是非常特別的
10:59
The philosopher Denis Dutton
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哲學家Denis Dutton
11:01
in his wonderful book "The Art Instinct"
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在他精彩的著作《The Art Instinct》
11:03
makes the case that, "The value of an artwork
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說明了「藝術作品的價值
11:05
is rooted in assumptions about the human performance underlying its creation."
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存在於人類行為中創造力的假設。」
11:08
And that could explain the difference
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這點足以解釋
11:10
between an original and a forgery.
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真跡和仿畫的不同
11:12
They may look alike, but they have a different history.
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真品和複製品看起來相同,但他們擁有不同的歷史背景
11:14
The original is typically the product of a creative act,
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真品是創作出來的產物
11:17
the forgery isn't.
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而複製品則不是
11:19
I think this approach can explain differences
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這個理論可以解釋
11:22
in people's taste in art.
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人們在藝術品味上的差別
11:24
This is a work by Jackson Pollock.
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這是Jackson Pollock的作品
11:26
Who here likes the work of Jackson Pollock?
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在座有誰喜歡Jackson Pollock的作品的呢?
11:30
Okay. Who here, it does nothing for them?
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好,那在座有人對這作品一點都不感興趣的呢?
11:32
They just don't like it.
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他們不喜歡這件作品
11:35
I'm not going to make a claim about who's right,
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我不會說明到底哪一方是對的
11:37
but I will make an empirical claim
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但我會做一項關於
11:39
about people's intuitions,
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人類意念的實證說明
11:41
which is that, if you like the work of Jackson Pollock,
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也就是說,如果你喜歡Jackson Pollock的作品
11:43
you'll tend more so than the people who don't like it
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你會比那些不喜歡他作品的人
11:46
to believe that these works are difficult to create,
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更願意去相信這些作品是很困難才完成的
11:49
that they require a lot of time and energy
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這需要花上很多的時間和體力
11:51
and creative energy.
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還有創造力
11:53
I use Jackson Pollock on purpose as an example
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我刻意用Jackson Pollock當作例子
11:56
because there's a young American artist
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因為有一位年輕的美國藝術家
11:58
who paints very much in the style of Jackson Pollock,
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她也用和Jackson Pollock相同的手法畫畫
12:00
and her work was worth
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她的作品
12:02
many tens of thousands of dollars --
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價值上萬塊美金 --
12:04
in large part because she's a very young artist.
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而大部分的原因是因為她是一位非常年輕的藝術家
12:06
This is Marla Olmstead
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這位是Marla Olmstead
12:08
who did most of her work when she was three years old.
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在她三歲時她完成了她大部分的作品
12:10
The interesting thing about Marla Olmstead
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而關於Marla Olmstead一件有趣的事是
12:12
is her family made the mistake
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她家人犯了一個錯誤
12:14
of inviting the television program 60 Minutes II into their house
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就是邀請電視節目60 Minutes II到他們家中
12:18
to film her painting.
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拍攝她作畫的過程
12:20
And they then reported that her father was coaching her.
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然後他們報導出她父親在教導她作畫
12:23
When this came out on television,
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當這段影片在電視上撥出
12:25
the value of her art dropped to nothing.
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她的作品就失去了價值
12:28
It was the same art, physically,
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這基本上是同樣的藝術
12:30
but the history had changed.
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但作品的歷史背景被改變了
12:33
I've been focusing now on the visual arts,
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剛才我一直在講視覺藝術
12:35
but I want to give two examples from music.
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我要講兩個音樂的例子
12:37
This is Joshua Bell, a very famous violinist.
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這位是Joshua Bell,他是非常有名的小提琴家
12:39
And the Washington Post reporter Gene Weingarten
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華盛頓郵報的記者Gene Weingarten
12:42
decided to enlist him for an audacious experiment.
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打算要徵詢他做一項大膽的實驗
12:45
The question is: How much would people like Joshua Bell,
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實驗是:大家願意花多少錢在Joshua Bell身上
12:47
the music of Joshua Bell,
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花在Joshua Bell的音樂上
12:49
if they didn't know they were listening to Joshua Bell?
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如果他們不知道他們在聆聽Joshua Bell的音樂?
12:53
So he got Joshua Bell to take his million dollar violin
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他要Joshua Bell帶著他的百萬小提琴
12:56
down to a Washington D.C. subway station
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下到華盛頓特區的地鐵站
12:59
and stand in the corner and see how much money he would make.
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站在角落看看他能賺到多少錢
13:02
And here's a brief clip of this.
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這一小段影片
13:04
(Violin music)
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(小提琴音樂)
13:11
After being there for three-quarters of an hour,
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在那裡過了四十五分鐘
13:13
he made 32 dollars.
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他賺了三十二塊錢
13:16
Not bad. It's also not good.
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不差,但也不好
13:18
Apparently to really enjoy the music of Joshua Bell,
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顯然要真正享受Joshua Bell的音樂
13:21
you have to know you're listening to Joshua Bell.
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你也必須要知道你正在聽Joshua Bell演奏
13:24
He actually made 20 dollars more than that,
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他實際上多賺了20塊
13:26
but he didn't count it.
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但他沒去算
13:28
Because this woman comes up --
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因為這位女士出現
13:30
you see at the end of the video -- she comes up.
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各位看到在影片的最後 -- 她出現了
13:32
She had heard him at the Library of Congress a few weeks before
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因為她在幾週前聽曾在美國國會圖書館
13:34
at this extravagant black-tie affair.
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聽過他穿著正式的黑色禮服演奏
13:37
So she's stunned that he's standing in a subway station.
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所以當看到他站在地鐵站裡,她嚇呆了
13:40
So she's struck with pity.
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她感到可憐
13:42
She reaches into her purse and hands him a 20.
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她從皮包裡拿出二十塊錢給她
13:44
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
13:46
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
13:48
The second example from music
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第二個音樂的例子是
13:50
is from John Cage's modernist composition,
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是John Cage的現代創作曲
13:52
"4'33"."
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《四分三十三秒》
13:54
As many of you know,
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如在座各位所知
13:56
this is the composition where the pianist sits at a bench,
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這首曲子,鋼琴演奏者坐在椅子
13:59
opens up the piano
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打開鋼琴
14:01
and sits and does nothing for four minutes and 33 seconds --
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就坐在那兒,整整四分三十三秒都不做任何事 --
14:03
that period of silence.
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這段時間是靜默的
14:05
And people have different views on this.
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大家對此曲有著不同的看法
14:07
But what I want to point out
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但我想說的是
14:09
is you can buy this from iTunes.
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這可以從iTunes上購買這首曲子
14:11
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
14:13
For a dollar 99,
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花上1.99美元
14:15
you can listen to that silence,
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你可以聽那段靜默的音樂
14:17
which is different than other forms of silence.
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這和其他形式的靜默是不同的
14:20
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
14:22
Now I've been talking so far about pleasure,
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我已經談論非常多有關快樂
14:25
but what I want to suggest
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但我想說的是
14:27
is that everything I've said applies as well to pain.
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我剛說的每一件事也能套用在談痛苦上
14:30
And how you think about what you're experiencing,
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以及如何認知我們的遭遇
14:32
your beliefs about the essence of it,
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我們對於事物本質的信念
14:34
affect how it hurts.
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還有是如何影響傷害的
14:36
One lovely experiment
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一項很可愛的實驗
14:38
was done by Kurt Gray and Dan Wegner.
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由Kurt Gray和Dan Wegner所執行
14:40
What they did was they hooked up Harvard undergraduates
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他們讓哈佛的大學生
14:42
to an electric shock machine.
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戴上電子刺激工具
14:44
And they gave them a series of painful electric shocks.
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然後給他們一系列的疼痛電子刺激
14:47
So it was a series of five painful shocks.
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所以是一系列五次的疼痛刺激
14:50
Half of them are told that they're being given the shocks
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有一半的人有被告知會被在另一間房間的人
14:52
by somebody in another room,
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給予疼痛的刺激
14:54
but the person in the other room doesn't know they're giving them shocks.
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但在另一間房間的人並不知道他們在給別人刺激
14:57
There's no malevolence, they're just pressing a button.
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他們有沒有惡意,只是按一個按鈕
14:59
The first shock is recorded as very painful.
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第一次的刺激記錄是非常痛苦
15:02
The second shock feels less painful, because you get a bit used to it.
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第二次則較輕,因為你感到有些習慣
15:05
The third drops, the fourth, the fifth.
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第三次再減輕,第四次,第五次更輕微
15:07
The pain gets less.
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痛苦隨次數遞減
15:10
In the other condition,
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而另一個情況是
15:12
they're told that the person in the next room
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受試者被告知在隔壁房間的人
15:14
is shocking them on purpose -- knows they're shocking them.
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是刻意在給他們電子刺激 -- 他們知道要刺激他們
15:17
The first shock hurts like hell.
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第一次的刺激痛苦的像在地獄
15:19
The second shock hurts just as much,
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第二次更痛苦
15:21
and the third and the fourth and the fifth.
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而第三第四和第五次
15:23
It hurts more
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如果你相信某人士刻意要這麼做
15:25
if you believe somebody is doing it to you on purpose.
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感受到的痛苦則越來越多
15:28
The most extreme example of this
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最極端的例子
15:31
is that in some cases,
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是在某些情況下
15:33
pain under the right circumstances
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痛苦在對的情況下
15:35
can transform into pleasure.
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可以轉變為快樂
15:37
Humans have this extraordinarily interesting property
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人類有非常有趣的特質
15:40
that will often seek out low-level doses of pain
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往往能在掌控的情況下
15:42
in controlled circumstances
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尋求找到最少量的痛苦
15:44
and take pleasure from it --
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然後從中獲得快樂 --
15:46
as in the eating of hot chili peppers
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就像在吃辣椒
15:48
and roller coaster rides.
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和玩雲霄飛車一樣
15:51
The point was nicely summarized
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這觀點其實早就被
15:53
by the poet John Milton
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詩人John Milton所寫下
15:55
who wrote, "The mind is its own place,
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他寫道:「心有它自己的地方,
15:57
and in itself can make a heaven of hell,
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而它本身可以把地獄看作天堂,
15:59
a hell of heaven."
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或天堂看作地獄。」
16:01
And I'll end with that. Thank you.
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就以這句話做結語,謝謝各位
16:03
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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