Paul Bloom: The origins of pleasure

翻译人员: Jenny Yang 校对人员: Angelia King

I'm going to talk today

我今天来说说

about the pleasures of everyday life.

日常快乐

But I want to begin with a story

但是我们的故事会从

of an unusual and terrible man.

一个不同寻常的可怕的人讲起

This is Hermann Goering.

他是赫曼·戈林(Hermann Goering)

Goering was Hitler's second in command in World War II,

戈林在二战时期是希特勒的副司令

his designated successor.

他指定的接班人

And like Hitler,

和希特勒一样

Goering fancied himself a collector of art.

戈林也自认为是一个艺术品收藏家

He went through Europe, through World War II,

他在整个二战时期足迹遍布欧洲

stealing, extorting and occasionally buying

盗取，豪夺也偶尔购买

various paintings for his collection.

各种绘画作为他的收藏

And what he really wanted was something by Vermeer.

但是他真的最想要的是扬·弗美尔的作品

Hitler had two of them, and he didn't have any.

希特勒有两幅，而他一幅也没有

So he finally found an art dealer,

所以他最终找到一个画商

a Dutch art dealer named Han van Meegeren,

一个叫作凡·米格伦的荷兰艺术品经销商

who sold him a wonderful Vermeer

卖给他一幅很精致的弗美尔的作品

for the cost of what would now be 10 million dollars.

价值相当于现在的一千万美元

And it was his favorite artwork ever.

这成了他最钟爱的艺术品

World War II came to an end,

二次世界大结束后

and Goering was captured, tried at Nuremberg

戈林被捕，在纽伦堡受审

and ultimately sentenced to death.

最后被判处死刑

Then the Allied forces went through his collections

然后二战同盟部队在查找他的收藏时

and found the paintings

找到了这些画

and went after the people who sold it to him.

然后去追查那些卖画给他的人

And at some point the Dutch police came into Amsterdam

与此同时,荷兰警察也来到阿姆斯特丹

and arrested Van Meegeren.

逮捕了凡‧米格伦

Van Meegeren was charged with the crime of treason,

凡‧米格伦被控叛国罪

which is itself punishable by death.

叛国罪是要判死刑的

Six weeks into his prison sentence,

他判刑后的六周后

van Meegeren confessed.

凡‧米格伦认罪了

But he didn't confess to treason.

但是他否认叛国罪

He said, "I did not sell a great masterpiece

他说：“我没有出售一幅伟大的杰作

to that Nazi.

给纳粹

I painted it myself; I'm a forger."

因为我自己画的，我是个仿画家。”

Now nobody believed him.

没有人相信他

And he said, "I'll prove it.

他说：“我能证明的

Bring me a canvas and some paint,

给我画布和颜料

and I will paint a Vermeer much better

我可以画一幅比卖给那个

than I sold that disgusting Nazi.

可恶的纳粹好得多的弗美尔作品

I also need alcohol and morphine, because it's the only way I can work."

我还要酒和吗啡，因为有了这些我才能工作。”

(Laughter)

（笑声）

So they brought him in.

所以他们给了他这些东西

He painted a beautiful Vermeer.

他画了一幅美丽的弗美尔作品

And then the charges of treason were dropped.

叛国罪也随之撤销

He had a lesser charge of forgery,

他被判了个较轻的伪造罪

got a year sentence

被判刑一年

and died a hero to the Dutch people.

他死后成为荷兰人民的英雄

There's a lot more to be said about van Meegeren,

关于凡‧米格伦还有很多故事可以说

but I want to turn now to Goering,

但我现在回来说戈林

who's pictured here being interrogated at Nuremberg.

在这张照片里他在纽伦堡受审

Now Goering was, by all accounts, a terrible man.

那时的戈林，据所有的罪状，是一个可怕的人

Even for a Nazi, he was a terrible man.

甚至对纳粹分子来说，他也是个可怕的人

His American interrogators described him

美籍审讯管形容他

as an amicable psychopath.

是一个和睦的精神变态的人

But you could feel sympathy

但是你可能会同情他

for the reaction he had

当他在

when he was told that his favorite painting

被告知他所钟爱的绘画

was actually a forgery.

其实是赝品时的反应

According to his biographer,

根据他的传记作者说

"He looked as if for the first time

“他看上去好像第一次

he had discovered there was evil in the world."

发现这个世界上存在着邪恶。”

(Laughter)

（笑声）

And he killed himself soon afterwards.

之后他很快就自杀了

He had discovered after all

他最终发现

that the painting he thought was this

他认为的这幅画

was actually that.

其实是那幅赝品

It looked the same,

它看上去一模一样

but it had a different origin, it was a different artwork.

但是它们的来源不同，这是不同的艺术品

It wasn't just him who was in for a shock.

不只是他感到震惊

Once van Meegeren was on trial, he couldn't stop talking.

有一次凡·米格伦受审讯时，他不停地唠叨。

And he boasted about all the great masterpieces

他吹嘘说所有其他画家

that he himself had painted

画的伟大作品都是

that were attributed to other artists.

他画的

In particular, "The Supper at Emmaus"

其中特别是《伊默斯的晚餐》

which was viewed as Vermeer's finest masterpiece, his best work --

这幅被视为弗美尔最优秀的杰作，他的极品--

people would come [from] all over the world to see it --

全世界的人都会前来参观--

was actually a forgery.

其实是一幅赝品

It was not that painting, but that painting.

不是这幅画，而是那幅画

And when that was discovered,

而这一被发现

it lost all its value and was taken away from the museum.

它立刻被博物馆撤下，失去了一切价值

Why does this matter?

为什么这个很重要呢

I'm a psychologists -- why do origins matter so much?

你们这些心理学家，为什么来源那么重要？

Why do we respond so much

为什么我们对知道东西

to our knowledge of where something comes from?

从哪里来的反应那么强烈？

Well there's an answer that many people would give.

很多人都会回答说：

Many sociologists like Veblen and Wolfe

很多社会学家，比如Veblen维布伦和Wolfe沃尔夫

would argue that the reason why we take origins so seriously

会说我们之所以会那么重视东西的来源

is because we're snobs, because we're focused on status.

是因为我们很势利，因为我们重视身份地位

Among other things,

连同其他一些东西，

if you want to show off how rich you are, how powerful you are,

如果你想显示你富有，有权势

it's always better to own an original than a forgery

拥有一幅真迹总是比仿画要好得多

because there's always going to be fewer originals than forgeries.

因为真迹总是比仿制的少

I don't doubt that that plays some role,

我也不怀疑这也起了点作用

but what I want to convince you of today

但是我今天想说服你们

is that there's something else going on.

这其中还有别的原因

I want to convince you

我想说服你们

that humans are, to some extent, natural born essentialists.

从某种程度上来说，人类是天生的本质主义者

What I mean by this

我说这句话的意思是

is we don't just respond to things as we see them,

我们对事物的反应不只是根据我们看到的

or feel them, or hear them.

感受到的和听到的做出的

Rather, our response is conditioned on our beliefs,

相反，我们的反应是以我们的信奉为条件的

about what they really are, what they came from,

他们到底是什么，从哪里来

what they're made of, what their hidden nature is.

用什么做的， 他们潜藏的内质是什么

I want to suggest that this is true,

我想说这种特性

not just for how we think about things,

不但表现在我们怎样看待事物

but how we react to things.

而且表现在我们对事情做出反应

So I want to suggest that pleasure is deep --

所以我想说快乐其实是很深层的

and that this isn't true

不光是比较高层次的快乐，

just for higher level pleasures like art,

比如艺术带给人的快乐是这样

but even the most seemingly simple pleasures

而且大多数看似简单的快乐也是这样

are affected by our beliefs about hidden essences.

都是受我们对事物潜在本质认识的影响

So take food.

比如食品

Would you eat this?

你会吃这块肉吗

Well, a good answer is, "It depends. What is it?"

好的答案是，“要看这是什么了？”

Some of you would eat it if it's pork, but not beef.

如果是猪肉不是牛肉你们中的有些人就吃了

Some of you would eat it if it's beef, but not pork.

而有些人则吃牛肉而不吃猪肉

Few of you would eat it if it's a rat

如果是老鼠肉，或是人肉

or a human.

大概很少有人会吃

Some of you would eat it only if it's a strangely colored piece of tofu.

如果这是一块颜色奇怪的豆腐，你们中的一些人就吃了

That's not so surprising.

这并不奇怪

But what's more interesting

但是更有趣的是

is how it tastes to you

你觉得味道如何

will depend critically on what you think you're eating.

会取决于你认为你在吃什么

So one demonstration of this was done with young children.

我们拿小孩做示范

How do you make children

你怎样才能让小孩

not just be more likely to eat carrots and drink milk,

更可能去吃胡萝卜和喝牛奶

but to get more pleasure from eating carrots and drinking milk --

而且更喜欢吃胡萝卜和喝牛奶

to think they taste better?

觉得它们味道很好呢?

It's simple, you tell them they're from McDonald's.

很简单，你告诉他们这是从麦当劳买来的

They believe McDonald's food is tastier,

他们相信麦当劳的食品味道更好

and it leads them to experience it as tastier.

这会引导他们感受更好的味道

How do you get adults to really enjoy wine?

你怎样让成年人更喜欢葡萄酒？

It's very simple:

很简单

pour it from an expensive bottle.

把酒从一个贵的瓶子里倒出来

There are now dozens, perhaps hundreds of studies showing

现在有几十个，可能是上百个研究显示

that if you believe you're drinking the expensive stuff,

如果你相信你在喝昂贵的东西

it tastes better to you.

你会觉得它更好喝

This was recently done with a neuroscientific twist.

最近有个用神经科学方式的实验

They get people into a fMRI scanner,

他们让人躺进dMRI核磁共振成像扫描仪

and while they're lying there, through a tube,

躺在那里的人一边用一根管子

they get to sip wine.

吸葡萄酒

In front of them on a screen is information about the wine.

他们面前是展示酒的信息的屏幕

Everybody, of course,

当然，每个人

drinks exactly the same wine.

其实喝的都是一模一样的酒

But if you believe you're drinking expensive stuff,

但是如果你相信你在喝昂贵酒时，

parts of the brain associated with pleasure and reward

大脑掌管快乐和奖赏的那个区域

light up like a Christmas tree.

就像圣诞树一样照亮了起来

It's not just that you say it's more pleasurable, you say you like it more,

你不只是说你感到更快乐，或是你更喜欢这个贵酒

you really experience it in a different way.

你真的是用不同的方式在感受这件事

Or take sex.

就性感来说

These are stimuli I've used in some of my studies.

这是我曾用在某些研究里的刺激方式

And if you simply show people these pictures,

如果只是让人们看这些照片

they'll say these are fairly attractive people.

他们会说这些人挺有魅力

But how attractive you find them,

但你认为他们多有魅力

how sexually or romantically moved you are by them,

多性感，能让你产生浪漫的感觉

rests critically on who you think you're looking at.

关键在于你觉得你在看谁

You probably think the picture on the left is male,

你也许认为左边这张图是男性

the one on the right is female.

右边这张图是女性

If that belief turns out to be mistaken, it will make a difference.

但如果这样的认知是错误的，那感觉就大不一样了

(Laughter)

（笑声）

It will make a difference if they turn out to be

如果他们比你们想象得要年轻或年长得多

much younger or much older than you think they are.

那也会有不同的结果

It will make a difference if you were to discover

当你发现你带着性欲

that the person you're looking at with lust

看着的人

is actually a disguised version of your son or daughter,

其实是你的儿子或女儿

your mother or father.

是你的母亲或父亲

Knowing somebody's your kin typically kills the libido.

得知那人是你的亲人通常会扼杀掉欲望

Maybe one of the most heartening findings

也许快乐心理学上

from the psychology of pleasure

最让人振奋的发现是

is there's more to looking good than your physical appearance.

还有比外表好看更多的东西存在

If you like somebody, they look better to you.

如果你喜欢某人， 你觉得他们更顺眼

This is why spouses in happy marriages

这就是为什么幸福婚姻中的夫妇

tend to think that their husband or wife

会觉得他们的另一半

looks much better than anyone else thinks that they do.

远比其他人认为的那样要好看得多

(Laughter)

（笑声）

A particularly dramatic example of this

一个特别典型的例子

comes from a neurological disorder known as Capgras syndrome.

是一种称做替身综合症的疾病

So Capgras syndrome is a disorder

替身综合症是一种精神疾病

where you get a specific delusion.

会让人产生一种特别的幻觉

Sufferers of Capgras syndrome

替身综合症患者

believe that the people they love most in the world

相信这世界上他们最爱的人

have been replaced by perfect duplicates.

被完美的替身给替换了

Now often, a result of Capgras syndrome is tragic.

替身综合症常常造成悲剧

People have murdered those that they loved,

患者杀害他们最爱的人

believing that they were murdering an imposter.

相信他们杀的是一个冒名顶替者

But there's at least one case

但是至少有一个案例表明

where Capgras syndrome had a happy ending.

替身综合症患者得到了美满的结局

This was recorded in 1931.

这是1931年的一个纪录

"Research described a woman with Capgras syndrome

“研究记录一位患有替身综合症的女性

who complained about her poorly endowed and sexually inadequate lover."

曾抱怨她那位天资不足且缺乏魅力的情人”

But that was before she got Capgras syndrome.

但这是在她患替身综合症之前

After she got it, "She was happy to report

她得了病以后，“她高兴地汇报说

that she has discovered that he possessed a double

她说她发现了他有两重性

who was rich, virile, handsome and aristocratic."

他富有，强健，英俊，有贵族气质。”

Of course, it was the same man,

当然，这是同样一个人

but she was seeing him in different ways.

但是她看他的方式不一样了

As a third example,

第三个例子是

consider consumer products.

关于日常用品

So one reason why you might like something is its utility.

你喜欢一样东西可以是因为它的用处

You can put shoes on your feet; you can play golf with golf clubs;

你可以把鞋穿脚上， 你可以用高尔夫球棒打球

and chewed up bubble gum doesn't do anything at all for you.

而嚼口香糖没带给你任何东西

But each of these three objects has value

但是这三样东西都有价值

above and beyond what it can do for you

比它们能为你做的更多的价值

based on its history.

基于它们的历史

The golf clubs were owned by John F. Kennedy

这个高尔夫球杆原来的主人是肯尼迪

and sold for three-quarters of a million dollars at auction.

在一个拍卖会上卖了七十五万美元

The bubble gum was chewed up by pop star Britney Spears

这泡泡糖是流行明星小甜甜布兰妮嚼过的

and sold for several hundreds of dollars.

后来卖了几百块美元

And in fact, there's a thriving market

事实上，心爱的人吃剩下的食品

in the partially eaten food of beloved people.

也是很有市场的

(Laughter)

（笑声）

The shoes are perhaps the most valuable of all.

这双鞋可能是三样里最有价值的

According to an unconfirmed report,

根据未经证实的报导

a Saudi millionaire offered 10 million dollars

一位沙特阿拉伯的富翁花了一千万美元

for this pair of shoes.

买了这双鞋

They were the ones thrown at George Bush

这就是那双几年前

at an Iraqi press conference several years ago.

在一个伊拉克记者会上丢向小布什的鞋子

(Applause)

（掌声）

Now this attraction to objects

而这种物品产生的吸引力

doesn't just work for celebrity objects.

并不是只发生在名人物品上

Each one of us, most people,

我们每一个人，大部分人的生活中

have something in our life that's literally irreplaceable,

有某些东西是无法被取代的

in that it has value because of its history --

它的价值来自于物品的历史

maybe your wedding ring, maybe your child's baby shoes --

也许是你的结婚戒指，也许是你孩子的婴儿鞋子

so that if it was lost, you couldn't get it back.

如果它丢了，你就无法再找回来

You could get something that looked like it or felt like it,

你可以得到看上去或感觉上相似的东西

but you couldn't get the same object back.

但你无法找回一模一样的东西

With my colleagues George Newman and Gil Diesendruck,

与我的同事乔治·纽曼George Newman和吉尔·迪森德鲁克Gil Diesendruck一起

we've looked to see what sort of factors, what sort of history, matters

我们观察是什么样的因素，什么样的背景，

for the objects that people like.

会让人们喜欢物品

So in one of our experiments,

所以在我们某一个实验里

we asked people to name a famous person who they adored,

我们请人们说出他们喜欢的名人

a living person they adored.

一位他们崇拜的还在世的人

So one answer was George Clooney.

其中有人回答乔治·克鲁尼

Then we asked them,

然后我们问他们

"How much would you pay for George Clooney's sweater?"

“你愿意花多少钱买乔治·克鲁尼的毛衣？”

And the answer is a fair amount --

答案是一个不小的数字

more than you would pay for a brand new sweater

比买一件全新的毛衣要价多

or a sweater owned by somebody who you didn't adore.

也比你不崇拜的人所拥有的毛衣要价多

Then we asked other groups of subjects --

然后我们问了其他的话题--

we gave them different restrictions

我们给他们设定了不同的限制

and different conditions.

和不同的条件

So for instance, we told some people,

例如，我们告诉某些人

"Look, you can buy the sweater,

“听好，你能买那件毛衣

but you can't tell anybody you own it,

但你不能告诉任何人你拥有那件毛衣

and you can't resell it."

而且你也不能转卖它。”

That drops the value of it,

它的价值就跌了

suggesting that that's one reason why we like it.

这说明了我们喜欢这件毛衣的其中一个原因

But what really causes an effect

而真正造成影响的是

is you tell people, "Look, you could resell it, you could boast about it,

你告诉人们：“看，你可以再把毛衣卖出去，你可以吹捧毛衣的价值

but before it gets to you,

但在你得到毛衣之前

it's thoroughly washed."

这毛衣已经完全洗干净了。”

That causes a huge drop in the value.

这点造成毛衣的价值大跌

As my wife put it, "You've washed away the Clooney cooties."

像我太太说的：“你已经把克鲁尼的味道洗掉了”

(Laughter)

（笑声）

So let's go back to art.

所以让我们回来谈艺术

I would love a Chagall. I love the work of Chagall.

我喜欢夏卡尔，我喜欢夏卡尔的作品

If people want to get me something at the end of the conference,

如果在座有人想在演讲结束后送我礼物

you could buy me a Chagall.

你可以送我夏卡尔的作品

But I don't want a duplicate,

但是我不要复制品

even if I can't tell the difference.

尽管我也不能分辨其中的差别

That's not because, or it's not simply because,

这不是因为，不是单纯因为，

I'm a snob and want to boast about having an original.

我是一个势力的人，想吹嘘自己拥有一幅真迹

Rather, it's because I want something that has a specific history.

而是因为我想要拥有一样具有特殊历史的东西

In the case of artwork,

对艺术品来说

the history is special indeed.

历史意义是特别重要的

The philosopher Denis Dutton

哲学家丹尼斯·达顿

in his wonderful book "The Art Instinct"

在他精彩的著作《艺术直觉》

makes the case that, "The value of an artwork

说明了“艺术作品的价值

is rooted in assumptions about the human performance underlying its creation."

存在于对人类表现出来的创造力的假设”

And that could explain the difference

这点足以解释

between an original and a forgery.

真迹和仿画的不同

They may look alike, but they have a different history.

真品和复制品看起来相同，但他们拥有不同的历史背景

The original is typically the product of a creative act,

真品是典型的艺术创造的产物

the forgery isn't.

而仿画不是

I think this approach can explain differences

这个理论可以解释

in people's taste in art.

人们在艺术品味上的差别

This is a work by Jackson Pollock.

这是杰克逊·波洛克的作品

Who here likes the work of Jackson Pollock?

在座有谁对杰克逊·波洛克的作品感兴趣？

Okay. Who here, it does nothing for them?

好，那在座的谁对这幅作品毫无兴趣？

They just don't like it.

他们就是不喜欢它

I'm not going to make a claim about who's right,

我不在这里宣布谁是对的

but I will make an empirical claim

但我来做一次

about people's intuitions,

人类直觉的实证

which is that, if you like the work of Jackson Pollock,

也就是说，如果你喜欢杰克逊·波洛克的作品

you'll tend more so than the people who don't like it

你会比那些不喜欢他作品的人

to believe that these works are difficult to create,

更愿意去相信这些创造作品是很不容易的

that they require a lot of time and energy

这需要花上很多的时间和精力

and creative energy.

还有创造力

I use Jackson Pollock on purpose as an example

我故意用杰克逊·波洛克当作例子

because there's a young American artist

是因为有一位年轻的美国艺术家

who paints very much in the style of Jackson Pollock,

她用跟杰克逊·波洛克相同的手法绘画

and her work was worth

她的作品

many tens of thousands of dollars --

价值成千上万美金--

in large part because she's a very young artist.

大部分的原因是因为她是一位非常年轻的艺术家

This is Marla Olmstead

这位是马拉·奥姆斯特德

who did most of her work when she was three years old.

三岁时就完成了她大部分的作品

The interesting thing about Marla Olmstead

而关于玛拉·奥姆斯特德，有意思的是

is her family made the mistake

她的家人犯了一个错误

of inviting the television program 60 Minutes II into their house

他们邀请电视节目“60分钟二“ 到他们家中

to film her painting.

拍摄她作画

And they then reported that her father was coaching her.

然后他们报导出她父亲在教导她作画

When this came out on television,

当这个节目在电视上播出后

the value of her art dropped to nothing.

她的画突然就没有了价值

It was the same art, physically,

从实际上来说， 这是一样的画

but the history had changed.

但是作品的历史背景改变了

I've been focusing now on the visual arts,

我一直在讲视觉艺术

but I want to give two examples from music.

但我还要讲两个音乐的例子

This is Joshua Bell, a very famous violinist.

这位是约书亚·贝尔Joshua Bell，一个非常著名的小提琴家

And the Washington Post reporter Gene Weingarten

华盛顿邮报的记者基恩·魏因加滕Gene Weingarten

decided to enlist him for an audacious experiment.

决定招他参与做一项大胆的实验

The question is: How much would people like Joshua Bell,

问题是：大家愿意花多少钱在约书亚·贝尔的身上

the music of Joshua Bell,

和约书亚·贝尔的音乐

if they didn't know they were listening to Joshua Bell?

如果他们不知道他们是在听约书亚·贝尔的情况下呢？

So he got Joshua Bell to take his million dollar violin

因此他让约书亚·贝尔带着他价值百万的小提琴

down to a Washington D.C. subway station

站在华盛顿的地铁站

and stand in the corner and see how much money he would make.

然后站在角落看看他能赚到多少钱

And here's a brief clip of this.

这是一小段影片记录

(Violin music)

（小提琴音乐）

After being there for three-quarters of an hour,

在那里演奏了四十五分钟后

he made 32 dollars.

他赚了32美元

Not bad. It's also not good.

不差，但也不好

Apparently to really enjoy the music of Joshua Bell,

显然要真正享受约书亚·贝尔的音乐

you have to know you're listening to Joshua Bell.

你必须得知道你在听的是约书亚·贝尔的演奏

He actually made 20 dollars more than that,

他实际上多赚了20块

but he didn't count it.

但是他没有算进去

Because this woman comes up --

因为这位女士出现--

you see at the end of the video -- she comes up.

各位看到在影片的最后 - 她出现了

She had heard him at the Library of Congress a few weeks before

因为她在几周前曾在美国国会图书馆

at this extravagant black-tie affair.

听过他在一个衣冠楚楚的聚会上演出过

So she's stunned that he's standing in a subway station.

所以当看到他站在地铁站里，她惊呆了

So she's struck with pity.

她报以怜悯之情

She reaches into her purse and hands him a 20.

她从皮包里拿出二十块钱给他

(Laughter)

（笑声）

(Applause)

（掌声）

The second example from music

第二个音乐的例子是

is from John Cage's modernist composition,

是约翰·凯奇John Cage的现代派作品

"4'33"."

《四分三十三秒》

As many of you know,

如在座各位所知

this is the composition where the pianist sits at a bench,

这首曲子，钢琴演奏者坐在椅子上时，

opens up the piano

打开钢琴

and sits and does nothing for four minutes and 33 seconds --

就坐在那儿，整整四分三十三秒都不做任何事--

that period of silence.

这段时间是静默的

And people have different views on this.

人们对此有着不同的看法

But what I want to point out

但我想指出的是

is you can buy this from iTunes.

这可以从iTunes上购买这首曲子

(Laughter)

（笑声）

For a dollar 99,

花上1.99美元

you can listen to that silence,

你可以聆听那段静默的音乐

which is different than other forms of silence.

这和其他形式的静默是不同的

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Now I've been talking so far about pleasure,

到现在，我说的都是有关快乐的话题

but what I want to suggest

但是我想说的是

is that everything I've said applies as well to pain.

我刚说的每一件事也能用在痛苦上

And how you think about what you're experiencing,

以及如何认识我们的体验

your beliefs about the essence of it,

你们对于事物本质的信念

affect how it hurts.

会影响到如何受伤害

One lovely experiment

一项很可爱的实验

was done by Kurt Gray and Dan Wegner.

是柯特·格雷Kurt Gray和丹· 韦格纳Dan Wegner做的

What they did was they hooked up Harvard undergraduates

他们把哈佛的大学生连接到

to an electric shock machine.

电子刺激仪上

And they gave them a series of painful electric shocks.

然后给他们一系列的疼痛电子刺激

So it was a series of five painful shocks.

那是一系列五次的疼痛刺激

Half of them are told that they're being given the shocks

有一半的人被告知这些电击

by somebody in another room,

是有人在另外一个房间传递给他们的

but the person in the other room doesn't know they're giving them shocks.

但是在另一间房间的人并不知道他们在给别人刺激

There's no malevolence, they're just pressing a button.

他们没有恶意，只是按一个按钮

The first shock is recorded as very painful.

第一次的刺激记录是非常痛苦

The second shock feels less painful, because you get a bit used to it.

第二次刺激感到轻了一点，因为你感到有些习惯了

The third drops, the fourth, the fifth.

第三，四，五次

The pain gets less.

痛苦随次数递减

In the other condition,

而在另一个条件下

they're told that the person in the next room

受试者被告知在隔壁房间的人

is shocking them on purpose -- knows they're shocking them.

是故意在给他们电击 -- 知道要电击他们

The first shock hurts like hell.

第一次的刺激痛的像在地狱

The second shock hurts just as much,

第二次一样痛

and the third and the fourth and the fifth.

而第三第四和第五次

It hurts more

如果你相信某人是故意要这么做

if you believe somebody is doing it to you on purpose.

感受到的痛苦就更厉害

The most extreme example of this

最极端的例子

is that in some cases,

是在某些情况下

pain under the right circumstances

痛苦在一定的情况下

can transform into pleasure.

可以转变为快乐

Humans have this extraordinarily interesting property

人类有这个特别有趣的特质

that will often seek out low-level doses of pain

往往能在掌控的情况下

in controlled circumstances

常常会去寻找低层次的痛苦

and take pleasure from it --

然后从中获得乐趣

as in the eating of hot chili peppers

就像在吃辣椒

and roller coaster rides.

和玩过山车一样

The point was nicely summarized

这观点其实早就被

by the poet John Milton

诗人约翰·弥尔顿所总结过

who wrote, "The mind is its own place,

他写到：“心是它自己的住家

and in itself can make a heaven of hell,

在它里面能把天堂变地狱

a hell of heaven."

地狱变天堂”

And I'll end with that. Thank you.

而我就以此作为结束，谢谢

(Applause)

（掌声）