Paul Bloom: The origins of pleasure

Translator: Lulu Filova Reviewer: Katarina Kesselova

I'm going to talk today

Dnes budem hovoriť

about the pleasures of everyday life.

o potešeniach každodenného života.

But I want to begin with a story

Ale chcem začať príbehom

of an unusual and terrible man.

nezvyčajného a strašného muža.

This is Hermann Goering.

Ide o Hermanna Goeringa.

Goering was Hitler's second in command in World War II,

Goering bol Hitlerov zástupca v 2. svetovej vojne,

his designated successor.

jeho budúci nástupca.

And like Hitler,

A podobne ako Hitler

Goering fancied himself a collector of art.

aj Goering sa považoval za zberateľa umenia.

He went through Europe, through World War II,

Počas 2. svetovej vojny prechádzal Európou,

stealing, extorting and occasionally buying

pričom kradol, vymáhal a občas kupoval

various paintings for his collection.

rôzne obrazy do svojej zbierky.

And what he really wanted was something by Vermeer.

A skutočne túžil po niečom od Vermeera.

Hitler had two of them, and he didn't have any.

Hitler mal dva jeho obrazy, on nemal žiadny.

So he finally found an art dealer,

Takže konečne našiel obchodníka s umením,

a Dutch art dealer named Han van Meegeren,

Holanďana menom Han van Meegern,

who sold him a wonderful Vermeer

ktorý mu predal nádherného Vermeera

for the cost of what would now be 10 million dollars.

za cenu, ktorá by dnes predstavovala 10 miliónov dolárov.

And it was his favorite artwork ever.

A bol to jeho úplne najobľúbenejší obraz.

World War II came to an end,

Vojna sa skončila,

and Goering was captured, tried at Nuremberg

Goeringa zajali, súdili v Norimbergu

and ultimately sentenced to death.

a nakoniec odsúdili na smrť.

Then the Allied forces went through his collections

Potom spojenecké jednotky preberali jeho zbierky,

and found the paintings

našli obrazy

and went after the people who sold it to him.

a vyhľadali ľudí, ktorí mu ich predali.

And at some point the Dutch police came into Amsterdam

A jedného dňa holandská polícia prišla do Amsterdamu

and arrested Van Meegeren.

a zatkla Van Meegerena.

Van Meegeren was charged with the crime of treason,

Obvinili ho z vlastizrady,

which is itself punishable by death.

ktorá sa trestá smrťou.

Six weeks into his prison sentence,

Po šiestich týždňoch vo väzení

van Meegeren confessed.

sa Van Meegeren priznal.

But he didn't confess to treason.

Nepriznal sa však ku vlastizrade.

He said, "I did not sell a great masterpiece

Povedal: „Nepredal som úžasné majstrovské dielo

to that Nazi.

tomu nacistovi.

I painted it myself; I'm a forger."

Sám som ten obraz namaľoval, som falšovateľ.“

Now nobody believed him.

Ale nikto mu neveril.

And he said, "I'll prove it.

A on povedal: „Dokážem vám to.

Bring me a canvas and some paint,

Prineste mi plátno a trochu farby,

and I will paint a Vermeer much better

namaľujem vám oveľa lepšieho Vermeera,

than I sold that disgusting Nazi.

než čo som predal tomu nechutnému nacistovi.

I also need alcohol and morphine, because it's the only way I can work."

Okrem toho potrebujem alkohol a morfium, lebo iba tak viem pracovať.“

(Laughter)

(smiech)

So they brought him in.

Tak ho priviedli.

He painted a beautiful Vermeer.

Namaľoval krásneho Vermeera.

And then the charges of treason were dropped.

A potom bolo obvinenie z vlastizrady zrušené.

He had a lesser charge of forgery,

Obvinili ho iba z falšovania,

got a year sentence

dostal rok väzenia

and died a hero to the Dutch people.

a zomrel ako holandský hrdina.

There's a lot more to be said about van Meegeren,

O Van Meegerenovi by som toho mohol ešte veľa rozprávať,

but I want to turn now to Goering,

ale chcem sa vrátiť ku Goeringovi,

who's pictured here being interrogated at Nuremberg.

ktorý je na tomto obrázku zachytený počas výsluchu v Norimbergu.

Now Goering was, by all accounts, a terrible man.

Podľa toho, čo sa hovorí, Goering bol strašný človek.

Even for a Nazi, he was a terrible man.

Dokonca aj na nacistu to bol strašný človek.

His American interrogators described him

Jeho americkí vyšetrovatelia ho opisovali

as an amicable psychopath.

ako priateľského psychopata.

But you could feel sympathy

Ale iste by ste pocítili ľútosť

for the reaction he had

nad jeho reakciou,

when he was told that his favorite painting

keď mu povedali, že jeho obľúbený obraz

was actually a forgery.

bol v skutočnosti falzifikát.

According to his biographer,

Podľa autora jeho životopisu

"He looked as if for the first time

„Vyzeral, akoby po prvý raz

he had discovered there was evil in the world."

zistil, že na svete existuje zlo.“

(Laughter)

(smiech)

And he killed himself soon afterwards.

A čoskoro nato sa zabil.

He had discovered after all

Zistil predsa,

that the painting he thought was this

že obraz, o ktorom si myslel, že je tento,

was actually that.

bol v skutočnosti tamten.

It looked the same,

Vyzeral rovnako,

but it had a different origin, it was a different artwork.

ale mal iný pôvod, bolo to iné umelecké dielo.

It wasn't just him who was in for a shock.

A šokovaný nemal byť iba Goering.

Once van Meegeren was on trial, he couldn't stop talking.

Keď už Van Meegerena postavili pred súd, spustil a nezastavil sa.

And he boasted about all the great masterpieces

A chvastal sa všetkými úžasnými veľdielami,

that he himself had painted

ktoré on sám namaľoval,

that were attributed to other artists.

ale pripisovali ich iným umelcom.

In particular, "The Supper at Emmaus"

Konkrétne „Večera v Emauzách“,

which was viewed as Vermeer's finest masterpiece, his best work --

ktorá bola považovaná za Vermeerovu najkvalitnejšiu, najlepšiu prácu

people would come [from] all over the world to see it --

– ľudia z celého sveta sa na ňu prichádzali pozrieť –

was actually a forgery.

bola v skutočnosti napodobenina.

It was not that painting, but that painting.

Nebol to ten obraz, ale tamten obraz.

And when that was discovered,

A keď sa na to prišlo,

it lost all its value and was taken away from the museum.

stratil všetku svoju hodnotu a odstránili ho z múzea.

Why does this matter?

Prečo na tom záleží?

I'm a psychologists -- why do origins matter so much?

Vy psychológovia, prečo na pôvode tak záleží?

Why do we respond so much

Prečo tak reagujeme na informáciu,

to our knowledge of where something comes from?

odkiaľ niečo pochádza?

Well there's an answer that many people would give.

Nuž, je na to odpoveď, ktorú by dali mnohí ľudia.

Many sociologists like Veblen and Wolfe

Mnohí sociológovia ako Veblen a Wolfe

would argue that the reason why we take origins so seriously

by argumentovali, že pôvod berieme tak vážne,

is because we're snobs, because we're focused on status.

lebo sme snobi, pretože sme orientovaní na status.

Among other things,

Okrem iného,

if you want to show off how rich you are, how powerful you are,

ak chcete predviesť, akí ste bohatí alebo mocní,

it's always better to own an original than a forgery

vždy je lepšie vlastniť originál než napodobeninu.

because there's always going to be fewer originals than forgeries.

Pretože originálov bude vždy menej než kópií.

I don't doubt that that plays some role,

Nepochybujem, že to zohráva určitú rolu,

but what I want to convince you of today

ale dnes vás chcem presvedčiť o tom,

is that there's something else going on.

že v hre je ešte aj niečo ďalšie.

I want to convince you

Chcem vás presvedčiť,

that humans are, to some extent, natural born essentialists.

že ľudia sú do istej miery od narodenia esencialisti.

What I mean by this

Tým chcem povedať,

is we don't just respond to things as we see them,

že na veci nereagujeme len podľa toho, ako ich

or feel them, or hear them.

vidíme, cítime či počujeme.

Rather, our response is conditioned on our beliefs,

Naša reakcia je podmienená skôr našimi presvedčeniami,

about what they really are, what they came from,

ale čo skutočne sú, odkiaľ pochádzajú,

what they're made of, what their hidden nature is.

z čoho sú a aká je ich skrytá povaha.

I want to suggest that this is true,

Chcem naznačiť, že to platí

not just for how we think about things,

nielen pre spôsob, akým sa o veciach zamýšľame,

but how we react to things.

ale aj akým na veci reagujeme.

So I want to suggest that pleasure is deep --

Takže tvrdím, že potešenie je hlboké

and that this isn't true

– a to neplatí len

just for higher level pleasures like art,

pre vyššie formy potešenia, ako je umenie,

but even the most seemingly simple pleasures

ale aj zdanlivo jednoduché radosti

are affected by our beliefs about hidden essences.

sú ovplyvnené našimi predstavami o skrytých podstatách.

So take food.

Zoberme si napríklad jedlo.

Would you eat this?

Zjedli by ste toto?

Well, a good answer is, "It depends. What is it?"

Dobrá odpoveď je: „Podľa toho, čo to je.“

Some of you would eat it if it's pork, but not beef.

Niektorí z vás by to zjedli, keby to bolo bravčové, ale nie hovädzie.

Some of you would eat it if it's beef, but not pork.

Niektorí by to zjedli, keby to bolo hovädzie, ale nie bravčové.

Few of you would eat it if it's a rat

Len málo z vás by to zjedlo, keby išlo o potkana

or a human.

alebo o človeka.

Some of you would eat it only if it's a strangely colored piece of tofu.

Niektorí z vás by to zjedli, len keby to bolo zvláštne sfarbené tofu.

That's not so surprising.

Na tom nie je nič prekvapujúce.

But what's more interesting

Čo je však zaujímavejšie,

is how it tastes to you

to, ako vám to chutí,

will depend critically on what you think you're eating.

bude zásadne závisieť od toho, čo si myslíte, že jete.

So one demonstration of this was done with young children.

Jeden názorný príklad tohto bol spravený s malými deťmi.

How do you make children

Ako prinútite deti,

not just be more likely to eat carrots and drink milk,

aby nielen jedli mrkvu a pili mlieko,

but to get more pleasure from eating carrots and drinking milk --

ale aj sa viac tešili z jedenia mrkvy a pitia mlieka,

to think they taste better?

teda aby si mysleli, že lepšie chutia?

It's simple, you tell them they're from McDonald's.

Je to jednoduché: poviete im, že sú z McDonalda.

They believe McDonald's food is tastier,

Veria, že jedlo z McDonalda je chutnejšie,

and it leads them to experience it as tastier.

takže ho aj vnímajú ako chutnejšie.

How do you get adults to really enjoy wine?

Ako dosiahnete, aby si dospelí ľudia skutočne vychutnali víno?

It's very simple:

Je to veľmi jednoduché:

pour it from an expensive bottle.

nalejete im ho z drahej fľašky.

There are now dozens, perhaps hundreds of studies showing

Dnes sú celé tucty, možno aj stovky štúdií, ktoré dokazujú,

that if you believe you're drinking the expensive stuff,

že ak ste presvedčení, že pijete niečo drahé,

it tastes better to you.

chutí vám to viac.

This was recently done with a neuroscientific twist.

Nedávno robili podobný test s neurofyziologickým zameraním.

They get people into a fMRI scanner,

Robia ľuďom vyšetrenie magnetickou rezonanciou

and while they're lying there, through a tube,

a kým tam ležia, cez trubičku

they get to sip wine.

popíjajú víno.

In front of them on a screen is information about the wine.

Pred sebou na obrazovke vidia informácie o danom víne.

Everybody, of course,

Samozrejme, všetci

drinks exactly the same wine.

pijú presne také isté víno.

But if you believe you're drinking expensive stuff,

Ale ak veríte, že pijete niečo drahé,

parts of the brain associated with pleasure and reward

časti vášho mozgu spojené s potešením a odmenou

light up like a Christmas tree.

sa rozsvietia ako vianočný stromček.

It's not just that you say it's more pleasurable, you say you like it more,

Nejde len o to, že tvrdíte, že je to príjemnejšie, že sa vám to viac páči,

you really experience it in a different way.

skutočne to prežívate inak.

Or take sex.

Alebo si zoberte sex.

These are stimuli I've used in some of my studies.

Tu sú podnety, ktoré som použil v niekoľkých svojich výskumoch.

And if you simply show people these pictures,

A ak ľuďom jednoducho ukážete tieto obrázky,

they'll say these are fairly attractive people.

povedia, že sú to celkom príťažliví ľudia.

But how attractive you find them,

Ale to, akí atraktívni sa vám zdajú

how sexually or romantically moved you are by them,

a ako sexuálne alebo romanticky vás naladia,

rests critically on who you think you're looking at.

rozhodne závisí od toho, na koho si myslíte, že sa pozeráte.

You probably think the picture on the left is male,

Pravdepodobne si myslíte, že na ľavom obrázku je muž

the one on the right is female.

a vpravo je žena.

If that belief turns out to be mistaken, it will make a difference.

Ak sa toto vaše presvedčenie ukáže byť nesprávne, bude to mať význam.

(Laughter)

(smiech)

It will make a difference if they turn out to be

Bude mať význam, ak sa ukáže, že sú

much younger or much older than you think they are.

oveľa mladší alebo oveľa starší, než si myslíte.

It will make a difference if you were to discover

Bude to mať význam, ak zistíte,

that the person you're looking at with lust

že osoba, na ktorú sa žiadostivo pozeráte,

is actually a disguised version of your son or daughter,

je v skutočnosti zamaskovaná verzia vášho syna alebo dcéry,

your mother or father.

vašej matky alebo otca.

Knowing somebody's your kin typically kills the libido.

Vedomie o tom, že niekto je váš príbuzný, zvyčajne ubíja libido.

Maybe one of the most heartening findings

Snáď jedno z najpovzbudivejších zistení

from the psychology of pleasure

psychológie potešenia je to,

is there's more to looking good than your physical appearance.

že dobre vyzerať znamená viac než len samotný fyzický vzhľad.

If you like somebody, they look better to you.

Ak máte niekoho radi, vyzerá podľa vás lepšie.

This is why spouses in happy marriages

Preto si ľudia v šťastných manželstvách

tend to think that their husband or wife

zvyknú myslieť, že ich manžel alebo manželka

looks much better than anyone else thinks that they do.

vyzerá oveľa lepšie, než si myslia všetci ostatní.

(Laughter)

(smiech)

A particularly dramatic example of this

Mimoriadne dramatický príklad

comes from a neurological disorder known as Capgras syndrome.

predstavuje neurologická porucha známa ako Capgrasov syndróm.

So Capgras syndrome is a disorder

Ide o poruchu, pri ktorej

where you get a specific delusion.

máte veľmi konkrétnu halucináciu.

Sufferers of Capgras syndrome

Ľudia trpiaci Capgrasovým syndrómom

believe that the people they love most in the world

veria, že ľudia, ktorých milujú najviac na svete,

have been replaced by perfect duplicates.

boli nahradení svojimi dokonalými kópiami.

Now often, a result of Capgras syndrome is tragic.

Dôsledok tejto poruchy býva často tragický.

People have murdered those that they loved,

Ľudia zavraždili svojich milovaných

believing that they were murdering an imposter.

v presvedčení, že vraždia podvodníka.

But there's at least one case

Ale existuje aspoň jeden prípad,

where Capgras syndrome had a happy ending.

kedy mal Capgrasov syndróm šťastný koniec.

This was recorded in 1931.

Bol zaznamenaný v roku 1931.

"Research described a woman with Capgras syndrome

„Štúdia spomína ženu s Capgrasovým syndrómom,

who complained about her poorly endowed and sexually inadequate lover."

ktorá sa sťažovala na svojho nedostatočne obdareného a sexuálne neschopného milenca.“

But that was before she got Capgras syndrome.

Ale to bolo predtým, než dostala Capgrasov syndróm.

After she got it, "She was happy to report

Potom „s radosťou oznámila,

that she has discovered that he possessed a double

že zistila, že jej milenec má dvojníka,

who was rich, virile, handsome and aristocratic."

ktorý je bohatý, mužný, pekný a aristokratický.“

Of course, it was the same man,

Samozrejme, bol to ten istý muž,

but she was seeing him in different ways.

ale ona ho videla inak.

As a third example,

Tretí príklad:

consider consumer products.

zoberte si spotrebný tovar.

So one reason why you might like something is its utility.

Jeden z dôvodov, prečo sa vám niečo môže páčiť, je jeho využitie.

You can put shoes on your feet; you can play golf with golf clubs;

Topánky si môžete obuť, s golfovými palicami si zahráte golf,

and chewed up bubble gum doesn't do anything at all for you.

požutá žuvačka vám je na nič.

But each of these three objects has value

Ale každý z týchto troch predmetov má svoju hodnotu,

above and beyond what it can do for you

ktorá siaha za hranice toho, na čo vám môže byť,

based on its history.

a to na základe svojej histórie.

The golf clubs were owned by John F. Kennedy

Tieto golfové palice patrili Johnovi F. Kennedymu

and sold for three-quarters of a million dollars at auction.

a boli vydražené za trištvrte milióna dolárov.

The bubble gum was chewed up by pop star Britney Spears

Žuvačka, ktorú žula popová hviezda Britney Spears,

and sold for several hundreds of dollars.

sa predala za niekoľko stoviek dolárov.

And in fact, there's a thriving market

A v skutočnosti existuje veľmi prosperujúci trh

in the partially eaten food of beloved people.

s jedlom čiastočne zjedeným obľúbenými ľuďmi.

(Laughter)

(smiech)

The shoes are perhaps the most valuable of all.

Topánky sú z týchto všetkých asi najcennejšie.

According to an unconfirmed report,

Podľa nepotvrdenej správy

a Saudi millionaire offered 10 million dollars

ponúkol saudský milionár 10 miliónov dolárov

for this pair of shoes.

za tento pár topánok.

They were the ones thrown at George Bush

Boli to topánky hodené do Georgea Busha

at an Iraqi press conference several years ago.

na tlačovej konferencii v Iraku pred niekoľkými rokmi.

(Applause)

(potlesk)

Now this attraction to objects

Nuž, táto príťažlivosť predmetov

doesn't just work for celebrity objects.

nefunguje len pri predmetoch známych osobností.

Each one of us, most people,

Každý z nás, väčšina ľudí

have something in our life that's literally irreplaceable,

má vo svojom živote niečo, čo je doslova nenahraditeľné,

in that it has value because of its history --

pretože to má cenu vďaka svojej histórii

maybe your wedding ring, maybe your child's baby shoes --

– môže to byť snubný prsteň alebo prvé topánky vášho dieťaťa –

so that if it was lost, you couldn't get it back.

a keby sa to stratilo, nemohli by ste to získať späť.

You could get something that looked like it or felt like it,

Mohli by ste nájsť niečo, čo by sa na to podobalo,

but you couldn't get the same object back.

ale nezískali by ste naspäť ten istý predmet.

With my colleagues George Newman and Gil Diesendruck,

Moji kolegovia George Newman, Gil Diesendruck a ja

we've looked to see what sort of factors, what sort of history, matters

sme hľadali, aké faktory a aká minulosť sú významné

for the objects that people like.

pre predmety, ktoré majú ľudia radi.

So in one of our experiments,

V jednom z experimentov

we asked people to name a famous person who they adored,

sme požiadali ľudí, aby uviedli meno niekoho slávneho, koho zbožňujú,

a living person they adored.

meno niekoho živého.

So one answer was George Clooney.

Jedna z odpovedí bola George Clooney.

Then we asked them,

Potom sme sa ich spýtali:

"How much would you pay for George Clooney's sweater?"

„Koľko by ste zaplatili za bundu Georgea Clooneyho?“

And the answer is a fair amount --

A odpoveďou bola dosť vysoká suma –

more than you would pay for a brand new sweater

viac, než by ste zaplatili za úplne novú bundu

or a sweater owned by somebody who you didn't adore.

alebo bundu niekoho, koho nezbožňujete.

Then we asked other groups of subjects --

Potom sme sa spýtali inej skupiny respondentov,

we gave them different restrictions

ktorým sme dali iné obmedzenia

and different conditions.

a iné podmienky.

So for instance, we told some people,

Takže sme napríklad niektorým povedali:

"Look, you can buy the sweater,

„Pozri, môžeš si tú bundu kúpiť,

but you can't tell anybody you own it,

ale nikomu nesmieš povedať, že ju máš,

and you can't resell it."

a nesmieš ju ani predať niekomu inému.“

That drops the value of it,

To hodnotu bundy znižuje,

suggesting that that's one reason why we like it.

čo by znamenalo, že je to jeden z dôvodov, prečo sa nám páči.

But what really causes an effect

Ale to, čo naozaj zapôsobí, je povedať ľuďom:

is you tell people, "Look, you could resell it, you could boast about it,

„Pozri, môžeš ju predať inému, môžeš sa ňou vychvaľovať,

but before it gets to you,

ale kým ju dostaneš do rúk,

it's thoroughly washed."

bude dôkladne vypratá.“

That causes a huge drop in the value.

To spôsobí obrovský pokles hodnoty.

As my wife put it, "You've washed away the Clooney cooties."

Ako povedala moja manželka: „Vyprali ste z nej Clooneyho bacily.“

(Laughter)

(smiech)

So let's go back to art.

Vráťme sa teraz k umeniu.

I would love a Chagall. I love the work of Chagall.

Veľmi by som chcel mať Chagalla. Milujem jeho obrazy.

If people want to get me something at the end of the conference,

Keby mi niekto chcel na konci konferencie niečo venovať,

you could buy me a Chagall.

mohli by ste mi kúpiť Chagalla.

But I don't want a duplicate,

Ale nechcem duplikát,

even if I can't tell the difference.

aj keď sám by som nepoznal rozdiel.

That's not because, or it's not simply because,

Nie je to preto, respektíve nie je to len preto,

I'm a snob and want to boast about having an original.

že som snob a chcem sa vychvaľovať, že mám originál.

Rather, it's because I want something that has a specific history.

Skôr je to preto, že chcem niečo, čo má určitú históriu.

In the case of artwork,

V prípade umeleckého diela

the history is special indeed.

je jeho história vskutku zvláštna.

The philosopher Denis Dutton

Filozof Denis Dutton

in his wonderful book "The Art Instinct"

vo svojej úžasnej knihe „The Art Instinct“ (umelecký inštinkt)

makes the case that, "The value of an artwork

tvrdí, že „Hodnota umeleckého diela

is rooted in assumptions about the human performance underlying its creation."

tkvie v predpokladoch o ľudskom výkone skrývajúcom sa za jeho vznikom.“

And that could explain the difference

A to by mohlo vysvetliť rozdiel

between an original and a forgery.

medzi originálom a kópiou.

They may look alike, but they have a different history.

Možno vyzerajú rovnako, ale každý má inú históriu.

The original is typically the product of a creative act,

Originál je normálne produkt tvorivej práce,

the forgery isn't.

kópia nie.

I think this approach can explain differences

Myslím si, že tento prístup dokáže vysvetliť rozdiely

in people's taste in art.

v umeleckom vkuse rôznych ľudí.

This is a work by Jackson Pollock.

Toto je dielo Jacksona Pollocka.

Who here likes the work of Jackson Pollock?

Kto tu má rád jeho práce?

Okay. Who here, it does nothing for them?

Dobre. Pre koho z vás neznamenajú vôbec nič?

They just don't like it.

Jednoducho sa im nepáčia.

I'm not going to make a claim about who's right,

Nebudem tu vyhlasovať, kto má pravdu,

but I will make an empirical claim

ale urobím empirické vyhlásenie

about people's intuitions,

o ľudskej intuícii, ktoré znie,

which is that, if you like the work of Jackson Pollock,

že ak sa vám páči dielo Jacksona Pollocka,

you'll tend more so than the people who don't like it

máte skôr tendenciu – na rozdiel od ľudí, ktorým sa jeho dielo nepáči –

to believe that these works are difficult to create,

veriť, že vytvoriť tieto diela je náročné,

that they require a lot of time and energy

že si to žiada množstvo času a energie

and creative energy.

a tvorivej sily.

I use Jackson Pollock on purpose as an example

Používam Jacksona Pollocka ako príklad naschvál,

because there's a young American artist

pretože je jedna mladá americká umelkyňa,

who paints very much in the style of Jackson Pollock,

ktorá maľuje výrazne v štýle Jacksona Pollocka,

and her work was worth

a jej diela mali hodnotu

many tens of thousands of dollars --

desiatok tisíc dolárov

in large part because she's a very young artist.

– z veľkej časti preto, že je to veľmi mladá umelkyňa.

This is Marla Olmstead

Toto je Marla Olmstead,

who did most of her work when she was three years old.

ktorá väčšinu svojej práce urobila vo veku troch rokov.

The interesting thing about Marla Olmstead

Zaujímavé na Marle Olmstead je,

is her family made the mistake

že jej rodina spravila tú chybu,

of inviting the television program 60 Minutes II into their house

že do svojho domu pozvala televízny program 60 minút,

to film her painting.

aby si nafilmovali, ako maľuje.

And they then reported that her father was coaching her.

A potom im povedali, že jej otec ju učí.

When this came out on television,

Keď sa to objavilo v televízii,

the value of her art dropped to nothing.

hodnota jej umenia klesla na nulu.

It was the same art, physically,

Fyzicky išlo o to isté umenie,

but the history had changed.

ale jeho história sa zmenila.

I've been focusing now on the visual arts,

Teraz som sa sústredil na vizuálne umenie,

but I want to give two examples from music.

ale chcem ponúknuť dva príklady zo sveta hudby.

This is Joshua Bell, a very famous violinist.

Toto je Joshua Bell, veľmi slávny huslista.

And the Washington Post reporter Gene Weingarten

A reportér pre Washington Post Gene Weingarten

decided to enlist him for an audacious experiment.

sa rozhodol použiť ho v odvážnom experimente.

The question is: How much would people like Joshua Bell,

Otázka znie: Ako by sa ľuďom páčil Joshua Bell

the music of Joshua Bell,

a jeho hudba,

if they didn't know they were listening to Joshua Bell?

keby nevedeli, že počúvajú Joshuu Bella?

So he got Joshua Bell to take his million dollar violin

Takže presvedčil Joshuu Bella, aby svoje miliónové husle

down to a Washington D.C. subway station

zobral na stanicu metra v Washingtone, D. C.,

and stand in the corner and see how much money he would make.

postavil sa do rohu a zistil, koľko by zarobil.

And here's a brief clip of this.

A tu je krátky videoklip.

(Violin music)

(husľová hudba)

After being there for three-quarters of an hour,

Za trištvrte hodiny

he made 32 dollars.

zarobil 32 dolárov.

Not bad. It's also not good.

Nie je to zlé. Ale nie je to ani dobré.

Apparently to really enjoy the music of Joshua Bell,

Ak si chcete skutočne vychutnať hudbu Joshuu Bella,

you have to know you're listening to Joshua Bell.

evidentne musíte vedieť, že počúvate Joshuu Bella.

He actually made 20 dollars more than that,

V skutočnosti zarobil o 20 dolárov viac,

but he didn't count it.

ale tie nepočítal.

Because this woman comes up --

Pretože v jednej chvíli k nemu príde žena

you see at the end of the video -- she comes up.

– vidíte to na konci videoklipu – pristúpi k nemu.

She had heard him at the Library of Congress a few weeks before

Niekoľko týždňov predtým ho počula v Kongresovej knižnici

at this extravagant black-tie affair.

na nejakom extravagantnom formálnom podujatí.

So she's stunned that he's standing in a subway station.

Takže keď ho teraz vidí stáť na stanici metra, je úplne šokovaná.

So she's struck with pity.

A je jej ho strašne ľúto.

She reaches into her purse and hands him a 20.

Siahne do kabelky a podá mu 20 dolárov.

(Laughter)

(smiech)

(Applause)

(potlesk)

The second example from music

Druhý príklad zo sveta hudby

is from John Cage's modernist composition,

je z modernistickej kompozície Johna Cagea

"4'33"."

s názvom „4'33"“.

As many of you know,

Ako mnohí z vás vedia,

this is the composition where the pianist sits at a bench,

ide o skladbu, kde si klavirista sadne na lavičku,

opens up the piano

otvorí klavír

and sits and does nothing for four minutes and 33 seconds --

a nečinne sedí štyri minúty a 33 sekúnd –

that period of silence.

to obdobie ticha.

And people have different views on this.

A ľudia majú na to rôzne názory.

But what I want to point out

Ale to, na čo chcem upozorniť, je,

is you can buy this from iTunes.

že túto skladbu si môžete kúpiť na iTunes.

(Laughter)

(smiech)

For a dollar 99,

Za jeden dolár a 99 centov

you can listen to that silence,

si môžete vypočuť to ticho,

which is different than other forms of silence.

ktoré je iné než všetky ostatné podoby ticha.

(Laughter)

(smiech)

Now I've been talking so far about pleasure,

Doteraz som rozprával o potešení,

but what I want to suggest

ale chcem pripomenúť,

is that everything I've said applies as well to pain.

že všetko, čo som povedal, sa rovnako týka aj bolesti.

And how you think about what you're experiencing,

A že spôsob, akým rozmýšľate o tom, čo prežívate,

your beliefs about the essence of it,

vaše presvedčenie o tom, čo je podstatou zážitku,

affect how it hurts.

má vplyv na to, ako veľmi vás to bolí.

One lovely experiment

Jeden milý experiment

was done by Kurt Gray and Dan Wegner.

spravili Kurt Gray a Dan Wegner.

What they did was they hooked up Harvard undergraduates

Pripojili harvardských študentov

to an electric shock machine.

k prístroju vysielajúcemu elektrické šoky.

And they gave them a series of painful electric shocks.

A dali im sériu bolestivých elektrických šokov.

So it was a series of five painful shocks.

Takže išlo o sériu piatich bolestivých šokov.

Half of them are told that they're being given the shocks

Polovici povedali, že šoky im dáva

by somebody in another room,

niekto vo vedľajšej miestnosti,

but the person in the other room doesn't know they're giving them shocks.

ale daná osoba nevie, že im dáva šoky.

There's no malevolence, they're just pressing a button.

Nejde o žiadnu zlomyseľnosť, jednoducho stláča gombík.

The first shock is recorded as very painful.

Prvý šok je zaznamenaný ako veľmi bolestivý.

The second shock feels less painful, because you get a bit used to it.

Druhý šok je na pocit menej bolestivý, lebo už ste si na to trochu zvykli.

The third drops, the fourth, the fifth.

Tretí ešte menej, štvrtý, piaty.

The pain gets less.

Bolesť sa zmenšuje.

In the other condition,

Druhej skupine

they're told that the person in the next room

povedali, že osoba vo vedľajšej miestnosti

is shocking them on purpose -- knows they're shocking them.

im dáva šoky naschvál – vie, že im dáva šoky.

The first shock hurts like hell.

Prvý šok pekelne bolí.

The second shock hurts just as much,

Druhý šok bolí presne tak isto

and the third and the fourth and the fifth.

aj tretí, aj štvrtý a piaty.

It hurts more

Bolí to viac,

if you believe somebody is doing it to you on purpose.

keď veríte, že niekto vám spôsobuje bolesť naschvál.

The most extreme example of this

Najextrémnejší príklad je tu ten,

is that in some cases,

že v niektorých prípadoch

pain under the right circumstances

sa bolesť za správnych okolností

can transform into pleasure.

môže premeniť na potešenie.

Humans have this extraordinarily interesting property

Ľudia majú túto neobyčajne zaujímavú vlastnosť,

that will often seek out low-level doses of pain

že často vyhľadávajú malé dávky bolesti

in controlled circumstances

v kontrolovaných podmienkach

and take pleasure from it --

a tešia sa z toho –

as in the eating of hot chili peppers

napríklad z jedenia feferónok

and roller coaster rides.

alebo z jazdy na horskej dráhe.

The point was nicely summarized

Pointu pekne zhrnul

by the poet John Milton

básnik John Milton,

who wrote, "The mind is its own place,

ktorý napísal: „Myseľ je miesto samo o sebe

and in itself can make a heaven of hell,

a sama dokáže spraviť z pekla nebo,

a hell of heaven."

z neba peklo.“

And I'll end with that. Thank you.

A s tým aj skončím. Ďakujem vám.

(Applause)

(potlesk)