Questioning the universe | Stephen Hawking

6,960,739 views ใƒป 2008-04-04

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Noam Nelke
00:13
There is nothing bigger or older than the universe.
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ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื• ืขืชื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื™ืงื•ื.
00:19
The questions I would like to talk about are:
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ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืืจืฆื” ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืŸ:
00:25
one, where did we come from?
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ืื—ืช: ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื ื•?
00:29
How did the universe come into being?
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ืื™ืš ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ืงื•ื?
00:34
Are we alone in the universe?
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ื”ืื ืื ื• ืœื‘ื“ื ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ื?
00:37
Is there alien life out there?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืื™-ืฉื ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืฆื ื™ื™ื?
00:40
What is the future of the human race?
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ืžื”ื• ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™?
00:43
Up until the 1920s,
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ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช,
00:46
everyone thought the universe was essentially static
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ื›ื•ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื• ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื–ืžืŸ.
00:49
and unchanging in time.
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00:52
Then it was discovered that the universe was expanding.
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ืื—ืจ ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ืžืชืจื—ื‘,
00:56
Distant galaxies were moving away from us.
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ื•ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื ืขื•ืช ื•ืžืชืจื—ืงื•ืช ืžืื™ืชื ื•,
01:01
This meant they must have been closer together in the past.
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ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœื• ืœืืœื•.
01:06
If we extrapolate back,
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ื‘ืืงืกื˜ืจืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืœืื—ื•ืจ,
01:08
we find we must have all been on top of each other
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ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื•ื“ืื™ ืžื’ื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“
01:12
about 15 billion years ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›-15 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื.
01:15
This was the Big Bang, the beginning of the universe.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
01:20
But was there anything before the Big Bang?
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ืืš ื”ืื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ?
01:24
If not, what created the universe?
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ื•ืื ืœื, ืžื” ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื?
01:28
Why did the universe emerge from the Big Bang the way it did?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืชืคืชื— ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ?
01:34
We used to think that the theory of the universe
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ื ื”ื’ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื
01:37
could be divided into two parts.
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ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื.
01:40
First, there were the laws
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: ื”ื™ื• ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื,
01:42
like Maxwell's equations and general relativity
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ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืžืงืกื•ื•ืœ ื•ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช,
01:45
that determined the evolution of the universe,
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ืฉื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
01:48
given its state over all of space at one time.
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ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช-ื–ืžืŸ ืื—ืช.
01:53
And second, there was no question of the initial state of the universe.
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืช, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืกืคืง ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืชื ืื™ื ื”ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
01:59
We have made good progress on the first part,
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ื”ืชืงื“ืžื ื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
02:03
and now have the knowledge of the laws of evolution
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืขืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”
02:06
in all but the most extreme conditions.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ื, ืคืจื˜ ืœืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:09
But until recently, we have had little idea
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ืืš ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืžืขื˜ ืžืื“
02:12
about the initial conditions for the universe.
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ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
02:16
However, this division into laws of evolution and initial conditions
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ืืš ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื–ื•, ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื•ืœืชื ืื™ื ื”ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ื™ื,
02:21
depends on time and space being separate and distinct.
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ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืจื—ื‘.
02:26
Under extreme conditions, general relativity and quantum theory
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ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื•ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื
02:31
allow time to behave like another dimension of space.
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ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื™ืžื“ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘.
02:39
This removes the distinction between time and space,
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ื–ื” ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžืจื—ื‘,
02:43
and means the laws of evolution can also determine the initial state.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™.
02:51
The universe can spontaneously create itself out of nothing.
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื‘ืจื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื™ืŸ.
02:58
Moreover, we can calculate a probability that the universe
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ื–ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“,
ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื—ืฉื‘ ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืคื™ื” ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
03:03
was created in different states.
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03:06
These predictions are in excellent agreement
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ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ "ื•ื•ื™ืžืืค"
03:08
with observations by the WMAP satellite of the cosmic microwave background,
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ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื ืช ื”ืจืงืข ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•,
03:15
which is an imprint of the very early universe.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžืื“.
03:20
We think we have solved the mystery of creation.
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ื ืจืื” ืœื ื• ืฉืคืชืจื ื• ืืช ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”.
03:24
Maybe we should patent the universe
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ืื•ืœื™ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืจืฉื•ื ืคื˜ื ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
03:26
and charge everyone royalties for their existence.
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ื•ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืชืžืœื•ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื.
03:33
I now turn to the second big question:
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ื›ืขืช ืืคื ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”:
03:36
are we alone, or is there other life in the universe?
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ื”ืื ืื ื• ืœื‘ื“ื ื•, ืื• ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื?
03:44
We believe that life arose spontaneously on the Earth,
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ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™,
03:47
so it must be possible for life to appear on other suitable planets,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื•ื“ืื™ ืชื™ืชื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื,
03:52
of which there seem to be a large number in the galaxy.
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ื•ื›ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ื›ื ืจืื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”.
03:58
But we don't know how life first appeared.
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ืืš ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:04
We have two pieces of observational evidence
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ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืชื™ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืชืฆืคื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืคืขืชื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:07
on the probability of life appearing.
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04:12
The first is that we have fossils of algae from 3.5 billion years ago.
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ื”ืื—ืช: ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ืืฆื•ืช
ืžืœืคื ื™ 3.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื”.
04:19
The Earth was formed 4.6 billion years ago
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืœืคื ื™ 4.6 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื”,
04:23
and was probably too hot for about the first half billion years.
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ื•ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ื—ืžื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ื—ืฆื™-ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
04:33
So life appeared on Earth
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืขืœื™-ืื“ืžื•ืช
04:35
within half a billion years of it being possible,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ,
04:39
which is short compared to the 10-billion-year lifetime
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ืฉื–ื” ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืขืฉืจืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ื
04:42
of a planet of Earth type.
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ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืฉืš ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ืžืกื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
04:45
This suggests that the probability of life appearing is reasonably high.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืžื“ื™;
04:51
If it was very low, one would have expected it
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ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžืื“, ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื”
04:54
to take most of the ten billion years available.
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ืฉื™ื™ื“ืจืฉื• ืœื›ืš ืจื•ื‘ ืขืฉืจืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ื.
ืžืื™ื“ืš, ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื ื–ื›ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ ื—ื•ืฆื ื™ื.
04:59
On the other hand, we don't seem to have been visited by aliens.
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05:04
I am discounting the reports of UFOs.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ ืขื‘"ืžื™ื:
05:08
Why would they appear only to cranks and weirdos?
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ืœืžื” ืœื”ื ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืจืง ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืชืžื”ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื?
05:14
If there is a government conspiracy to suppress the reports
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืžื–ื™ืžื” ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืง ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื
05:18
and keep for itself the scientific knowledge the aliens bring,
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ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื” ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืฆื ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื,
05:23
it seems to have been a singularly ineffective policy so far.
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉืขื“ ื›ื” ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ืฉืœืช ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
05:32
Furthermore, despite an extensive search by the SETI project,
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ื–ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื–ื "ืกื˜ื™", ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื—ื•ืฆื ื™ืช,
05:37
we haven't heard any alien television quiz shows.
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ืœื ืงืœื˜ื ื• ืฉื•ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฆื ื™.
05:42
This probably indicates that there are no alien civilizations
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฆื ื™ื•ืช
05:46
at our stage of development
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœื ื•
05:48
within a radius of a few hundred light years.
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ื‘ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ.
05:53
Issuing an insurance policy
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ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช-ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—
05:55
against abduction by aliens seems a pretty safe bet.
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ืžืคื ื™ ื—ื˜ื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืฆื ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืœืžื“ื™.
06:02
This brings me to the last of the big questions:
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”:
06:05
the future of the human race.
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ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
06:08
If we are the only intelligent beings in the galaxy,
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”,
06:12
we should make sure we survive and continue.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืžืฉืš ืงื™ื•ืžื ื•.
ืืš ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืื ื• ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ.
06:19
But we are entering an increasingly dangerous period of our history.
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ื”ืื™ื›ืœื•ืก ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื ื•
06:28
Our population and our use of the finite resources of planet Earth
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06:32
are growing exponentially,
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ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื ื“ืกื™, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
06:35
along with our technical ability to change the environment for good or ill.
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ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืื• ืœืจืขื”.
06:44
But our genetic code
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ืืš ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื ื•
06:46
still carries the selfish and aggressive instincts
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืฉื ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช
06:49
that were of survival advantage in the past.
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ืฉืื™-ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืขืจืš ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื™.
06:57
It will be difficult enough to avoid disaster
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
07:00
in the next hundred years,
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07:01
let alone the next thousand or million.
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ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืืœืฃ ืื• ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
07:08
Our only chance of long-term survival
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ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื™ืžื™ื
07:11
is not to remain inward-looking on planet Earth,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ืกืชื’ืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืืจืฅ
07:15
but to spread out into space.
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ืืœื ืœืฆืืช ื•ืœื”ืชืคื–ืจ ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ.
07:20
The answers to these big questions
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื”
07:22
show that we have made remarkable progress in the last hundred years.
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ืžืจืื•ืช ืฉืืžื ื ืขื‘ืจื ื• ื›ื‘ืจืช-ื“ืจืš ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
07:28
But if we want to continue beyond the next hundred years,
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ืืš ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
07:32
our future is in space.
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ืขืชื™ื“ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ.
07:36
That is why I am in favor of manned --
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ืžื˜ืขื ื–ื” ืื ื™ ื‘ืขื“ ืžืกืข ืžืื•ื™ื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืœืœื ื”ืขื“ืคื” ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช.
07:39
or should I say, personned -- space flight.
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ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื
07:48
All of my life I have sought to understand the universe
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07:52
and find answers to these questions.
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ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื”.
07:55
I have been very lucky
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ื”ืชืžื–ืœ ืžื–ืœื™,
07:57
that my disability has not been a serious handicap.
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ื•ื ื›ื•ืชื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช;
08:01
Indeed, it has probably given me more time than most people
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื™ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืืฉืจ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช
08:06
to pursue the quest for knowledge.
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ืœืชื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ื™ื“ืข.
08:12
The ultimate goal is a complete theory of the universe,
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ื”ื™ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ื”ื•ื ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
08:16
and we are making good progress.
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
08:22
Thank you for listening.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉื‘ืชื›ื.
08:26
Chris Anderson: Professor, if you had to guess either way,
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ, ืื ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ืš ืœื ื—ืฉ,
08:29
do you now believe that it is more likely than not
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ื”ืื ืœื“ืขืชืš ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:33
that we are alone in the Milky Way,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื‘ื“ื ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘,
08:37
as a civilization of our level of intelligence or higher?
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ื›ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืžืขืœื”?
08:57
This answer took seven minutes, and really gave me an insight
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ื”ืžืขื ื” ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืชื‘ืข ืžืžื ื• ืฉื‘ืข ื“ืงื•ืช ื•ื–ื” ื ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™
09:03
into the incredible act of generosity this whole talk was for TED.
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ืื™ื–ื” ืืงื˜ ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ TED ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืฆืื” ื–ื•.
09:18
Stephen Hawking: I think it quite likely that we are the only civilization
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ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ืงื™ื ื’: ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžื“ื™ ืฉืื ื• ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”
09:23
within several hundred light years;
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืช-ืื•ืจ;
09:26
otherwise we would have heard radio waves.
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ืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื’ืœื™-ืจื“ื™ื•.
09:32
The alternative is that civilizations don't last very long,
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื,
09:37
but destroy themselves.
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ืืœื ืžืฉืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ.
09:40
CA: Professor Hawking, thank you for that answer.
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ื›"ื: ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ืงื™ื ื’, ืชื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชืš ื–ื•.
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ื” ืื–ื”ืจื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”
09:44
We will take it as a salutary warning, I think,
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ืœืžืฉืš ื™ืชืจืช ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข.
09:47
for the rest of our conference this week.
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09:50
Professor, we really thank you for the extraordinary effort you made
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ, ืื ื• ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœืš ืžืื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืขืฉื™ืช
09:54
to share your questions with us today.
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ืœืฉืชืฃ ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืชื™ืš.
09:57
Thank you very much indeed.
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ื‘ืืžืช, ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš.
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
09:59
(Applause)
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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