Questioning the universe | Stephen Hawking

Translator: Arofat Akhundjanova Reviewer: Nazarbek Nazarov

There is nothing bigger or older than the universe.

Koinotdan-da ulkan va yoshi ulug' narsa yo'q. [Stiven Hoking]

The questions I would like to talk about are:

Men bugun quyidagi savollar muhokamasiga to'xtalib o'tmoqchiman:

one, where did we come from?

birinchidan, bizning kelib chiqishimiz qayerga borib taqaladi?

How did the universe come into being?

Koinot qanday paydo bo'lgan? [2008-yil, fevral. Monterey, Kaliforniya]

Are we alone in the universe?

Biz koinotda yolg'izmizmi?

Is there alien life out there?

O'zga sayyoralarda ham hayot mavjudmi?

What is the future of the human race?

Insoniyatning kelajagi qanday?

Up until the 1920s,

1920-yillarga qadar

everyone thought the universe was essentially static

hamma koinotni vaqt oralig'ida turg'un

and unchanging in time.

va o'zgarmas deb o'ylagan.

Then it was discovered that the universe was expanding.

So'ng koinot kengayib borayotganligi,

Distant galaxies were moving away from us.

olis galaktikalar bizdan uzoqlashayotgani aniqlandi.

This meant they must have been closer together in the past.

Bu ular o'tmishda bir-biriga yaqinroq joylashganidan darak beradi.

If we extrapolate back,

Mavjud xulosalardan tahmin qiladigan bo'lsak,

we find we must have all been on top of each other

taxminan 15 milliard yil avval barcha galaktikalar

about 15 billion years ago.

bir nuqtada birlashgan.

This was the Big Bang, the beginning of the universe.

Bu Ulkan portlash, koinotning yaralishi edi.

But was there anything before the Big Bang?

Ulkan portlashdan oldin ham biron bir narsa bo'lganmi?

If not, what created the universe?

Agar yo'q bo'lsa, koinot qanday yaraldi?

Why did the universe emerge from the Big Bang the way it did?

Nima uchun Ulkan portlash natijasida aynan mana shunday koinot paydo bo'ldi?

We used to think that the theory of the universe

Avvallari koinot nazariyasini ikki qismga

could be divided into two parts.

bo'lish mumkin deb o'ylardik.

First, there were the laws

Birinchisi koinot evolyutsiyani

like Maxwell's equations and general relativity

uning muayyan vaqtdagi umumiy holatiga tayangan holda

that determined the evolution of the universe,

izohlab bergan Maksvell tenglamasi

given its state over all of space at one time.

va umumiy nisbiylik nazariyasi singari qonunlarni o'z ichiga olgan.

And second, there was no question of the initial state of the universe.

Ikkinchisi, shubhasiz, koinotning dastlabki holatini tushuntirgan.

We have made good progress on the first part,

Birinchi qismda sezilarli yutuqlarga erishdik va endi biz

and now have the knowledge of the laws of evolution

o'ta og'ir sharoitlardan tashqari boshqa barcha sharoitlarda

in all but the most extreme conditions.

evolyutsiya qonunlari haqida ko'p narsalarni bilamiz.

But until recently, we have had little idea

Ammo yaqin vaqtgacha koinotning yaratilishi uchun zarur

about the initial conditions for the universe.

dastlabki sharoitlar haqida deyarli hech qanday tasavvurga ega emas edik.

However, this division into laws of evolution and initial conditions

Biroq, uni evolyutsiya qonunlari va dastlabki sharoitlarga ajratish

depends on time and space being separate and distinct.

zamon va makonning bir-biridan mustaqil holda mavjud bo'lishini taqozo etadi.

Under extreme conditions, general relativity and quantum theory

Favqulodda sharoitlarda umumiy nisbiylik nazariyasi va kvant nazariyasi

allow time to behave like another dimension of space.

vaqtni fazoning boshqa o'lchami sifatida namoyon bo'lishiga imkon beradi.

This removes the distinction between time and space,

Bu vaqt va makon o'rtasidagi tafovutni olib tashlaydi va evolyutsiya qonun-

and means the laws of evolution can also determine the initial state.

-lari ham koinotning dastlabki holatini belgilab berishi mumkinligini anglatadi.

The universe can spontaneously create itself out of nothing.

Koinot o'z-o'zidan yo'qdan bor bo'lishi mumkin.

Moreover, we can calculate a probability that the universe

Bundan tashqari, biz koinotning turli holatlarda

was created in different states.

yarilishi ehtimollarini hisoblab chiqishimiz mumkin.

These predictions are in excellent agreement

Mazkur bashoratlar WMAP sun'iy yo'ldoshi tomonidan

with observations by the WMAP satellite of the cosmic microwave background,

kuzatilgan va koinot yaralishining alomati hisoblangan

which is an imprint of the very early universe.

kosmik mikroto'lqinli fon bilan muvofiq keladi.

We think we have solved the mystery of creation.

O'ylashimizcha, biz olam yaralishi sirini ochdik.

Maybe we should patent the universe

Ehtimol, koinotni patentlashimiz va barchadan ularning

and charge everyone royalties for their existence.

mavjudligi uchun mualliflik qalam haqi undirishimiz kerakdir.

I now turn to the second big question:

Endi ikkinchi muhim savolga to'xtalib o'tsam:

are we alone, or is there other life in the universe?

biz koinotda yolg'izmizmi yoki unda boshqa hayot shakllari ham mavjudmi?

We believe that life arose spontaneously on the Earth,

Yerda hayot o'z-o'zidan paydo bo'lgan deb hisoblaymiz,

so it must be possible for life to appear on other suitable planets,

shu bois galaktikada juda ko'pdek tuyuladigan boshqa

of which there seem to be a large number in the galaxy.

yashash uchun mos sayyoralarda ham hayot shakllari bo'lishi mumkin.

But we don't know how life first appeared.

Ammo hayot ilk bor qanday paydo bo'lganini bilmaymiz.

We have two pieces of observational evidence

Bizda hayotning paydo bo'lish ehtimoliga

on the probability of life appearing.

dalil bo'luvchi ikki xil kuzatuv mavjud.

The first is that we have fossils of algae from 3.5 billion years ago.

Birinchisi – 3.5 milliard yil avval paydo bo'lgan suv o'tlarining tosh qoldiqlari.

The Earth was formed 4.6 billion years ago

Yer 4,6 milliard yil oldin shakllangan

and was probably too hot for about the first half billion years.

va aftidan dastlabki yarim milliard yil davomida juda issiq bo'lgan.

So life appeared on Earth

Yerda hayot

within half a billion years of it being possible,

yarim milliard yilda paydo bo'ldi,

which is short compared to the 10-billion-year lifetime

bu Yerga o'xshash sayyoralarning

of a planet of Earth type.

10 milliard yillik umriga nisbatan qisqa muddatdir.

This suggests that the probability of life appearing is reasonably high.

Bu hayotning paydo bo'lishi ehtimoli yuqori ekanini ko'rsatadi.

If it was very low, one would have expected it

Agar ehtimoli juda past bo'lganida, uning yaralishiga

to take most of the ten billion years available.

o'n milliard yilga yaqin vaqt ketardi, deb taxmin qilish mumkin.

On the other hand, we don't seem to have been visited by aliens.

Boshqa tomondan, Yerga o'zga sayyoraliklar tashrif buyurgan deb o'ylamayman.

I am discounting the reports of UFOs.

Noma'lum uchar jismlar to'g'risidagi xabarlarga e'tibor bermayman.

Why would they appear only to cranks and weirdos?

Nima uchun ular faqat tentaklarga ko'rinadi?

If there is a government conspiracy to suppress the reports

Agar hukumat o'zga sayyoraliklar to'g'risidagi hisobotlarni yo'qotish

and keep for itself the scientific knowledge the aliens bring,

va ulardan olingan ilmiy bilimlarni yashirish bo'yicha

it seems to have been a singularly ineffective policy so far.

yashirin fitna tuzgan bo'lsa, bu siyosat mutlaqo samarasiz ko'rinadi.

Furthermore, despite an extensive search by the SETI project,

Bundan tashqari, SETI loyihasi olib borgan qidiruvlarga qaramay,

we haven't heard any alien television quiz shows.

biz o'zga sayyoraliklarning televiktorinalarini eshitmadik.

This probably indicates that there are no alien civilizations

Bu bir necha yuz yorug'lik yili radiusidagi

at our stage of development

sayyoralarda xuddi bizdek rivojlangan

within a radius of a few hundred light years.

sivilizatsiyalar mavjud emasligini ko'rsatadi.

Issuing an insurance policy

O'zga sayyoraliklarning o'g'irlab ketishidan

against abduction by aliens seems a pretty safe bet.

sug'urtalanishning joriy etilishi mutlaqo xavfsiz ish ko'rinadi.

This brings me to the last of the big questions:

Bu meni muhim savollarning so'ngisiga javob berishga undaydi:

the future of the human race.

Insoniyatning kelajagi qanday?

If we are the only intelligent beings in the galaxy,

Agar biz galaktikadagi yagona aqlli mavjudotlar bo'lsak,

we should make sure we survive and continue.

unda omon qolish va naslimizni davom ettirishga harakat qilishimiz kerak.

But we are entering an increasingly dangerous period of our history.

Ammo biz tariximizning tobora xavfli davriga kirib bormoqdamiz.

Our population and our use of the finite resources of planet Earth

Dunyo aholisi va Yer sayyorasining cheklangan resurslaridan foydalanish

are growing exponentially,

atrof-muhitni yaxshi yoki yomon tarafga

along with our technical ability to change the environment for good or ill.

o'zgartirish uchun texnik imkoniyatlarimiz bilan bir qatorda o'sib bormoqda.

But our genetic code

Ammo genetik kodimizda

still carries the selfish and aggressive instincts

haligacha o'tmishda tirik qolishimiz uchun xizmat qilgan

that were of survival advantage in the past.

xudbin va tajovuzkor instinktlar mavjud.

It will be difficult enough to avoid disaster

Keyingi yuz yil ichida falokatlarning oldini olish

in the next hundred years,

ancha qiyin bo'ladi,

let alone the next thousand or million.

kelgusi ming yoki million yilni esa gapirmasa ham bo'ladi.

Our only chance of long-term survival

Uzoq muddat omon qolishimiz uchun

is not to remain inward-looking on planet Earth,

yagona imkoniyat Yer sayyorasiga ko'z tikish emas,

but to spread out into space.

balki kosmos bo'ylab tarqalishdan iborat.

The answers to these big questions

Ushbu muhim savollarga javoblar shuni ko'rsatadiki,

show that we have made remarkable progress in the last hundred years.

so'nggi yuz yil ichida ulkan yutuqlarga erishdik.

But if we want to continue beyond the next hundred years,

Ammo yuz yildan keyin ham olg'a ildamlashda davom etishni istasak,

our future is in space.

bizning kelajagimiz kosmosda.

That is why I am in favor of manned --

Shuning uchun men uchuvchi tomonidan boshqarila-

or should I say, personned -- space flight.

-digan kosmik parvozni yo'lga qo'yish tarafdoriman.

All of my life I have sought to understand the universe

Butun umrim davomida koinotni tushunishga

and find answers to these questions.

va bu savollarga javob topishga intildim.

I have been very lucky

Nogironligim bunga jiddiy to'siq

that my disability has not been a serious handicap.

bo'lmagani mening omadim.

Indeed, it has probably given me more time than most people

Aslida shu holatimda ilm bilan shug'illanish uchun

to pursue the quest for knowledge.

boshqalarga qaraganda ko'proq vaqt topdim.

The ultimate goal is a complete theory of the universe,

Pirovard maqsadimiz - koinotning to'liq nazariyasini ishlab chiqish

and we are making good progress.

va biz bunda katta natijalarga erishmoqdamiz.

Thank you for listening.

E'tiboringiz uchun rahmat.

Chris Anderson: Professor, if you had to guess either way,

Kris Anderson: Professor, aytingchi, biz chindan ham

do you now believe that it is more likely than not

Somon Yo'lida yolg'izmizmi,

that we are alone in the Milky Way,

bizdek yoki undan ham yuqori darajada rivojlangan

as a civilization of our level of intelligence or higher?

sivilizatsiyalar yo'qmi?

This answer took seven minutes, and really gave me an insight

Mazkur savolga javob berish uchun yetti daqiqa sarflandi. Men bu ma'ruza

into the incredible act of generosity this whole talk was for TED.

TED uchun naqadar katta saxiylik bo'lganiga yana bir bor amin bo'ldim.

Stephen Hawking: I think it quite likely that we are the only civilization

Stiven Hoking: O'ylashimcha, biz bir necha yuz yorug'lik yilidagi

within several hundred light years;

yagona sivilizatsiya bo'lishimiz ehtimoli katta;

otherwise we would have heard radio waves.

aks holda radio to'lqinlarini eshitgan bo'lar edik.

The alternative is that civilizations don't last very long,

Yana bir faraz shundan iboratki, sivilizatsiyalar uzoq davom etmaydi,

but destroy themselves.

balki o'z-o'zini yo'q qiladi.

CA: Professor Hawking, thank you for that answer.

KA: Professor Hoking, javobingiz uchun rahmat.

We will take it as a salutary warning, I think,

O'ylaymanki, biz buni hafta davomidagi boshqa konferensiya-

for the rest of our conference this week.

-larimiz uchun qimmatli ogohlantirish sifatida qabul qilamiz.

Professor, we really thank you for the extraordinary effort you made

Professor, bugun bilimlaringizni biz bilan bo'lishish uchun ko'rsatgan

to share your questions with us today.

ulkan sa'y-harakatingiz uchun chin dildan minnatdormiz.

Thank you very much indeed.

Sizga katta rahmat.

(Applause)

(Qarsak)