How language shapes the way we think | Lera Boroditsky | TED

13,511,264 views ใƒป 2018-05-02

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: yael ring ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
So, I'll be speaking to you using language ...
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ืื–, ืื ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ ืืชื›ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืคื”...
00:16
because I can.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื”.
00:17
This is one these magical abilities that we humans have.
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ื–ืืช ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืงืกื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
00:21
We can transmit really complicated thoughts to one another.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™.
00:25
So what I'm doing right now is, I'm making sounds with my mouth
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื, ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคื” ืฉืœื™
00:29
as I'm exhaling.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ื ื•ืฉืคืช ืื•ื™ืจ.
00:30
I'm making tones and hisses and puffs,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื•ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื ืฉื™ืคื•ืช,
00:32
and those are creating air vibrations in the air.
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ื•ืืœื” ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
00:35
Those air vibrations are traveling to you,
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ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืืœื” ื ืขื•ืช ืืœื™ื›ื,
00:38
they're hitting your eardrums,
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ื”ืŸ ืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื,
00:40
and then your brain takes those vibrations from your eardrums
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ื•ืื– ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืขื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื
00:44
and transforms them into thoughts.
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ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช.
00:48
I hope.
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื”.
00:49
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:50
I hope that's happening.
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”.
00:51
So because of this ability, we humans are able to transmit our ideas
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ืื– ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ืืช, ืื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
00:56
across vast reaches of space and time.
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื–ืžืŸ.
00:58
We're able to transmit knowledge across minds.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื“ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช.
01:03
I can put a bizarre new idea in your mind right now.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ื–ืืจื™ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื›ื ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
01:06
I could say,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื•ืžืจ,
01:08
"Imagine a jellyfish waltzing in a library
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"ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืžื“ื•ื–ื” ืจื•ืงื“ืช ื•ืืœืก ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื”
01:11
while thinking about quantum mechanics."
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื".
01:13
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:15
Now, if everything has gone relatively well in your life so far,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื™ื™ื›ื ื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืงื™ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืขื“ ื›ื”,
01:18
you probably haven't had that thought before.
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ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืขื“ ื›ื”.
01:20
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:21
But now I've just made you think it,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื’ืจืžืชื™ ืœื›ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื–ื”,
01:23
through language.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืคื”.
01:24
Now of course, there isn't just one language in the world,
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจืง ืฉืคื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
01:27
there are about 7,000 languages spoken around the world.
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ื™ืฉ ื›7,000 ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:30
And all the languages differ from one another in all kinds of ways.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื.
01:33
Some languages have different sounds,
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ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
01:36
they have different vocabularies,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื”,
01:38
and they also have different structures --
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื --
01:40
very importantly, different structures.
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“, ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
01:42
That begs the question:
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ืžื” ืฉืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”:
01:44
Does the language we speak shape the way we think?
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ื”ืื ื”ืฉืคื” ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื?
01:46
Now, this is an ancient question.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉืืœื” ืขืชื™ืงืช ื™ื•ืžื™ืŸ.
01:48
People have been speculating about this question forever.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืชื”ื• ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืžืื– ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“.
01:51
Charlemagne, Holy Roman emperor, said,
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ืฉืืจืœืžื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ืืžืจ,
01:53
"To have a second language is to have a second soul" --
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"ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืคื” ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื ืฉืžื” ืฉื ื™ื”" --
01:56
strong statement that language crafts reality.
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ืืžื™ืจื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืฉืคื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
01:59
But on the other hand, Shakespeare has Juliet say,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื’'ื•ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ ืืžืจื”,
02:03
"What's in a name?
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"ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื?
02:04
A rose by any other name would smell as sweet."
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ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืœื• ืฉื•ืฉื ื”, ืจื™ื—ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื•ืง ืชื—ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื ืื—ืจ".
02:07
Well, that suggests that maybe language doesn't craft reality.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉืคื” ืื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
02:10
These arguments have gone back and forth for thousands of years.
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ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืืœื” ืคื ื• ืœื›ืืŸ ื•ืœื›ืืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
02:15
But until recently, there hasn't been any data
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื ืžื™ื“ืข
02:18
to help us decide either way.
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ืฉื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื›ืืŸ ืื• ืœื›ืืŸ.
02:20
Recently, in my lab and other labs around the world,
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื•ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
02:22
we've started doing research,
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืขืจื•ืš ืžื—ืงืจ,
02:24
and now we have actual scientific data to weigh in on this question.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื“ืขื™ ืžืžืฉื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื–ื•.
02:28
So let me tell you about some of my favorite examples.
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ืื– ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™.
02:31
I'll start with an example from an Aboriginal community in Australia
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ืื ื™ ืืคืชื— ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืžืงื”ื™ืœื” ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”
02:35
that I had the chance to work with.
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืชื.
02:37
These are the Kuuk Thaayorre people.
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ืืœื” ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื” ื”ืงื•ืง ืชืื™ื•ืจื”.
02:38
They live in Pormpuraaw at the very west edge of Cape York.
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ื”ื ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืžืคื•ืจืื•, ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืงื™ื™ืค ื™ื•ืจืง.
02:43
What's cool about Kuuk Thaayorre is,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžื’ื ื™ื‘ ืืฆืœ ื”ืงื•ืง ืชืื•ื™ืจื”
02:45
in Kuuk Thaayorre, they don't use words like "left" and "right,"
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืืฆืœ ื”ืงื•ืง ืชืื•ื™ืจื”, ื”ื ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• "ืฉืžืืœ ื•"ื™ืžื™ืŸ".
02:48
and instead, everything is in cardinal directions:
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ:
02:51
north, south, east and west.
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ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื“ืจื•ื, ืžื–ืจื— ื•ืžืขืจื‘.
02:53
And when I say everything, I really mean everything.
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ื”ื›ืœ, ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœื”ื›ืœ.
02:55
You would say something like,
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ืืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื•,
02:57
"Oh, there's an ant on your southwest leg."
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"ื™ืฉ ื ืžืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ื-ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœืš".
03:01
Or, "Move your cup to the north-northeast a little bit."
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ืื• "ืชื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืก ืฉืœืš ืงืฆืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—".
03:04
In fact, the way that you say "hello" in Kuuk Thaayorre is you say,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืงื•ืง ืชืื•ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ
03:07
"Which way are you going?"
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"ืœืืŸ ืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš?"
03:09
And the answer should be,
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช,
03:11
"North-northeast in the far distance.
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"ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ื‘ืื•ืคืง ื”ืจื—ื•ืง.
03:12
How about you?"
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ืžื” ืืชืš?"
03:14
So imagine as you're walking around your day,
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ืื– ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื›ื,
03:17
every person you greet,
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ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ื• ืืชื ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื,
03:18
you have to report your heading direction.
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืืช ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื• ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื.
03:20
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:22
But that would actually get you oriented pretty fast, right?
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ื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื”ืจ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
03:25
Because you literally couldn't get past "hello,"
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ื›ื™ ืืชื ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืชืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื•ืžืจ "ืฉืœื•ื",
03:28
if you didn't know which way you were going.
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ืื ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื ืœืื™ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื.
03:31
In fact, people who speak languages like this stay oriented really well.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืคื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืœื” ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“.
03:35
They stay oriented better than we used to think humans could.
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื.
03:38
We used to think that humans were worse than other creatures
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ืคืขื ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
03:41
because of some biological excuse:
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ื‘ืฉืœ ืชื™ืจื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•:
03:43
"Oh, we don't have magnets in our beaks or in our scales."
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"ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืื• ื‘ืงืฉืงืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื•".
03:46
No; if your language and your culture trains you to do it,
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ืœื; ืื ื”ืฉืคื” ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืžืืžื ืช ืื•ืชืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
03:49
actually, you can do it.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
03:51
There are humans around the world who stay oriented really well.
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ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“.
03:54
And just to get us in agreement
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ื•ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืกื›ืžื”
03:56
about how different this is from the way we do it,
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ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื™ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
03:58
I want you all to close your eyes for a second
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ืชืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืœืฉื ื™ื”
04:02
and point southeast.
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ื•ืชืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื—
04:04
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:05
Keep your eyes closed. Point.
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ืชืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช. ืชืฆื‘ื™ืขื•.
04:10
OK, so you can open your eyes.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืงื•ื— ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
04:12
I see you guys pointing there, there, there, there, there ...
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืฉืืชื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉื, ืœืฉื, ืœืฉื, ืœืฉื, ืœืฉื --
04:16
I don't know which way it is myself --
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืื™ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ --
04:18
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:20
You have not been a lot of help.
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ืืชื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืขื–ืจืชื.
04:21
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:23
So let's just say the accuracy in this room was not very high.
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ืื– ื‘ื ื ืืžืจ ืฉืจืžืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
04:26
This is a big difference in cognitive ability across languages, right?
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
04:29
Where one group -- very distinguished group like you guys --
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ื‘ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืช - ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ืช ื›ืžื•ื›ื --
04:32
doesn't know which way is which,
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ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืื™ืคื” ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ,
04:34
but in another group,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืจืช
04:35
I could ask a five-year-old and they would know.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžืฉ ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข.
04:38
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:39
There are also really big differences in how people think about time.
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ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ื–ืžืŸ.
04:42
So here I have pictures of my grandfather at different ages.
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ืื– ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
04:46
And if I ask an English speaker to organize time,
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ื•ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืกื“ืจ ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
04:49
they might lay it out this way,
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ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื“ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ืš,
04:51
from left to right.
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ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ.
04:52
This has to do with writing direction.
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ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”.
04:54
If you were a speaker of Hebrew or Arabic,
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ืื ืืชื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืื• ืขืจื‘ื™ืช,
04:56
you might do it going in the opposite direction,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืกื“ืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš,
04:58
from right to left.
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ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ.
05:01
But how would the Kuuk Thaayorre,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืงื•ืง-ืชืื•ื™ืจื”,
05:03
this Aboriginal group I just told you about, do it?
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ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ืขืœื™ื”, ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?
05:05
They don't use words like "left" and "right."
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื›ืžื• "ื™ืžื™ืŸ" ื•"ืฉืžืืœ".
05:07
Let me give you hint.
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืจืžื–.
05:09
When we sat people facing south,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ืฉื‘ื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื,
05:11
they organized time from left to right.
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ื”ื ืกื™ื“ืจื• ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ.
05:14
When we sat them facing north,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ืฉื‘ื ื• ืื•ืชื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ,
05:16
they organized time from right to left.
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ื”ื ืกื™ื“ืจื• ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ.
05:19
When we sat them facing east,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ืฉื‘ื ื• ืื•ืชื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—,
05:21
time came towards the body.
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ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื ืข ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
05:23
What's the pattern?
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ืžื” ื”ื“ืคื•ืก?
05:26
East to west, right?
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ืžื–ืจื— ืœืžืขืจื‘, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
05:27
So for them, time doesn't actually get locked on the body at all,
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ืื– ืขื‘ื•ืจื, ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื›ืœื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ืœืœ,
05:31
it gets locked on the landscape.
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ื”ื•ื ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื ื•ืฃ.
05:32
So for me, if I'm facing this way,
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ืื– ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ืื ืื ื™ ืคื•ื ื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
05:34
then time goes this way,
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ืื– ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื ืข ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
05:35
and if I'm facing this way, then time goes this way.
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ื•ืื ืื ื™ ืคื•ื ื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืื– ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื ืข ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
05:38
I'm facing this way, time goes this way --
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ืื ืื ื™ ืคื•ื ื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืื– ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื ืข ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” --
05:40
very egocentric of me to have the direction of time chase me around
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ืžืื•ื“ ืื’ื•ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ ืžืฆื™ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ืžืŸ ืœืจื“ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจื™
05:44
every time I turn my body.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื™ ืžืคื ื” ืืช ื’ื•ืคื™.
05:46
For the Kuuk Thaayorre, time is locked on the landscape.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืงื•ืง ืชืื•ื™ืจื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื ื•ืฃ.
05:49
It's a dramatically different way of thinking about time.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ืจืš ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ืžืŸ.
05:52
Here's another really smart human trick.
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ื”ื ื” ื˜ืจื™ืง ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื›ื.
05:54
Suppose I ask you how many penguins are there.
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื•ืืœืช ืืชื›ื ื›ืžื” ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”.
05:56
Well, I bet I know how you'd solve that problem if you solved it.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืคื•ืชืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืคื•ืชืจื™ื ืื•ืชื”.
ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, "ืื—ื“, ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ืฉืœื•ืฉื”, ืืจื‘ืขื”, ื—ืžื™ืฉื”, ืฉื™ืฉื”, ืฉื‘ืขื”, ืฉืžื•ื ื”".
06:00
You went, "One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight."
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06:02
You counted them.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืื•ืชื.
06:04
You named each one with a number,
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ื ืชืชื ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืกืคืจ.
06:05
and the last number you said was the number of penguins.
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ื•ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืืžืจืชื ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื.
06:08
This is a little trick that you're taught to use as kids.
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ื–ื”ื• ื˜ืจื™ืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื“ืชื ื›ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
06:11
You learn the number list and you learn how to apply it.
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ืืชื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืืชื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•.
06:14
A little linguistic trick.
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ื˜ืจื™ืง ืฉืคืชื™ ืงื˜ืŸ.
06:16
Well, some languages don't do this,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉืœื ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
06:18
because some languages don't have exact number words.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœืžืกืคืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื.
06:22
They're languages that don't have a word like "seven"
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ืžื™ืœื” ื›ืžื• "ืฉื‘ืข"
06:24
or a word like "eight."
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ืื• ืžื™ืœื” ื›ืžื• "ืฉืžื•ื ื”".
06:27
In fact, people who speak these languages don't count,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืกื•ืคืจื™ื,
06:29
and they have trouble keeping track of exact quantities.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช.
06:32
So, for example, if I ask you to match this number of penguins
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ืื– ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžื›ื ืœื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื
06:36
to the same number of ducks,
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ืœืžืกืคืจ ื–ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ื•ื–ื™ื,
06:38
you would be able to do that by counting.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกืคื™ืจื”.
06:41
But folks who don't have that linguistic trick can't do that.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืฉืคืชื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
06:47
Languages also differ in how they divide up the color spectrum --
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ืฉืคื•ืช ื’ื ื ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ืืช ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื --
06:50
the visual world.
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™.
06:52
Some languages have lots of words for colors,
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ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœืฆื‘ืขื™ื,
06:54
some have only a couple words, "light" and "dark."
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ืœื—ืœืง ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื, "ื‘ื”ื™ืจ" ื•"ื›ื”ื”"
06:56
And languages differ in where they put boundaries between colors.
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ื•ืฉืคื•ืช ื ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืคื” ื”ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื.
07:00
So, for example, in English, there's a word for blue
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ืื– ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืœื” ืœื›ื—ื•ืœ
07:03
that covers all of the colors that you can see on the screen,
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ื”ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš,
07:06
but in Russian, there isn't a single word.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
07:08
Instead, Russian speakers have to differentiate
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ
07:11
between light blue, "goluboy,"
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ, "ื’ื•ืœื‘ื•ื™",
07:12
and dark blue, "siniy."
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ื•ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื›ื”ื”, "ืกื™ื ื™ื™".
07:15
So Russians have this lifetime of experience of, in language,
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ืื– ืœืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ืฉ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื”
07:19
distinguishing these two colors.
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ื”ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
07:21
When we test people's ability to perceptually discriminate these colors,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืชืคื™ืฉืชื™ืช,
07:25
what we find is that Russian speakers are faster
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:27
across this linguistic boundary.
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ื‘ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ืฉืคืชื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช.
07:29
They're faster to be able to tell the difference
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ื”ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื
07:31
between a light and dark blue.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื•ื›ื”ื”.
07:33
And when you look at people's brains as they're looking at colors --
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ื•ืฉืืชื ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื --
07:36
say you have colors shifting slowly from light to dark blue --
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ื ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ืื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืœื›ื”ื” --
07:40
the brains of people who use different words for light and dark blue
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ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื•ื›ื”ื”
07:45
will give a surprised reaction as the colors shift from light to dark,
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ื™ืฆื™ื’ื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ืคืชืขืช ื›ืฉื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืœื›ื”ื”,
07:48
as if, "Ooh, something has categorically changed,"
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื•ืžืจ: "ืื•, ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื™ืช".
07:52
whereas the brains of English speakers, for example,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื,
07:54
that don't make this categorical distinction,
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ืฉืœื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ืฉืคืชื™ืช ื”ื–ื•,
07:56
don't give that surprise,
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ืœื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืคืชืขื” ื”ื–ื•,
07:57
because nothing is categorically changing.
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ื›ื™ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื™ืช.
08:02
Languages have all kinds of structural quirks.
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ืœืฉืคื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช.
08:04
This is one of my favorites.
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ื–ืืช ืื—ืช ืžื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™.
08:05
Lots of languages have grammatical gender;
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ืœืฉืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื“ืจ ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™;
08:08
every noun gets assigned a gender, often masculine or feminine.
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ืื– ืœื›ืœ ืฉื ืขืฆื ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื“ืจ, ืœืจื•ื‘ ื–ื›ืจ ืื• ื ืงื‘ื”.
08:13
And these genders differ across languages.
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ื•ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืช.
08:15
So, for example, the sun is feminine in German but masculine in Spanish,
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ืื–, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื™ื ื ืงื‘ื” ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืื‘ืœ ื–ื›ืจื™ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช,
08:19
and the moon, the reverse.
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ื•ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืคืš.
08:21
Could this actually have any consequence for how people think?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ื”ืฉืœื›ื” ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื?
08:25
Do German speakers think of the sun as somehow more female-like,
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ื”ืื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื›ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืฉื™ืช,
08:29
and the moon somehow more male-like?
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ื•ื”ื™ืจื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ืจื™?
08:31
Actually, it turns out that's the case.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”.
08:33
So if you ask German and Spanish speakers to, say, describe a bridge,
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ืื– ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื•ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื ื’ื™ื“, ืœืชืืจ ื’ืฉืจ,
08:39
like the one here --
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ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉื›ืืŸ --
08:40
"bridge" happens to be grammatically feminine in German,
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"ื’ืฉืจ" ื”ื•ื ื ืงื‘ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™ืช ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช,
08:43
grammatically masculine in Spanish --
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ื•ื–ื›ืจื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช --
08:46
German speakers are more likely to say bridges are "beautiful," "elegant"
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ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื™ืชืืจื• ืืช ื’ืฉืจื™ื ื›"ื™ืคื™ื", "ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื"
08:50
and stereotypically feminine words.
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ื•ืžื™ืœื™ื ื ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™.
08:52
Whereas Spanish speakers will be more likely to say
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื
08:55
they're "strong" or "long,"
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ื›ืžื• "ื—ื–ืง" ืื• "ืืจื•ืš",
08:56
these masculine words.
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ืžื™ืœื™ื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช.
09:00
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:03
Languages also differ in how they describe events, right?
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ืฉืคื•ืช ื’ื ื ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืชืืจื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
09:08
You take an event like this, an accident.
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ืงื—ื• ืื™ืจื•ืข ื›ืžื• ื–ื”, ืชืื•ื ื”.
09:10
In English, it's fine to say, "He broke the vase."
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ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ, "ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืื’ืจื˜ืœ".
09:13
In a language like Spanish,
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ื‘ืฉืคื” ื›ืžื• ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช
09:16
you might be more likely to say, "The vase broke,"
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืชื’ื™ื“ื• "ื”ืื’ืจื˜ืœ ื ืฉื‘ืจ"
09:19
or, "The vase broke itself."
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ืื• "ื”ืื’ืจื˜ืœ ืฉื‘ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•".
09:21
If it's an accident, you wouldn't say that someone did it.
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ืื ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืื•ื ื”, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”.
09:24
In English, quite weirdly, we can even say things like,
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ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื•,
09:28
"I broke my arm."
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"ืฉื‘ืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™".
09:29
Now, in lots of languages,
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ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
09:31
you couldn't use that construction unless you are a lunatic
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืืชื ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ
09:35
and you went out looking to break your arm --
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื›ื --
09:37
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:38
and you succeeded.
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ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื.
09:39
If it was an accident, you would use a different construction.
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ืื ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืื•ื ื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ.
09:42
Now, this has consequences.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช.
09:44
So, people who speak different languages will pay attention to different things,
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ืื–, ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
09:48
depending on what their language usually requires them to do.
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ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
09:52
So we show the same accident to English speakers and Spanish speakers,
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ืื– ื”ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืื•ื ื” ืœื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช.
09:56
English speakers will remember who did it,
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ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื™ื–ื›ืจื• ืžื™ ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”,
10:00
because English requires you to say, "He did it; he broke the vase."
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ื›ื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžืžื›ื ืœื•ืžืจ, "ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืื’ืจื˜ืœ".
10:03
Whereas Spanish speakers might be less likely to remember who did it
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืื•ืœื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ื–ื›ืจื• ืžื™ ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”,
10:07
if it's an accident,
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ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืื•ื ื”,
10:08
but they're more likely to remember that it was an accident.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื–ื›ืจื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืื•ื ื”.
10:11
They're more likely to remember the intention.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื™ื–ื›ืจื• ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”.
10:13
So, two people watch the same event,
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ืื–, ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื™ืจื•ืข,
10:16
witness the same crime,
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ืขื“ื™ื ืœืื•ืชื• ื”ืคืฉืข,
10:18
but end up remembering different things about that event.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื•ืชื• ืื™ืจื•ืข.
10:22
This has implications, of course, for eyewitness testimony.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื“ื™ื.
10:26
It also has implications for blame and punishment.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ื’ื ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืืฉืžื” ื•ืขื•ื ืฉ.
10:28
So if you take English speakers
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ืื– ืื ืชืงื—ื• ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
10:30
and I just show you someone breaking a vase,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืื“ื ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ืื’ืจื˜ืœ,
10:32
and I say, "He broke the vase," as opposed to "The vase broke,"
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ื•ืื– ืื•ืžืจ: "ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืื’ืจื˜ืœ", ื‘ืžืงื•ื "ื”ืื’ืจื˜ืœ ื ืฉื‘ืจ",
10:37
even though you can witness it yourself,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื,
10:39
you can watch the video,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืื•,
10:40
you can watch the crime against the vase,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืฉืข ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืข ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื’ืจื˜ืœ,
10:44
you will punish someone more,
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ืชื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ,
10:45
you will blame someone more if I just said, "He broke it,"
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ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจืช "ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื•",
10:48
as opposed to, "It broke."
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื "ื”ื•ื ื ืฉื‘ืจ".
10:50
The language guides our reasoning about events.
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ื”ืฉืคื” ืžื ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข.
10:55
Now, I've given you a few examples
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ื”ืฆื’ืชื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช
10:58
of how language can profoundly shape the way we think,
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ืœืื™ืš ืฉืคื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
11:02
and it does so in a variety of ways.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื.
11:04
So language can have big effects,
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ืื– ืœืฉืคื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
11:06
like we saw with space and time,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ,
11:08
where people can lay out space and time
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ืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื“ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ
11:10
in completely different coordinate frames from each other.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื–ื”.
11:14
Language can also have really deep effects --
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ืœืฉืคื” ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช --
11:17
that's what we saw with the case of number.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ื
11:19
Having count words in your language,
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉืคื” ืฉืœื›ื ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืกืคื™ืจื”,
11:21
having number words,
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ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœืžืกืคืจื™ื,
11:22
opens up the whole world of mathematics.
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ืคื•ืชื—ืช ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
11:25
Of course, if you don't count, you can't do algebra,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคื•ืจ, ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื’ื‘ืจื”,
11:27
you can't do any of the things
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ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ
11:29
that would be required to build a room like this
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ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืจ ื›ืžื• ื–ื”
11:32
or make this broadcast, right?
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ืื• ืœืฉื“ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
11:34
This little trick of number words gives you a stepping stone
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ื”ื˜ืจื™ืง ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืžืกืคืง ืœื›ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืคืชื™ื—ื”
11:37
into a whole cognitive realm.
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ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœืžื”.
11:40
Language can also have really early effects,
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ืœืฉืคื” ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช,
11:42
what we saw in the case of color.
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ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื.
11:46
These are really simple, basic, perceptual decisions.
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ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืชืคื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“.
11:48
We make thousands of them all the time,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืืœืคื™ื ื›ืžื•ื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
11:51
and yet, language is getting in there
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉื
11:52
and fussing even with these tiny little perceptual decisions that we make.
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ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื.
11:58
Language can have really broad effects.
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ืœืฉืคื” ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืื•ื“ ืจื—ื‘ื”.
12:00
So the case of grammatical gender may be a little silly,
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ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ื“ืจ ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™ ืื•ืœื™ ืงืฆืช ืฉื˜ื•ืชื™,
12:03
but at the same time, grammatical gender applies to all nouns.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื’ื“ืจ ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™ ื—ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื,
12:08
That means language can shape how you're thinking
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืฉืคื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ืื™ืš ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
12:10
about anything that can be named by a noun.
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉื ืขืฆื.
12:14
That's a lot of stuff.
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
12:16
And finally, I gave you an example of how language can shape things
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœืื™ืš ืฉืคื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฆื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
12:19
that have personal weight to us --
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืฉืงืœ ืื™ืฉื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• --
12:21
ideas like blame and punishment or eyewitness memory.
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ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืฉืžื” ื•ืขื•ื ืฉ ืื• ืขื“ื•ืช ืจืื™ื”.
12:23
These are important things in our daily lives.
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ืืœื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•.
12:28
Now, the beauty of linguistic diversity is that it reveals to us
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ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืคืชื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืœื ื•
12:33
just how ingenious and how flexible the human mind is.
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื—ื•ื›ื ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
12:37
Human minds have invented not one cognitive universe, but 7,000 --
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ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืœื ืจืง ื™ืงื•ื ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืื—ื“, ืืœื 7,000
12:42
there are 7,000 languages spoken around the world.
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ 7,000 ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
12:46
And we can create many more --
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” --
12:47
languages, of course, are living things,
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ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืŸ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื™,
12:50
things that we can hone and change to suit our needs.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื›ืš ืฉื™ืชืื™ืžื• ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื•.
12:55
The tragic thing is that we're losing so much of this linguistic diversity
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ืจืื’ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืชื™ ื”ื–ื”
12:59
all the time.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
13:00
We're losing about one language a week,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืคื” ืื—ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข,
13:02
and by some estimates,
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ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช,
13:03
half of the world's languages will be gone in the next hundred years.
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ื—ืฆื™ ืžืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ืขืœืžื• ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
13:07
And the even worse news is that right now,
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ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืขื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื,
13:10
almost everything we know about the human mind and human brain
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
13:14
is based on studies of usually American English-speaking undergraduates
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ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ื“ืจ"ื› ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
13:19
at universities.
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ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช.
13:22
That excludes almost all humans. Right?
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ื–ื” ืžื“ื™ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
13:26
So what we know about the human mind is actually incredibly narrow and biased,
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ืื–, ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืžืฉ ืฆืจ ื•ืžื•ื˜ื”,
13:31
and our science has to do better.
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ื•ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”.
13:37
I want to leave you with this final thought.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
13:40
I've told you about how speakers of different languages think differently,
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ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื”
13:43
but of course, that's not about how people elsewhere think.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื–ื” ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื
13:47
It's about how you think.
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ืืœื ืื™ืš ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
13:48
It's how the language that you speak shapes the way that you think.
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ืื™ืš ื”ืฉืคื” ื‘ื” ืืชื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
13:53
And that gives you the opportunity to ask,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืกืคืง ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ
13:55
"Why do I think the way that I do?"
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"ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื” ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘?"
13:57
"How could I think differently?"
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"ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื”?"
13:59
And also,
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ื•ื’ื,
14:01
"What thoughts do I wish to create?"
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"ืื™ืœื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ?"
14:03
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”,
14:05
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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