How language shapes the way we think | Lera Boroditsky | TED

12,624,677 views

2018-05-02 ใƒป TED


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How language shapes the way we think | Lera Boroditsky | TED

12,624,677 views ใƒป 2018-05-02

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Changkyun Ahn ๊ฒ€ํ† : Yoonyoung Chang
00:12
So, I'll be speaking to you using language ...
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
00:16
because I can.
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00:17
This is one these magical abilities that we humans have.
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์ด๊ฑด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋งˆ๋ฒ• ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
We can transmit really complicated thoughts to one another.
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๊ฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
So what I'm doing right now is, I'm making sounds with my mouth
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž…์œผ๋กœ ์ˆจ์„ ๋‚ด์‰ฌ๋ฉฐ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
as I'm exhaling.
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00:30
I'm making tones and hisses and puffs,
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์–ด์กฐ์™€ ์ˆจ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
00:32
and those are creating air vibrations in the air.
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๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์ง„๋™์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
00:35
Those air vibrations are traveling to you,
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๊ทธ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ์ง„๋™์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€
00:38
they're hitting your eardrums,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ณ ๋ง‰์„ ๋‘๋“ค๊ธฐ๊ณ ,
00:40
and then your brain takes those vibrations from your eardrums
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๊ณ ๋ง‰์˜ ์ง„๋™์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋‡Œ๋กœ ์ „ํ•ด์ ธ
00:44
and transforms them into thoughts.
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์ƒ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
I hope.
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๋ฐ”๋ผ๊ฑด๋Œ€ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:49
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:50
I hope that's happening.
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๋ถ€๋”” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ผ์š”.
00:51
So because of this ability, we humans are able to transmit our ideas
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋•๋ถ„์— ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ
00:56
across vast reaches of space and time.
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์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
We're able to transmit knowledge across minds.
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์ง€์‹์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ •์‹  ์†์— ์ „๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
01:03
I can put a bizarre new idea in your mind right now.
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๋‹น์žฅ์ด๋ผ๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ •์‹  ์†์— ๊ดด์ƒํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
01:06
I could say,
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์˜ˆ์ปจ๋Œ€
01:08
"Imagine a jellyfish waltzing in a library
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"๋„์„œ๊ด€์—์„œ ์™ˆ์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
01:11
while thinking about quantum mechanics."
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์–‘์ž ์—ญํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ ."
01:13
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:15
Now, if everything has gone relatively well in your life so far,
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊ป ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์‚ถ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋น„๊ต์  ์ž˜ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค๋ฉด
01:18
you probably haven't had that thought before.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ํ•ด๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์œผ์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:21
But now I've just made you think it,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ์ €์˜ ๋ง์„ ๋“ค์œผ์‹œ๊ณ 
01:23
through language.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์…จ์ฃ .
01:24
Now of course, there isn't just one language in the world,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ์—์„œ ์˜ค์ง ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋งŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ,
01:27
there are about 7,000 languages spoken around the world.
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์•ฝ 7,000์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
And all the languages differ from one another in all kinds of ways.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
Some languages have different sounds,
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์ผ๋ถ€ ์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์Œ์„ฑ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
01:36
they have different vocabularies,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
01:38
and they also have different structures --
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
very importantly, different structures.
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๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
That begs the question:
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:44
Does the language we speak shape the way we think?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ• ๊นŒ?
01:46
Now, this is an ancient question.
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
People have been speculating about this question forever.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ถ”์ธกํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
Charlemagne, Holy Roman emperor, said,
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์‹ ์„ฑ ๋กœ๋งˆ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ํ™ฉ์ œ ์นด๋กค๋ฃจ์Šค ๋Œ€์ œ๋Š”
01:53
"To have a second language is to have a second soul" --
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"๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์˜ํ˜ผ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค"
01:56
strong statement that language crafts reality.
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์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ์ž์•„๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋…ผ์กฐ์˜ ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”,
01:59
But on the other hand, Shakespeare has Juliet say,
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์…ฐ์ต์Šคํ”ผ์–ด์˜ ์ค„๋ฆฌ์—ฃ์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
"What's in a name?
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"์ด๋ฆ„์— ๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
02:04
A rose by any other name would smell as sweet."
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์žฅ๋ฏธ์—๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฐ–๋‹ค ๋ถ™์—ฌ๋„ ํ–ฅ๊ธฐ๋กœ์šธ ํ…๋ฐ ๋ง์ด์—์š”."
02:07
Well, that suggests that maybe language doesn't craft reality.
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์ค„๋ฆฌ์—ฃ์˜ ๋ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ์ž์•„๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
These arguments have gone back and forth for thousands of years.
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์ด ๋…ผ์Ÿ์€ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ์—ฌ ๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด ์™”์œผ๋‚˜
02:15
But until recently, there hasn't been any data
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์ตœ๊ทผ๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋Š ์ชฝ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ๋„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
to help us decide either way.
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02:20
Recently, in my lab and other labs around the world,
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์ตœ๊ทผ ์ €ํฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค๊ณผ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ํ•จ๊ป˜
02:22
we've started doing research,
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์ด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
02:24
and now we have actual scientific data to weigh in on this question.
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์ด์ œ ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ต์ด ๋ ๋งŒํ•œ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
So let me tell you about some of my favorite examples.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช… ๋“œ๋ ค๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
I'll start with an example from an Aboriginal community in Australia
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๋จผ์ € ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์˜ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ
02:35
that I had the chance to work with.
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์ฒซ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด๋ณผ๊นŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
These are the Kuuk Thaayorre people.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ฟ ํฌ ์Ž„์ด์š”๋ฅด ๋ถ€์กฑ์ด์ฃ .
02:38
They live in Pormpuraaw at the very west edge of Cape York.
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์ €๋“ค์€ ์ผ€์ดํ”„ ์š”ํฌ์˜ ์„œ์ชฝ ๋ณ€๋‘๋ฆฌ ํฌ๋ฆ„ํ‘ธ๋กœ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
What's cool about Kuuk Thaayorre is,
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์ฟ ํฌ ์Ž„์ด์š”๋ฅด ๋ถ€์กฑ์˜ ์œ ๋ณ„๋‚œ ์ ์€
02:45
in Kuuk Thaayorre, they don't use words like "left" and "right,"
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์™ผ์ชฝ, ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
02:48
and instead, everything is in cardinal directions:
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ง€์‹œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
north, south, east and west.
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๋™, ์„œ, ๋‚จ, ๋ถ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
02:53
And when I say everything, I really mean everything.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ํ•จ์€ ์ •๋ง ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์นญํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
You would say something like,
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๊ฐ€๋ น ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
02:57
"Oh, there's an ant on your southwest leg."
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"๋„ˆ์˜ ๋‚จ์„œ์ชฝ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์— ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด."
03:01
Or, "Move your cup to the north-northeast a little bit."
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ํ˜น์€ "๋„ค ์ปต์„ ๋ถ๋ถ๋™ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์ค˜."
03:04
In fact, the way that you say "hello" in Kuuk Thaayorre is you say,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ฟ ํฌ ์Ž„์ด์š”๋ฅด ๋ถ€์กฑ ๋‚ด์—์„œ "์•ˆ๋…•" ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์€
03:07
"Which way are you going?"
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"์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ?" ์ด๋ฉฐ
03:09
And the answer should be,
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๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์€
03:11
"North-northeast in the far distance.
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"๋ถ๋ถ๋™ ์ชฝ ์ € ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ค‘์ด์•ผ.
03:12
How about you?"
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๋„Œ ์ž˜ ์ง€๋‚ด๋‹ˆ?" ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์ด์ฃ .
03:14
So imagine as you're walking around your day,
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค
03:17
every person you greet,
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๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ธ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ
03:18
you have to report your heading direction.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์–ด๋Š ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ํ…Œ์ฃ .
03:20
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:22
But that would actually get you oriented pretty fast, right?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‚ถ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
Because you literally couldn't get past "hello,"
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๋งŒ์ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋””๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:28
if you didn't know which way you were going.
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"์•ˆ๋…•" ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
03:31
In fact, people who speak languages like this stay oriented really well.
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์‹ค์ œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:35
They stay oriented better than we used to think humans could.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
03:38
We used to think that humans were worse than other creatures
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์ข…์ข… ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ์—ด๋“ฑํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
03:41
because of some biological excuse:
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์ธ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
"Oh, we don't have magnets in our beaks or in our scales."
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"์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž์„์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ๋ถ€๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ๋น„๋Š˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒŒ ์—†์ž–์•„."
03:46
No; if your language and your culture trains you to do it,
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์•„๋‹ˆ์š”. ๋งŒ์ผ ์–ธ์–ด์™€ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
actually, you can do it.
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03:51
There are humans around the world who stay oriented really well.
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์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ์—๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ด ๊ทธ๋งŒํผ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
03:54
And just to get us in agreement
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ
03:56
about how different this is from the way we do it,
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
03:58
I want you all to close your eyes for a second
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์ž ์‹œ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๊ฐ์€ ํ›„์—
04:02
and point southeast.
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๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผœ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
04:04
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:05
Keep your eyes closed. Point.
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๋ˆˆ ๊ฐ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผœ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
04:10
OK, so you can open your eyes.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๋–  ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
04:12
I see you guys pointing there, there, there, there, there ...
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ด์ชฝ, ์ €์ชฝ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ, ์ €๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ดค์–ด์š”.
04:16
I don't know which way it is myself --
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์ €์กฐ์ฐจ๋„ ์–ด๋””๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ์ธ์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋ผ์š”.
04:18
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:20
You have not been a lot of help.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๋ณ„ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋„ค์š”.
04:21
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:23
So let's just say the accuracy in this room was not very high.
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์ด ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์žฅ ๋‚ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋Š” ๋†’์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
04:26
This is a big difference in cognitive ability across languages, right?
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์ด๊ฑด ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์„œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํฐ ์ธ์ง€๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
Where one group -- very distinguished group like you guys --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ ํ•œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์€
04:32
doesn't know which way is which,
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๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ž˜ ์งš์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
04:34
but in another group,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ๋Š”
04:35
I could ask a five-year-old and they would know.
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๋‹ค์„ฏ์‚ด ์•„์ดํ•œํ…Œ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋„ ์•Œํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
04:38
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:39
There are also really big differences in how people think about time.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€๋…์—๋„ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
So here I have pictures of my grandfather at different ages.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ œ ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:46
And if I ask an English speaker to organize time,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์—ดํ•ด๋ณด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด
04:49
they might lay it out this way,
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๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์—ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
from left to right.
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์™ผ์ชฝ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ
04:52
This has to do with writing direction.
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๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:54
If you were a speaker of Hebrew or Arabic,
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ํžˆ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์–ด๋‚˜ ์•„๋ž์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋ผ๋ฉด
04:56
you might do it going in the opposite direction,
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์—ดํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
from right to left.
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์—์„œ ์™ผ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ
05:01
But how would the Kuuk Thaayorre,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ฐ์ด ๋งํ–ˆ๋˜
05:03
this Aboriginal group I just told you about, do it?
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ํ˜ธ์ฃผ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ฟ ํฌ ์Ž„์ด์š”๋ฅด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
05:05
They don't use words like "left" and "right."
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์™ผ์ชฝ, ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์ด๋ž€ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒ ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
05:07
Let me give you hint.
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ํžŒํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด
05:09
When we sat people facing south,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋„๋ก ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์•‰ํžˆ๋ฉด
05:11
they organized time from left to right.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์™ผ์ชฝ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:14
When we sat them facing north,
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๋ถ์ชฝ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ์•‰ํžˆ๋ฉด,
05:16
they organized time from right to left.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์—์„œ ์™ผ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:19
When we sat them facing east,
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๋™์ชฝ์„ ํ–ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•‰ํ˜”์„ ๋•Œ์—”
05:21
time came towards the body.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชธ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ–ˆ์ฃ .
05:23
What's the pattern?
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์–ด๋–ค ํŒจํ„ด์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
05:26
East to west, right?
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๋™์ชฝ์—์„œ ์„œ์ชฝ์ด์ฃ  ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
05:27
So for them, time doesn't actually get locked on the body at all,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชธ์— ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
it gets locked on the landscape.
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ํ’๊ฒฝ์— ๊ณ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
05:32
So for me, if I'm facing this way,
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์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ชฝ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:34
then time goes this way,
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์ด๋ฆฌ ํ๋ฅด๊ณ 
05:35
and if I'm facing this way, then time goes this way.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๊ณ  ์„œ๋ฉด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ๋ฅด๊ณ 
05:38
I'm facing this way, time goes this way --
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์ €์ชฝ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ €๋ฆฌ๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๋Š”
05:40
very egocentric of me to have the direction of time chase me around
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ทจํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:44
every time I turn my body.
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05:46
For the Kuuk Thaayorre, time is locked on the landscape.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ฟ ํฌ ์Ž„์ด์š”๋ฅด ๋ถ€์กฑ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ’๊ฒฝ์— ๊ณ ์ •๋˜์ฃ .
05:49
It's a dramatically different way of thinking about time.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ธ ์…ˆ์ด์ฃ .
05:52
Here's another really smart human trick.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์š”๋ น์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
Suppose I ask you how many penguins are there.
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๋ช‡ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํŽญ๊ท„์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
05:56
Well, I bet I know how you'd solve that problem if you solved it.
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์•„๋งˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ’€์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ €๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ’€์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋งž์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:00
You went, "One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight."
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ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋‘˜ ์…‹ ๋„ท ๋‹ค์„ฏ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ์ผ๊ณฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์„ธ์—ˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
06:02
You counted them.
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06:04
You named each one with a number,
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ
06:05
and the last number you said was the number of penguins.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋œ ์ˆซ์ž๊ฐ€ ํŽญ๊ท„์˜ ์ˆ˜์˜€์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:08
This is a little trick that you're taught to use as kids.
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์ด๊ฑด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋ ค์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐฐ์šด ์š”๋ น์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
You learn the number list and you learn how to apply it.
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์ˆซ์ž์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šด ๋’ค์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ตํžŒ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
06:14
A little linguistic trick.
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด์  ์š”๋ น์ด์ง€๋งŒ
06:16
Well, some languages don't do this,
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์ผ๋ถ€ ์–ธ์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:18
because some languages don't have exact number words.
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์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ ์ง€์นญํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
06:22
They're languages that don't have a word like "seven"
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๊ทธ ์–ธ์–ด์—๋Š” '์ผ๊ณฑ' ์ด๋‚˜ '์—ฌ๋Ÿ' ์ด๋ž€ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:24
or a word like "eight."
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06:27
In fact, people who speak these languages don't count,
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์‹ค์ œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์„ธ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ
06:29
and they have trouble keeping track of exact quantities.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์–‘์„ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์• ๋ฅผ ๋จน๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
So, for example, if I ask you to match this number of penguins
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์ด ํŽญ๊ท„๋“ค์˜ ์ˆซ์ž๋งŒํผ
06:36
to the same number of ducks,
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๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ง€์–ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด
06:38
you would be able to do that by counting.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์„ธ์„œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
06:41
But folks who don't have that linguistic trick can't do that.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์–ธ์–ด์  ์š”๋ น์ด ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:47
Languages also differ in how they divide up the color spectrum --
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์ƒ‰์ƒ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ์–ธ์–ด์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:50
the visual world.
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์‹œ๊ฐ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:52
Some languages have lots of words for colors,
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์–ด๋–ค ์–ธ์–ด์—” ์ƒ‰๊น”์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ 
06:54
some have only a couple words, "light" and "dark."
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์ผ๋ถ€ ์–ธ์–ด์—๋Š” ๋ฐ๋‹ค ์–ด๋‘ก๋‹ค ๋‘ ๋‹จ์–ด ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
And languages differ in where they put boundaries between colors.
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์–ธ์–ด์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ‰๊น” ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ง€์–ด ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:00
So, for example, in English, there's a word for blue
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์˜ˆ์ปจ๋Œ€ ์˜์–ด์—๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰์ด๋ž€ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ
07:03
that covers all of the colors that you can see on the screen,
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ํ™”๋ฉด์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ‰์ƒ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
07:06
but in Russian, there isn't a single word.
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๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์–ด์—๋Š” ํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด๋งŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
Instead, Russian speakers have to differentiate
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๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋‘˜์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
between light blue, "goluboy,"
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๋ฐ์€ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ "๊ธ€๋ฃจ๋ณด์ด"
07:12
and dark blue, "siniy."
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์–ด๋‘์šด ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ "์‹œ๋‹ˆ"
07:15
So Russians have this lifetime of experience of, in language,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ผ์ƒ ๋™์•ˆ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ € ์ƒ‰๊น”์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„์ง€์–ด ์˜จ
07:19
distinguishing these two colors.
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๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
07:21
When we test people's ability to perceptually discriminate these colors,
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์ƒ‰์ƒ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ ์ง“๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ
07:25
what we find is that Russian speakers are faster
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๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์–ด ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ์–ธ์–ด์  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด
07:27
across this linguistic boundary.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋น ๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
They're faster to be able to tell the difference
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ์€ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰๊ณผ ์–ด๋‘์šด ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ๊ฐ„
07:31
between a light and dark blue.
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์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:33
And when you look at people's brains as they're looking at colors --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒ‰๊น”์„ ๋ฐ์€ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰์—์„œ ์–ด๋‘์šด ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
07:36
say you have colors shifting slowly from light to dark blue --
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๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ๋‘ ์ƒ‰์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š”
07:40
the brains of people who use different words for light and dark blue
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์–ธ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋‡Œ๋Š” ์ƒ‰๊น”์ด ๋ฐ์€ ์ƒ‰์—์„œ ์–ด๋‘์šด ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
07:45
will give a surprised reaction as the colors shift from light to dark,
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๊นœ์ง ๋†€๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:48
as if, "Ooh, something has categorically changed,"
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๋งˆ์น˜ "์˜ค, ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋ณ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„." ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
07:52
whereas the brains of English speakers, for example,
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋‡Œ๋Š”
07:54
that don't make this categorical distinction,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„์„ ์ง“์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ 
07:56
don't give that surprise,
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์•„๋ฌด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋Š๋ผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ธฐ์—
07:57
because nothing is categorically changing.
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๋†€๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋˜ํ•œ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
08:02
Languages have all kinds of structural quirks.
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์–ธ์–ด์—๋Š” ๊ฐ์ข… ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ณ„๋‚œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:04
This is one of my favorites.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
Lots of languages have grammatical gender;
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๋งŽ์€ ์–ธ์–ด์—๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์  ์„ฑ๋ณ„์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
08:08
every noun gets assigned a gender, often masculine or feminine.
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๊ทธ ์–ธ์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ช…์‚ฌ์— ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ฑ ํ˜น์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
And these genders differ across languages.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์„ฑ๋ณ„์€ ์–ธ์–ด๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:15
So, for example, the sun is feminine in German but masculine in Spanish,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ํ•ด๋Š” ๋…์ผ์–ด์—์„  ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ด์ฃ .
08:19
and the moon, the reverse.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ฌ์€ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๊ณ ์š”.
08:21
Could this actually have any consequence for how people think?
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ์„๊นŒ์š”?
08:25
Do German speakers think of the sun as somehow more female-like,
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๋…์ผ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ง ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ 
08:29
and the moon somehow more male-like?
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๋‹ฌ์„ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธธ๊นŒ์š”?
08:31
Actually, it turns out that's the case.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
So if you ask German and Spanish speakers to, say, describe a bridge,
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๋…์ผ์–ด์™€ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•ด๋ณด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
08:39
like the one here --
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์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
08:40
"bridge" happens to be grammatically feminine in German,
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๋…์ผ์–ด์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ด๊ณ 
08:43
grammatically masculine in Spanish --
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์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋ช…์‚ฌ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
German speakers are more likely to say bridges are "beautiful," "elegant"
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๋…์ผ์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ "์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๋‹ค" ํ˜น์€ "์šฐ์•„ํ•˜๋‹ค"๋Š” ์‹์˜ ์ •ํ˜•ํ™”๋œ
08:50
and stereotypically feminine words.
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์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:52
Whereas Spanish speakers will be more likely to say
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผœ
08:55
they're "strong" or "long,"
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"๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค" ํ˜น์€ "๊ธธ๋‹ค"
08:56
these masculine words.
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๋‚จ์„ฑ์  ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์“ฐ์ง€์š”.
09:00
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:03
Languages also differ in how they describe events, right?
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์–ธ์–ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹๋„ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
You take an event like this, an accident.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผœ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ฃ .
09:10
In English, it's fine to say, "He broke the vase."
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์˜์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” "๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฝƒ๋ณ‘์„ ๊นจ๋œจ๋ ธ๋‹ค." ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜
09:13
In a language like Spanish,
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์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์–ธ์–ด์—์„œ๋Š”
09:16
you might be more likely to say, "The vase broke,"
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๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๊ฝƒ๋ณ‘์ด ๊นจ์กŒ๋‹ค."
09:19
or, "The vase broke itself."
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ํ˜น์€ "๊ฝƒ๋ณ‘์ด ์ €์ ˆ๋กœ ๊นจ์กŒ๋‹ค."
09:21
If it's an accident, you wouldn't say that someone did it.
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๋งŒ์ผ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฐœ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง„ ์•Š๊ฒ ์ฃ .
09:24
In English, quite weirdly, we can even say things like,
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์˜์–ด๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๊ดด์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ‘œํ˜„๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:28
"I broke my arm."
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"๋‚œ ๋‚ด ํŒ”์„ ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ๋œจ๋ ธ์–ด."
09:29
Now, in lots of languages,
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๋งŽ์€ ์–ธ์–ด์—์„œ๋Š”,
09:31
you couldn't use that construction unless you are a lunatic
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๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ์„œ์•ผ ์ €๋Ÿฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
and you went out looking to break your arm --
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์ž๊ธฐ ํŒ”์„ ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋ ค ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๊ณ 
09:37
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:38
and you succeeded.
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์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
09:39
If it was an accident, you would use a different construction.
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๋งŒ์ผ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ธด ์ผ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์จ์•ผ์ฃ .
09:42
Now, this has consequences.
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์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š”
09:44
So, people who speak different languages will pay attention to different things,
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์–ธ์–ด๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๋Š”
09:48
depending on what their language usually requires them to do.
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๋Œ€์ƒ๋„ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
So we show the same accident to English speakers and Spanish speakers,
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๋™์ผํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์˜์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์™€ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ์„ ๋•Œ
09:56
English speakers will remember who did it,
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์˜์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋Š”์ง€ ์ž˜ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ
10:00
because English requires you to say, "He did it; he broke the vase."
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"๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์–ด. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฝƒ๋ณ‘์„ ๊นผ์–ด." ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:03
Whereas Spanish speakers might be less likely to remember who did it
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ๋‚ฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:07
if it's an accident,
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์šฐ๋ฐœ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:08
but they're more likely to remember that it was an accident.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋” ์ž˜ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ• ํ…Œ์ฃ .
10:11
They're more likely to remember the intention.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ณ ์˜์„ฑ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋” ์ž˜ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
So, two people watch the same event,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๋ณด๊ณ 
10:16
witness the same crime,
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๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
10:18
but end up remembering different things about that event.
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
10:22
This has implications, of course, for eyewitness testimony.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ์ž ์ฆ์–ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:26
It also has implications for blame and punishment.
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๋™์‹œ์— ๋น„๋‚œ๊ณผ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ ์š”.
10:28
So if you take English speakers
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์˜์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ๋ ค๋‹ค
10:30
and I just show you someone breaking a vase,
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฝƒ๋ณ‘์„ ๊นจ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€ ๋’ค
10:32
and I say, "He broke the vase," as opposed to "The vase broke,"
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"๊ฝƒ๋ณ‘์ด ๊นจ์กŒ์–ด." ์™€๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ "๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฝƒ๋ณ‘์„ ๊นจ๋œจ๋ ธ์–ด." ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:37
even though you can witness it yourself,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ณด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
10:39
you can watch the video,
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์˜์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
10:40
you can watch the crime against the vase,
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๊ฝƒ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ง„ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜์˜€์–ด๋„
10:44
you will punish someone more,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋” ์ฑ…๋งํ•˜๊ณ 
10:45
you will blame someone more if I just said, "He broke it,"
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๋” ๋น„๋‚œํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๊นจ์กŒ์–ด." ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ
10:48
as opposed to, "It broke."
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"๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊นผ์–ด." ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:50
The language guides our reasoning about events.
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์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:55
Now, I've given you a few examples
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์—
10:58
of how language can profoundly shape the way we think,
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์ง€๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ ธ๊ณ ,
11:02
and it does so in a variety of ways.
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•จ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์…จ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:04
So language can have big effects,
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์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ์•ž์„œ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
11:06
like we saw with space and time,
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ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:08
where people can lay out space and time
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์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์—
11:10
in completely different coordinate frames from each other.
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์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
Language can also have really deep effects --
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ˆซ์ž์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜๋“ฏ
11:17
that's what we saw with the case of number.
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์–ธ์–ด์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‹ฌ์˜คํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:19
Having count words in your language,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์–ธ์–ด์— ์„ธ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด,
11:21
having number words,
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์ˆซ์ž ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹˜์œผ๋กœ์จ
11:22
opens up the whole world of mathematics.
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์ˆ˜ํ•™์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
11:25
Of course, if you don't count, you can't do algebra,
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์…€ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋Œ€์ˆ˜ํ•™์€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
11:27
you can't do any of the things
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์ด ๊ณณ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ์ง“๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ
11:29
that would be required to build a room like this
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ํ˜น์€ ์ด ๋ฐฉ์†ก์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ผ ์ค‘ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:32
or make this broadcast, right?
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11:34
This little trick of number words gives you a stepping stone
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์ด ์ž‘์€ ์ˆซ์ž ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ์š”๋ น์ด ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธ์ง€ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š”
11:37
into a whole cognitive realm.
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๋””๋”ค๋Œ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:40
Language can also have really early effects,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒ‰๊น” ์ธ์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜๋“ฏ
11:42
what we saw in the case of color.
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์ธ์ง€ ์†๋„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์–ด์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ง€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:46
These are really simple, basic, perceptual decisions.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ ์ธ ์ธ์ง€์  ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด์ฃ .
11:48
We make thousands of them all the time,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋ฒˆ์”ฉ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”
11:51
and yet, language is getting in there
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์ •๋ง ์ž‘๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์†Œํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์—๋„
11:52
and fussing even with these tiny little perceptual decisions that we make.
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์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:58
Language can have really broad effects.
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์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ๊ด‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:00
So the case of grammatical gender may be a little silly,
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๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์  ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์œ ์น˜ํ•˜๊ธด ํ•ด๋„
12:03
but at the same time, grammatical gender applies to all nouns.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ช…์‚ฌ์— ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•˜๋ฉด
12:08
That means language can shape how you're thinking
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์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๋ช…๋ช… ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ
12:10
about anything that can be named by a noun.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
12:14
That's a lot of stuff.
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๊ทธ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜์ฃ .
12:16
And finally, I gave you an example of how language can shape things
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋น„๋‚œ๊ณผ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ
12:19
that have personal weight to us --
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ํ˜น์€ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ์ž์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—์„œ
12:21
ideas like blame and punishment or eyewitness memory.
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๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์นจ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:23
These are important things in our daily lives.
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์ด๊ฑด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ผ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ์š”.
12:28
Now, the beauty of linguistic diversity is that it reveals to us
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์–ธ์–ด์  ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์˜ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ
12:33
just how ingenious and how flexible the human mind is.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •์‹ ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…์ฐฝ์ ์ธ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:37
Human minds have invented not one cognitive universe, but 7,000 --
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •์‹ ์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ธ์ง€์  ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ 7,000๊ฐœ์”ฉ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:42
there are 7,000 languages spoken around the world.
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ 7,000๊ฐœ๋‚˜ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
And we can create many more --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋” ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
12:47
languages, of course, are living things,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
12:50
things that we can hone and change to suit our needs.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๋งˆ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:55
The tragic thing is that we're losing so much of this linguistic diversity
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๋น„๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด์  ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ„์† ์žƒ์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:59
all the time.
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13:00
We're losing about one language a week,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งค์ฃผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์žƒ์œผ๋ฉฐ
13:02
and by some estimates,
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์–ด๋–ค ์ถ”์‚ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
13:03
half of the world's languages will be gone in the next hundred years.
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100๋…„ ๋’ค์—๋Š” ์•ฝ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:07
And the even worse news is that right now,
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๋” ๋‚˜์œ ์†Œ์‹์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‹น์žฅ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š”
13:10
almost everything we know about the human mind and human brain
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‡Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€
13:14
is based on studies of usually American English-speaking undergraduates
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๋Œ€๊ฐœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์‹ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™๋ถ€์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ
13:19
at universities.
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์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:22
That excludes almost all humans. Right?
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•œ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:26
So what we know about the human mind is actually incredibly narrow and biased,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ
13:31
and our science has to do better.
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ํ˜‘์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ํŽธํ–ฅ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ด ๋” ์ž˜ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:37
I want to leave you with this final thought.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์ ์„ ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:40
I've told you about how speakers of different languages think differently,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ
13:43
but of course, that's not about how people elsewhere think.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ์ƒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:47
It's about how you think.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋˜์ง€์š”.
13:48
It's how the language that you speak shapes the way that you think.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:53
And that gives you the opportunity to ask,
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์ด ์ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:55
"Why do I think the way that I do?"
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"์™œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ?"
13:57
"How could I think differently?"
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"๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผํ• ๊นŒ"
13:59
And also,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋ก 
14:01
"What thoughts do I wish to create?"
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"์–ด๋–ค ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ?"
14:03
Thank you very much.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:05
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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