How language shapes the way we think | Lera Boroditsky | TED

Prevoditelj: Snjezana Markus Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

So, I'll be speaking to you using language ...

Obraćam vam se koristeći jezik...

because I can.

jer mogu.

This is one these magical abilities that we humans have.

To je jedna od čarobnih sposobnosti koju posjeduje ljudski rod.

We can transmit really complicated thoughts to one another.

Jedni drugima možemo prenijeti uistinu komplicirane misli.

So what I'm doing right now is, I'm making sounds with my mouth

Upravo sada ustima proizvodim zvukove

as I'm exhaling.

dok izdišem.

I'm making tones and hisses and puffs,

Proizvodim tonove, zvižduke i zvukove,

and those are creating air vibrations in the air.

a oni stvaraju vibracije u zraku.

Those air vibrations are traveling to you,

Zračne vibracije putuju k vama,

they're hitting your eardrums,

dolaze do vaših bubnjića,

and then your brain takes those vibrations from your eardrums

zatim vaš mozak preuzima te vibracije od vaših bubnjića

and transforms them into thoughts.

i pretvara ih u misli.

Nadam se.

I hope.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

I hope that's happening.

Nadam se da se to događa.

So because of this ability, we humans are able to transmit our ideas

Zbog ove sposobnosti, mi ljudi možemo prenositi svoje ideje

across vast reaches of space and time.

kroz široki doseg vremena i prostora.

We're able to transmit knowledge across minds.

Možemo prenositi znanje između umova.

I can put a bizarre new idea in your mind right now.

Upravo sad u vaš um mogu usaditi bizarnu novu ideju.

I could say,

Mogla bih reći:

"Imagine a jellyfish waltzing in a library

"Zamislite meduzu kako pleše valcer u knjižnici,

while thinking about quantum mechanics."

dok razmišlja o kvantnoj mehanici."

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Now, if everything has gone relatively well in your life so far,

Ako vam je do sada sve išlo relativno dobro u životu,

you probably haven't had that thought before.

vjerojatno niste pomislili na tako nešto.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

But now I've just made you think it,

No sada ste upravo na to pomislili,

through language.

kroz jezik.

Now of course, there isn't just one language in the world,

Naravno, na svijetu ne postoji samo jedan jezik,

there are about 7,000 languages spoken around the world.

diljem svijeta priča se oko 7000 jezika.

And all the languages differ from one another in all kinds of ways.

Jezici se jedni od drugih razlikuju na sve moguće načine.

Some languages have different sounds,

Neki jezici imaju različite zvukove,

they have different vocabularies,

drugi različite vokabulare,

and they also have different structures --

različite strukture, također,

very importantly, different structures.

vrlo bitna stvar, različite strukture.

That begs the question:

Nameće se pitanje:

Does the language we speak shape the way we think?

"Oblikuje li jezik kojim govorimo naš način razmišljanja?"

Now, this is an ancient question.

Riječ je o vrlo starom pitanju.

People have been speculating about this question forever.

Ljudi o njemu raspravljaju od pamtivijeka.

Charlemagne, Holy Roman emperor, said,

Karlo Veliki, car Svetog Rimskog Carstva, rekao je:

"To have a second language is to have a second soul" --

"Posjedovati drugi jezik jest imati drugu dušu."

strong statement that language crafts reality.

Snažna izjava da jezik oblikuje stvarnost.

But on the other hand, Shakespeare has Juliet say,

S druge strane, Shakespearova Julija rekla je:

"Što je u imenu? Ono što zovemo ružom

"What's in a name?

A rose by any other name would smell as sweet."

pod bilo kojom riječi jednako bi slatko mirisalo."

Well, that suggests that maybe language doesn't craft reality.

Što sugerira da jezik možda i ne oblikuje stvarnost.

These arguments have gone back and forth for thousands of years.

O ovim se argumentima raspravlja već tisućama godina.

But until recently, there hasn't been any data

No sve donedavno nije bilo nikakvih podataka

to help us decide either way.

koji bi nam pomogli odlučiti se.

Recently, in my lab and other labs around the world,

Nedavno smo u mom, i drugim laboratorijima na svijetu,

we've started doing research,

pokrenuli istraživanje,

and now we have actual scientific data to weigh in on this question.

i sada imamo stvarne znanstvene podatke koji mogu odgovoriti na ovo pitanje.

So let me tell you about some of my favorite examples.

Dopustite mi da vam kažem svoje najdraže primjere.

I'll start with an example from an Aboriginal community in Australia

Počet ću s primjerom zajednice Aboridžina u Australiji

that I had the chance to work with.

s kojom sam imala prilike raditi.

These are the Kuuk Thaayorre people.

Riječ je o zajednici Kuuk Thaayorre.

They live in Pormpuraaw at the very west edge of Cape York.

Žive u Pormpuraawu, najzapadnijem dijelu poluotoka Cape York.

What's cool about Kuuk Thaayorre is,

Kod ove je zajednice zanimljivo

in Kuuk Thaayorre, they don't use words like "left" and "right,"

da ne koriste riječi za "lijevo" i "desno",

and instead, everything is in cardinal directions:

umjesto toga, sve izražavaju u smjeru strana svijeta,

north, south, east and west.

sjever, jug, istok i zapad.

And when I say everything, I really mean everything.

Kad kažem sve, zaista mislim na sve.

You would say something like,

Rekli biste nešto poput:

"Oh, there's an ant on your southwest leg."

"Mrav ti je na jugozapadnoj nozi."

Or, "Move your cup to the north-northeast a little bit."

Ili: "Pomakni šalicu malo prema sjeveru-sjeveroistoku."

In fact, the way that you say "hello" in Kuuk Thaayorre is you say,

U biti, Kuuk Thaayorre kažu "bok" na sljedeći način:

"Which way are you going?"

"Kojim putem ideš?"

And the answer should be,

Odgovor bi trebao biti:

"North-northeast in the far distance.

"Daleko, prema sjeveru-sjeveroistoku.

How about you?"

A ti?"

So imagine as you're walking around your day,

Zamislite, dok hodate tijekom dana,

every person you greet,

svakoj osobi koju pozdravite,

you have to report your heading direction.

morate reći svoj smjer kretanja.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

But that would actually get you oriented pretty fast, right?

No, tako biste se vrlo brzo naučili orijentirati, zar ne?

Because you literally couldn't get past "hello,"

Doslovce ne biste mogli pozdraviti nekoga

if you didn't know which way you were going.

ako ne biste znali u kojem smjeru idete.

In fact, people who speak languages like this stay oriented really well.

Ljudi koji pričaju ovakvim jezicima jako su dobro orijentirani.

They stay oriented better than we used to think humans could.

Orijentirani su bolje nego što smo mislili da ljudi mogu biti.

We used to think that humans were worse than other creatures

Mislili smo da su ljudska bića gora od ostalih stvorenja

because of some biological excuse:

zbog nekih bioloških isprika:

"Oh, we don't have magnets in our beaks or in our scales."

"Nemamo magnete u kljunu ili na ljuskama."

No; if your language and your culture trains you to do it,

Ne, ako su vas jezik i kultura naučili,

actually, you can do it.

to zapravo možete učiniti.

There are humans around the world who stay oriented really well.

Na svijetu žive vrlo dobro orijentirani ljudi.

And just to get us in agreement

Kako biste bolje shvatili

about how different this is from the way we do it,

koliko se ovo razlikuje od načina na koji mi to radimo,

I want you all to close your eyes for a second

želim da na sekundu zatvorite oči

and point southeast.

i pokažete jugoistočno.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Keep your eyes closed. Point.

Držite oči zatvorenima. Pokažite.

OK, so you can open your eyes.

U redu, možete otvoriti oči.

I see you guys pointing there, there, there, there, there ...

Vidim da ste pokazali tamo, tamo, tamo, tamo...

I don't know which way it is myself --

Ni sama ne znam u kojem je to smjeru.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

You have not been a lot of help.

Niste bili od neke pomoći.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

So let's just say the accuracy in this room was not very high.

Recimo da točnost ovdje nije bila na previsokoj razini.

This is a big difference in cognitive ability across languages, right?

Postoji velika razlika u kognitivnoj sposobnosti u jezicima, zar ne?

Where one group -- very distinguished group like you guys --

U jednoj jako raznolikoj skupini, poput vaše,

doesn't know which way is which,

ljudi ne znaju pokazati u kojem je smjeru što,

but in another group,

dok bih u nekoj drugoj skupini

I could ask a five-year-old and they would know.

mogla pitati petogodišnjaka i on bi znao.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

There are also really big differences in how people think about time.

Postoje i jako velike razlike u poimanju vremena.

So here I have pictures of my grandfather at different ages.

Ovdje imam fotografije svojeg djeda u različitoj dobi.

And if I ask an English speaker to organize time,

Ako upitam govornika engleskog jezika da ih poreda kronološki,

they might lay it out this way,

poredao bi ih ovim redoslijedom,

from left to right.

slijeva nadesno.

This has to do with writing direction.

Ovo je povezano sa smjerom pisanja.

If you were a speaker of Hebrew or Arabic,

Da ste govornik hebrejskog ili arapskog,

you might do it going in the opposite direction,

možda biste ih poredali u suprotnom smjeru,

from right to left.

zdesna nalijevo.

But how would the Kuuk Thaayorre,

Međutim, kako bi Kuuk Thaayorre,

this Aboriginal group I just told you about, do it?

Aboridžini o kojima sam vam govorila, to učinili?

They don't use words like "left" and "right."

Oni ne koriste riječi "lijevo" i "desno".

Let me give you hint.

Dat ću vam ideju.

When we sat people facing south,

Kada posjednemo ljude prema jugu,

they organized time from left to right.

vrijeme organiziraju slijeva nadesno.

When we sat them facing north,

Kada ih posjednemo prema sjeveru,

they organized time from right to left.

vrijeme organiziraju zdesna nalijevo.

When we sat them facing east,

Kada ih posjednemo prema istoku,

time came towards the body.

vrijeme prilazi tijelu.

What's the pattern?

Koji je uzorak?

East to west, right?

Istok prema zapadu, zar ne?

So for them, time doesn't actually get locked on the body at all,

Za njih, vrijeme uopće nije ovisno o tijelu,

it gets locked on the landscape.

ono ovisi o okolišu.

So for me, if I'm facing this way,

Ako sam okrenuta u ovom smjeru,

then time goes this way,

meni vrijeme ide ovako,

and if I'm facing this way, then time goes this way.

ako gledam u ovom smjeru, vrijeme ide ovako.

I'm facing this way, time goes this way --

Ako gledam u ovom smjeru, ide ovako.

very egocentric of me to have the direction of time chase me around

Jako egocentrično s moje strane, da vrijeme ide za mnom

every time I turn my body.

svaki put kada se okrenem.

For the Kuuk Thaayorre, time is locked on the landscape.

Za Kuuk Thaayorre, vrijeme je određeno okolišem.

It's a dramatically different way of thinking about time.

Riječ je o izuzetno drugačijem načinu poimanja vremena.

Here's another really smart human trick.

Evo još jednog pametnog ljudskog trika.

Suppose I ask you how many penguins are there.

Recimo da vas pitam koliko pingvina vidite.

Well, I bet I know how you'd solve that problem if you solved it.

Kladim se da znam kako biste riješili taj problem.

You went, "One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight."

Išli biste: "Jedan, dva, tri, četiri, pet, šest, sedam, osam."

You counted them.

Izbrojali biste ih.

You named each one with a number,

Svakog biste nazvali brojem,

and the last number you said was the number of penguins.

i zadnji broj koji biste rekli označio bi broj pingvina.

This is a little trick that you're taught to use as kids.

Ovo je mali trik koji ste naučili kad ste bili mali.

You learn the number list and you learn how to apply it.

Naučili ste brojeve i kako ih primijeniti.

A little linguistic trick.

Mali jezični trik.

Well, some languages don't do this,

Ipak, neki jezici to ne čine,

because some languages don't have exact number words.

jer neki jezici nemaju precizne riječi za brojeve.

They're languages that don't have a word like "seven"

Postoje jezici koji nemaju riječ "sedam"

or a word like "eight."

ili "osam".

In fact, people who speak these languages don't count,

U stvari, ljudi koji govore ovim jezicima ne broje,

and they have trouble keeping track of exact quantities.

i imaju problema s utvrđivanjem točnih količina.

So, for example, if I ask you to match this number of penguins

Ako vas, primjerice, zamolim da ovaj broj pingvina sparite

to the same number of ducks,

s istim brojem patki

you would be able to do that by counting.

mogli biste to učiniti brojanjem.

But folks who don't have that linguistic trick can't do that.

No ljudi koji nemaju taj jezični trik to ne mogu učiniti.

Languages also differ in how they divide up the color spectrum --

Jezici se također razlikuju prema podjeli boja,

the visual world.

vizualnom svijetu.

Some languages have lots of words for colors,

Neki jezici imaju mnogo riječi za boje,

some have only a couple words, "light" and "dark."

neki tek nekoliko riječi, "svijetlo" i "tamno".

And languages differ in where they put boundaries between colors.

I jezici se razlikuju kod postavljanja granica među bojama.

So, for example, in English, there's a word for blue

Na primjer, u engleskom jeziku postoji riječ za plavu boju

that covers all of the colors that you can see on the screen,

koja obuhvaća sve boje koje vidite na zaslonu,

but in Russian, there isn't a single word.

ali u ruskom ne postoji samo jedna riječ.

Instead, Russian speakers have to differentiate

Govornici ruskog trebaju razlikovati

between light blue, "goluboy,"

svijetlo plavu boju, "galuboj",

and dark blue, "siniy."

i tamno plavu, "sinij".

So Russians have this lifetime of experience of, in language,

Rusi imaju cjeloživotno jezično iskustvo

distinguishing these two colors.

razlikovanja ovih dviju boja.

When we test people's ability to perceptually discriminate these colors,

Kada ispitujemo ljudske granice u opažaju razlikovanja boja,

what we find is that Russian speakers are faster

vidimo da su govornici ruskog brži

across this linguistic boundary.

kod ovog jezičnog ograničenja.

They're faster to be able to tell the difference

Brže će primijetiti razliku između

between a light and dark blue.

svijetlo i tamno plave boje.

And when you look at people's brains as they're looking at colors --

Dok gledate ljudski mozak kako promatra boje,

say you have colors shifting slowly from light to dark blue --

recimo dok se one polako mijenjaju od svijetle prema tamno plavoj,

the brains of people who use different words for light and dark blue

mozgovi ljudi koji koriste različite riječi za svijetlo i tamno plavu

will give a surprised reaction as the colors shift from light to dark,

reagirat će iznenađeno tijekom promjene boja,

as if, "Ooh, something has categorically changed,"

u stilu "O, nešto se jako promijenilo",

whereas the brains of English speakers, for example,

dok mozgovi govornika engleskog, na primjer,

that don't make this categorical distinction,

koji ne rade ovu kategoričku razliku,

don't give that surprise,

neće biti tako iznenađeni,

because nothing is categorically changing.

jer se ništa izričito ne mijenja.

Languages have all kinds of structural quirks.

Jezici imaju sve moguće strukturalne uvrnutosti.

This is one of my favorites.

Ovo mi je jedna od najdražih.

Lots of languages have grammatical gender;

Mnogo jezika ima gramatički rod:

every noun gets assigned a gender, often masculine or feminine.

svaka imenica ima svoj rod, često muški ili ženski.

And these genders differ across languages.

I oni se razlikuju od jezika do jezika.

So, for example, the sun is feminine in German but masculine in Spanish,

Primjerice, "sunce" je ženskog roda u njemačkom, ali muškog u španjolskom,

and the moon, the reverse.

dok je "mjesec" obrnuto.

Could this actually have any consequence for how people think?

Bi li ovo moglo imati ikakve posljedice na to kako ljudi razmišljaju?

Do German speakers think of the sun as somehow more female-like,

Misle li govornici njemačkog da je sunce više žensko,

and the moon somehow more male-like?

dok je mjesec više muškog izgleda?

Actually, it turns out that's the case.

Zapravo, izgleda da je upravo tako.

So if you ask German and Spanish speakers to, say, describe a bridge,

Ako pitate govornike njemačkog i španjolskog da opišu, primjerice, most,

like the one here --

poput ovoga ovdje,

"bridge" happens to be grammatically feminine in German,

"most" je gramatički ženskog roda u njemačkom,

grammatically masculine in Spanish --

gramatički muškog roda u španjolskom.

German speakers are more likely to say bridges are "beautiful," "elegant"

Govornici njemačkog prije će reći da su mostovi "divni", "elegantni",

and stereotypically feminine words.

tipične ženske riječi.

Whereas Spanish speakers will be more likely to say

Dok će govornici španjolskog reći

they're "strong" or "long,"

da su "snažni" ili "dugi",

these masculine words.

tipične muške riječi.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Languages also differ in how they describe events, right?

Jezici se također razlikuju u opisivanju događaja, zar ne?

Uzmite za primjer ovu nezgodu.

You take an event like this, an accident.

In English, it's fine to say, "He broke the vase."

U engleskom je u redu reći: "Razbio je vazu."

In a language like Spanish,

U jeziku poput španjolskog,

you might be more likely to say, "The vase broke,"

prije ćete reći: "Vaza je razbijena.",

or, "The vase broke itself."

ili "Vaza se razbila."

If it's an accident, you wouldn't say that someone did it.

Ako je riječ o nezgodi, ne biste rekli da je netko to učinio.

In English, quite weirdly, we can even say things like,

U engleskom, iako zvuči dosta čudno, možemo reći nešto poput:

"I broke my arm."

"Slomio sam si ruku."

Now, in lots of languages,

U mnogim jezicima

you couldn't use that construction unless you are a lunatic

ne biste mogli koristiti takav oblik osim ako ste ludi

and you went out looking to break your arm --

i išli ste sami sebi lomiti ruku.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

and you succeeded.

I uspjeli u tome.

If it was an accident, you would use a different construction.

Ako je riječ o nesreći, koristili biste drugačiju konstrukciju.

Now, this has consequences.

Ovo ima posljedice.

So, people who speak different languages will pay attention to different things,

Ljudi koji govore različitim jezicima obraćaju pozornost na različite stvari,

depending on what their language usually requires them to do.

ovisno o tome na što ih usmjerava jezik kojim govore.

So we show the same accident to English speakers and Spanish speakers,

Pokažemo li istu nezgodu govornicima engleskog i španjolskog,

English speakers will remember who did it,

govornici engleskog će zapamtiti tko je izazvao nezgodu,

because English requires you to say, "He did it; he broke the vase."

jer engleski zahtijeva da kažete: "On je to učinio: razbio je vazu."

Whereas Spanish speakers might be less likely to remember who did it

S druge strane, govornici španjolskog vjerojatno neće zapamtiti tko je krivac

if it's an accident,

ako se radi o nezgodi,

but they're more likely to remember that it was an accident.

već će zapamtiti činjenicu da je riječ o nezgodi.

They're more likely to remember the intention.

Skloniji su zapamtiti namjeru.

So, two people watch the same event,

Dakle, dvoje ljudi gleda isti događaj,

witness the same crime,

svjedoče istom zločinu,

but end up remembering different things about that event.

ali zapamte drugačije stvari o tom događaju.

This has implications, of course, for eyewitness testimony.

Naravno da ovo ima neizbježne posljedice za svjedočenja očevidaca.

It also has implications for blame and punishment.

Također ima posljedice za optužbu i kažnjavanje.

So if you take English speakers

Dakle, govornicima engleskog

and I just show you someone breaking a vase,

pokažem nekoga kako razbija vazu,

and I say, "He broke the vase," as opposed to "The vase broke,"

i kažem "Razbio je vazu." umjesto "Vaza se razbila.",

even though you can witness it yourself,

čak i ako sami tome svjedočite,

you can watch the video,

pogledate video,

you can watch the crime against the vase,

možete pogledati zločin nad vazom,

više ćete kazniti nekoga drugoga,

you will punish someone more,

you will blame someone more if I just said, "He broke it,"

okrivit ćete nekoga drugoga više ako kažem "On ju je razbio."

as opposed to, "It broke."

umjesto "Razbila se."

The language guides our reasoning about events.

Jezik usmjerava naše rasuđivanje događaja.

Now, I've given you a few examples

Pokazala sam vam nekoliko primjera

of how language can profoundly shape the way we think,

kako jezik uvelike može oblikovati naše razmišljanje,

and it does so in a variety of ways.

i to čini na razne načine.

So language can have big effects,

Jezik može imati veliki utjecaj,

like we saw with space and time,

kao kod primjera prostora i vremena,

where people can lay out space and time

gdje ljudi raspolažu prostorom i vremenom

in completely different coordinate frames from each other.

na potpuno drugačije načine.

Language can also have really deep effects --

Jezik također može imati značajan utjecaj

that's what we saw with the case of number.

kao što smo vidjeli u slučaju s brojevima.

Having count words in your language,

Brojati u svom jeziku,

having number words,

imati riječi za brojeve,

opens up the whole world of mathematics.

otvara cijeli novi svijet matematike.

Of course, if you don't count, you can't do algebra,

Ako ne brojite, ne možete se baviti algebrom,

you can't do any of the things

ne možete učiniti stvari poput

that would be required to build a room like this

gradnje ovakve dvorane,

or make this broadcast, right?

ili emitirati ovaj prijenos, zar ne?

This little trick of number words gives you a stepping stone

Ovaj mali trik s brojevima odskočna je daska

into a whole cognitive realm.

u cjelovito kognitivno carstvo.

Language can also have really early effects,

Jezik također može imati prijevremene učinke,

what we saw in the case of color.

kao što smo vidjeli u slučaju boja.

These are really simple, basic, perceptual decisions.

Ovo su stvarno jednostavne, osnovne uočljive odluke.

We make thousands of them all the time,

Cijelo ih vrijeme donosimo na tisuće,

and yet, language is getting in there

i jezik se uvlači u njih,

and fussing even with these tiny little perceptual decisions that we make.

uznemiravajući čak i sitne odluke koje donosimo.

Language can have really broad effects.

Jezik može imati uistinu široki utjecaj.

So the case of grammatical gender may be a little silly,

Iako se slučaj s gramatičkim rodom može činiti luckastim,

but at the same time, grammatical gender applies to all nouns.

istovremeno, gramatički se rod primjenjuje na sve imenice.

That means language can shape how you're thinking

To znači da jezik može oblikovati kako razmišljate

about anything that can be named by a noun.

o bilo čemu što se može imenovati imenicom.

That's a lot of stuff.

A to je mnogo toga.

And finally, I gave you an example of how language can shape things

Naposljetku, pokazala sam vam primjer kako jezik može oblikovati

that have personal weight to us --

nešto što jako utječe na nas,

ideas like blame and punishment or eyewitness memory.

poput krivice ili kažnjavanja ili sjećanja očevidaca.

These are important things in our daily lives.

Ovo su važne stvari za našu svakodnevicu.

Now, the beauty of linguistic diversity is that it reveals to us

Ljepota jezične raznolikosti otkriva nam

just how ingenious and how flexible the human mind is.

genijalnost i fleksibilnost ljudskog uma.

Human minds have invented not one cognitive universe, but 7,000 --

Ljudski umovi nisu stvorili jedan, već 7000 kognitivnih univerzuma.

there are 7,000 languages spoken around the world.

U svijetu se govori 7000 jezika.

And we can create many more --

I možemo ih stvoriti još.

languages, of course, are living things,

Jezici su, naravno, živa materija,

things that we can hone and change to suit our needs.

i možemo raditi na njima i mijenjati ih prema našim potrebama.

The tragic thing is that we're losing so much of this linguistic diversity

Tragično je da gubimo toliko ove jezične raznolikosti

all the time.

cijelo vrijeme.

We're losing about one language a week,

Gubimo jedan jezik tjedno,

and by some estimates,

i prema procjenama,

half of the world's languages will be gone in the next hundred years.

u sljedećih sto godina nestat će pola svjetskih jezika.

And the even worse news is that right now,

Još je gora vijest da upravo sada,

almost everything we know about the human mind and human brain

gotovo sve što znamo o ljudskom umu i mozgu

is based on studies of usually American English-speaking undergraduates

temelji se na studijama američkih studenata, govornika engleskog,

at universities.

na sveučilištima.

That excludes almost all humans. Right?

To isključuje gotovo sve ljude, zar ne?

So what we know about the human mind is actually incredibly narrow and biased,

Ono što znamo o ljudskom umu zapravo je nevjerojatno uskogrudno i pristrano,

and our science has to do better.

i naša znanost mora biti bolja od toga.

I want to leave you with this final thought.

Želim vas ostaviti s ovom posljednjom misli.

I've told you about how speakers of different languages think differently,

Rekla sam vam kako govornici raznih jezika različito razmišljaju,

but of course, that's not about how people elsewhere think.

ali naravno, ne radi se o tome kako ljudi negdje drugdje razmišljaju.

It's about how you think.

Važno je kako vi razmišljate.

It's how the language that you speak shapes the way that you think.

Kako jezik kojim govorite oblikuje vaš način razmišljanja.

And that gives you the opportunity to ask,

To vam pruža priliku da se zapitate:

"Why do I think the way that I do?"

"Zašto razmišljam kako razmišljam?"

"How could I think differently?"

"Kako bih mogao razmišljati drugačije?"

And also,

Također,

"What thoughts do I wish to create?"

"Kakve misli želim stvoriti?"

Thank you very much.

Najljepša vam hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)