How language shapes the way we think | Lera Boroditsky | TED

Translator: Dilora Yusupova Reviewer: Nazarbek Nazarov

So, I'll be speaking to you using language ...

Xoʻsh, til ko'nikmalarimdan foydalanib, maʼruzani olib boraman.

because I can.

Chunki bu qoʻlimdan keladi.

This is one these magical abilities that we humans have.

Til biz, insoniyat ega boʻlgan eng sehrli koʻnikmalardan biridir.

We can transmit really complicated thoughts to one another.

U orqali chindan ham murakkab fikrlarni bir-birimiz bilan boʻlisha olamiz.

So what I'm doing right now is, I'm making sounds with my mouth

Demak, men hozir nima qilyabman? Men nafas chiqarish mobaynida

as I'm exhaling.

tovushlar hosil qilyabman.

I'm making tones and hisses and puffs,

Mening pishillash va vishillashlarim

and those are creating air vibrations in the air.

havoda tebranish hosil qilmoqda.

Those air vibrations are traveling to you,

Bu tebranishlar havo orqali

sizning quloq pardangiznga yetib bormoqda.

they're hitting your eardrums,

and then your brain takes those vibrations from your eardrums

Soʻng ushbu tebranishlar miyangiz tomonidan tahlil qilinib,

and transforms them into thoughts.

fikrlarga aylanadi.

Shunday deb umid qilaman.

I hope.

(Laughter)

(Kulgu)

Umid qilamanki, shunday boʻlyapti.

I hope that's happening.

So because of this ability, we humans are able to transmit our ideas

Aynan shu qobiliyatimiz bizga oʻz fikrlarimizni

vaqt va makonlar osha boshqalarga yetkaza olish imkonini beradi.

across vast reaches of space and time.

We're able to transmit knowledge across minds.

Biz istalgan bilimni boshqalar bilan ulashishimiz mumkin.

I can put a bizarre new idea in your mind right now.

Men hoziroq bir gʻayrioddiy fikrni siz bilan boʻlishishim mumkin.

I could say,

Aytaylik,

"Imagine a jellyfish waltzing in a library

"Kvant mexanikasi haqida fikrlayotib,

kutubxonada vals tushayotgan meduzalarni tasavvur qiling".

while thinking about quantum mechanics."

(Laughter)

(Kulgu)

Now, if everything has gone relatively well in your life so far,

Agar hayotingiz shu paytgacha nisbatan yaxshi kechgan boʻlsa,

you probably haven't had that thought before.

avval bu fikr sizning hayolingizga kelmagan.

(Laughter)

(Kulgu)

But now I've just made you think it,

Biroq hozirgina til imkoniyatlaridan foydalanib,

through language.

sizni bu haqida oʻylashga majbur qildim.

Now of course, there isn't just one language in the world,

Tabiiyki, dunyoda bittagina til mavjud emas.

there are about 7,000 languages spoken around the world.

Dunyo aholisi 7000 xil tilda muloqot qiladi.

Bu tillarning hammasi bir-biridan turli jihatlari bilan farq qiladi.

And all the languages differ from one another in all kinds of ways.

Some languages have different sounds,

Baʼzi tillarning tovushlari farqli,

they have different vocabularies,

ularning soʻzlari turlicha,

and they also have different structures --

hamda ularning tuzilish tarkibi boshqacha–

very importantly, different structures.

mana shu narsa juda muhim.

That begs the question:

Shunda bir savol paydo boʻladi:

Does the language we speak shape the way we think?

Biz soʻzlayotgan til fikrlashimizni shakllantira oladimi?

Now, this is an ancient question.

Bu savolga azaldan javob qidiriladi.

People have been speculating about this question forever.

Bu borada insoniyat qadimdan taxminlar qilib kelmoqda.

Charlemagne, Holy Roman emperor, said,

Buyuk Karl shunday degan edi:

"To have a second language is to have a second soul" --

"Ikkinchi tilni bilish ikkinchi qalbga ega boʻlish degani".

strong statement that language crafts reality.

Til voqeʼlikni yaratishi haqidagi juda kuchli fikr-a?

But on the other hand, Shakespeare has Juliet say,

Biroq, Shekspirning Juliettasi boshqacha fikrni aytgandi:

"Nom degan nima?

"What's in a name?

Gulning nomi oʻzga boʻlsa nima boʻlurdi: Oʻzga nomda xushboʻyligi oʻzgararmidi?"

A rose by any other name would smell as sweet."

Well, that suggests that maybe language doesn't craft reality.

Demak, til voqeʼlikni yaratmas, balki.

These arguments have gone back and forth for thousands of years.

Shu asnodagi bahs-munozaralar ming yillarki davom etmoqda.

But until recently, there hasn't been any data

Yaqin oragacha qay fikrni isbotlash uchun boʻlsa ham,

to help us decide either way.

bizda yetarli dalil boʻlmagan.

Recently, in my lab and other labs around the world,

Biroz avval dunyo olimlari bilan bir qatorda

we've started doing research,

men ham oʻz tadqiqotlarimni boshladim.

and now we have actual scientific data to weigh in on this question.

Ana endi bizda bu savolga javob berishga yetarli ilmiy dalillar bor.

So let me tell you about some of my favorite examples.

Keling, sizga eng yoqtirganlarimni aytib beraman.

I'll start with an example from an Aboriginal community in Australia

Birinchi misolim Avstraliyaning mahalliy aholisi haqida boʻladi.

that I had the chance to work with.

Bir vaqtlar ular bilan ishlagandim.

Bu qabilaning nomi Kuuk Taayorre boʻlib,

These are the Kuuk Thaayorre people.

They live in Pormpuraaw at the very west edge of Cape York.

ular Keyp Yorkning gʻarbiy qirgʻogʻidagi Pormpuraav degan joyda yashashadi.

What's cool about Kuuk Thaayorre is,

Kuuk Taayorrening qiziq tarafi shundaki,

in Kuuk Thaayorre, they don't use words like "left" and "right,"

ularning tilida "chap", "oʻng" degan soʻzlar yoʻq.

and instead, everything is in cardinal directions:

Buning oʻrniga ular ufq tomonlari:

north, south, east and west.

shimol, janub, sharq, gʻarbni ishlatishadi

And when I say everything, I really mean everything.

Bu jumlalar hamma narsaga nisbatan qoʻllaniladi.

You would say something like,

Bu taxminan shunday yangrashi mumkin:

"Oh, there's an ant on your southwest leg."

"Voy, oyogʻingning janubi-gʻarbida chumoli yuribdi".

Yoki: "Kosangni biroz shimoli-sharqqa sur".

Or, "Move your cup to the north-northeast a little bit."

In fact, the way that you say "hello" in Kuuk Thaayorre is you say,

Aslida, Kuuk Taayorre tilida "salom" ham quyidagicha:

"Which way are you going?"

"Qaysi tomonga ketyabsan?"

And the answer should be,

Unga javoban taxminan shunday deysiz:

"North-northeast in the far distance.

"Uzoq shimoli-sharqqa.

How about you?"

Oʻzingchi?"

So imagine as you're walking around your day,

Tasavvur qiling, shunchaki piyoda yuribsiz.

Yoʻlingizdan chiqqan har bir odamga

every person you greet,

you have to report your heading direction.

qay tomonga otlanganingizni aytishingiz kerak.

(Laughter)

(Kulgu)

But that would actually get you oriented pretty fast, right?

Lekin bu sizga moʻljalni aniqlab olishda yordam beradi. Shunday emasmi?

Because you literally couldn't get past "hello,"

Chunki qayerga ketayotganingizni bilmasangiz,

if you didn't know which way you were going.

"salom"dan uyogʻiga oʻtolmaysiz.

In fact, people who speak languages like this stay oriented really well.

Aslida, shu kabi tillarda soʻzlashuvchilar moʻljal aniqlashda usta boʻladi.

U odamzot yoʻnalish aniqlashda oʻylagandan koʻra yaxshiroqligini koʻrsatadi.

They stay oriented better than we used to think humans could.

We used to think that humans were worse than other creatures

Biz inson ayrim biologik sabablar tufayli

because of some biological excuse:

bu borada boshqa jonzotlardan orqada deb oʻylardik:

"Oh, we don't have magnets in our beaks or in our scales."

"Ha, bizning tumshuq yo tangachalarimizda magnitlar yoʻq".

No; if your language and your culture trains you to do it,

Yoʻq, agar sizning til va madaniyatingiz sizni shu narsaga azaldan oʻrgatsa,

actually, you can do it.

siz buni qila olasiz.

There are humans around the world who stay oriented really well.

Dunyoda tomonlarni yaxshi aniqlay oladigan kishilar juda koʻp.

And just to get us in agreement

Bu narsa aslida qanchalik qiyin ekanligini

about how different this is from the way we do it,

isbotlash uchun, keling, bir narsa qilamiz:

I want you all to close your eyes for a second

bir soniyaga koʻzingizni yuming-da,

and point southeast.

janubi-sharq tomonni koʻrsating

(Laughter)

(Kulgu)

Keep your eyes closed. Point.

Koʻzingizni yuming va koʻrsating.

OK, so you can open your eyes.

Xoʻp mayli, koʻzingizni ochishingiz mumkin.

I see you guys pointing there, there, there, there, there ...

Biringiz bu, boshqangiz bu va bu taraflarni koʻrsatyabsiz.

I don't know which way it is myself --

Qaysi tomonda ekanligini oʻzim ham bilmayman.

(Laughter)

(Kulgu)

You have not been a lot of help.

Sizdan ham foyda kam ekan.

(Laughter)

(Kulgu)

So let's just say the accuracy in this room was not very high.

Bu borada xonadagilardan aniq javob chiqmadi deb qoʻya qolamiz.

This is a big difference in cognitive ability across languages, right?

Bu turli tillar ongimizga turlicha taʼsir qilishini koʻrsatadi-a?

Where one group -- very distinguished group like you guys --

Bir guruh vakillari, yaʼni siz,

doesn't know which way is which,

qay tomon qayerda ekanligini bilmagan bir paytda

but in another group,

boshqa guruh vakillarida

I could ask a five-year-old and they would know.

5 yoshli bola ham bu narsani biladi.

(Laughter)

(Kulgu)

There are also really big differences in how people think about time.

Yana turli tilda suhbatlashuvchilarda vaqtni his qilish ham farq qiladi.

So here I have pictures of my grandfather at different ages.

Bu yerda bobomning turli yoshdagi rasmlarini koʻrib turibsiz.

And if I ask an English speaker to organize time,

Agar ingliz tilida gaplashuvchilardan vaqtni tartibi boʻyicha qoʻying desam,

they might lay it out this way,

Ular buni quyidagicha,

from left to right.

chapdan oʻngga qarab taxlashadi.

This has to do with writing direction.

Bu qay tarafga qarab yozishga bogʻliq.

If you were a speaker of Hebrew or Arabic,

Agar siz arab yo yahudiy tilida gaplashsangiz

you might do it going in the opposite direction,

siz buni teskarisini qilasiz:

from right to left.

oʻngdan chapga.

But how would the Kuuk Thaayorre,

Endi sizga aytib bergan mahalliy aholi

this Aboriginal group I just told you about, do it?

Kuuk Taayorrelar buni qanday qiladi deysizmi?

They don't use words like "left" and "right."

Ularda "chap", "oʻng" degan narsa yoʻqku.

Let me give you hint.

Sizga kichik yordam beraman.

When we sat people facing south,

Ularni janub tomon yuzlatib qoʻysak,

they organized time from left to right.

ular rasmlarni chapdan oʻngga taxladi.

When we sat them facing north,

Shimolga qaratsak esa,

they organized time from right to left.

oʻngdan chapga taxlashdi.

When we sat them facing east,

Sharq tomon yuzlanishganida

time came towards the body.

rasmlarni oʻzlariga qarab taxlashdi.

What's the pattern?

Bu yerda qandaydir mutanosiblik bor:

rasmlar doim sharqdan gʻarbga qarab taxlanyapti.

East to west, right?

So for them, time doesn't actually get locked on the body at all,

Demak, ular uchun vaqt bizning tanamizda emas,

it gets locked on the landscape.

atrof-muhitda yashiringan.

So for me, if I'm facing this way,

Agar men bu tomonga qarasam,

then time goes this way,

vaqt buyoqqa qarab ketadi.

and if I'm facing this way, then time goes this way.

Agar buyoqqa yuzlansam, vaqt buyoqqa ketyapti.

I'm facing this way, time goes this way --

Bu yerga qarasam, vaqt buyoqqa.

very egocentric of me to have the direction of time chase me around

Har safar tanamni boshqa tarafga qaratib, vaqtni oʻzgartirish

every time I turn my body.

biroz xudbinlik-a?

For the Kuuk Thaayorre, time is locked on the landscape.

Kuuk Taayorreliklar uchun vaqt landshaftda yashirin ekan.

It's a dramatically different way of thinking about time.

Bu vaqtni juda oʻzgacha qabul qilish.

Here's another really smart human trick.

Yana bir hiylani eshiting:

Suppose I ask you how many penguins are there.

bu yerda nechta pingvin bor?

Well, I bet I know how you'd solve that problem if you solved it.

Xoʻsh, bu masalani qay tarzda yechishingizni bilaman.

You went, "One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight."

"Bir, ikki, uch, toʻrt, besh olti, yetti, sakkiz" –

You counted them.

siz ularni shunchaki sanadingiz.

You named each one with a number,

Siz har bir pingvinni raqamladingiz.

and the last number you said was the number of penguins.

Siz aytgan oxirgi son esa, pingvinlarning umumiy soni.

This is a little trick that you're taught to use as kids.

Bu kichik hiylani biz yoshlikdan bilamiz.

You learn the number list and you learn how to apply it.

Siz raqamlar tartibini oʻrganib, uni qanday qoʻllashni ham bilib borasiz.

A little linguistic trick.

Kichik lingvistik fokus.

Well, some languages don't do this,

Xoʻsh, baʼzi tillarda bu narsa yoʻq.

because some languages don't have exact number words.

Chunki ularda raqamlar uchun aniq bir soʻz yoʻq.

They're languages that don't have a word like "seven"

Ularning tillarida "yetti"ga oʻxshagan soʻzlar yoʻq.

or a word like "eight."

Yoki "sakkiz".

In fact, people who speak these languages don't count,

Bu til soʻzlashuvchilari sanashmaydi.

and they have trouble keeping track of exact quantities.

Shu sababli ham sanoq bilan bogʻliq masalalarda ular qiynaladi.

So, for example, if I ask you to match this number of penguins

Masalan, sizga yuqoridagi pengvinlar soniga teng

to the same number of ducks,

o'rdaklarni tanlang desam,

you would be able to do that by counting.

siz buni darrov sanab, belgilaysiz.

But folks who don't have that linguistic trick can't do that.

Bunday lingvistik xususiyati yo'q tillarda suhbatlashuvchilar esa,bunday qila olmaydi

Languages also differ in how they divide up the color spectrum --

Tillar ranglar spektrini belgilashda ham farq qiladi.

the visual world.

Yaʼni, dunyoni turlicha koʻradi.

Baʼzi tillarda rangni ifodalovchi soʻzlar juda koʻp,

Some languages have lots of words for colors,

some have only a couple words, "light" and "dark."

boshqalari esa bir necha juft bilan cheklangan: "toʻq", "och"

And languages differ in where they put boundaries between colors.

Ranglar orasidagi chegara ham turlicha.

So, for example, in English, there's a word for blue

Masalan, ingliz tilida ekrandagi barcha ranglarni

that covers all of the colors that you can see on the screen,

bir soʻz bilan – "koʻk deymiz.

but in Russian, there isn't a single word.

Rus tilida esa, bunday bir soʻz yoʻq.

Instead, Russian speakers have to differentiate

Buning oʻrniga siz bu rangni guruhlarga ajratasiz:

between light blue, "goluboy,"

moviy – "goluboy"

and dark blue, "siniy."

va toʻq koʻk – "siniy".

So Russians have this lifetime of experience of, in language,

Demak, ruslar bu rangni oʻzini taniganidan beri

distinguishing these two colors.

ikki xil qabul qilishadi.

When we test people's ability to perceptually discriminate these colors,

Agar ranglarni bir-biridan ajratish vazifasi berilsa,

ruslar boshqalarga nisbatan tezroq ekanligini aniqladik.

what we find is that Russian speakers are faster

across this linguistic boundary.

Yaʼni, ularni aniqlab, aytib bera olishda.

They're faster to be able to tell the difference

Ular och va toʻq koʻk oʻrtasidagi

between a light and dark blue.

farqni tezroq ajrata oladi.

Agar odamlarga och koʻkdan toʻq koʻkgacha boʻlgan spektrdagi ranglar koʻrsatilib,

And when you look at people's brains as they're looking at colors --

say you have colors shifting slowly from light to dark blue --

jarayon davomida ularning miyasidagi faoliyatni kuzatsak,

the brains of people who use different words for light and dark blue

och va toʻq koʻk uchun alohida soʻz ishlatadigan odamlarning miyasi

will give a surprised reaction as the colors shift from light to dark,

ranglar spektri toʻqlashib borgan sari, hayratlanish signalini beradi.

as if, "Ooh, something has categorically changed,"

Xuddi: "Biror narsa oʻzgardi, qara", degandek.

Bu rangni turlarga ajratmaydigan tillar,

whereas the brains of English speakers, for example,

that don't make this categorical distinction,

shu qatori ingliz tili soʻzlashuvchilarida

don't give that surprise,

bunday oʻzgarish kuzatilmadi.

because nothing is categorically changing.

Chunki ular hech qanday oʻzgarishni koʻrishmayapti.

Languages have all kinds of structural quirks.

Tillar bunday oʻziga xos tuzilma jihatlariga toʻla.

This is one of my favorites.

Bu menga eng yoqqanlaridan.

Lots of languages have grammatical gender;

Juda koʻp tillarda grammatik gender bor.

every noun gets assigned a gender, often masculine or feminine.

Har bir ot asosan yo feminin (ayol), yo maskulin (erkak) turlariga ajratiladi.

And these genders differ across languages.

Bu genderlar tillarga qarab farq qiladi.

So, for example, the sun is feminine in German but masculine in Spanish,

Masalan, nemis tilida quyosh feminin, ispan tilida esa maskulin.

and the moon, the reverse.

Oy esa, buning teskarisi.

Could this actually have any consequence for how people think?

Bu insonlarning fikrlashiga taʼsir qilarmikan?

Do German speakers think of the sun as somehow more female-like,

Nemislar quyoshga "ayollarga xos",

and the moon somehow more male-like?

oyga esa, "erkakcha" taʼriflar berarmikan?

Actually, it turns out that's the case.

Maʼlum boʻlishicha, ha.

So if you ask German and Spanish speakers to, say, describe a bridge,

Deylik,nemis va ispan tilida suhbatlashuvchilarga koʻprik koʻrsatib –

like the one here --

shunga oʻxshash–

"bridge" happens to be grammatically feminine in German,

uni taʼriflashni soʻraylik. "Koʻprik" nemischada feminin

grammatically masculine in Spanish --

ispanchada esa, maskulin.

German speakers are more likely to say bridges are "beautiful," "elegant"

Javob sifatida, nemislar koʻprikni "goʻzal", "xushbichim" deb taʼriflaydi.

and stereotypically feminine words.

Stereotip boʻyicha "ayollarga xos" soʻzlar-a?

Whereas Spanish speakers will be more likely to say

Ispanlar esa, koʻprikni "erkaklarga xos":

they're "strong" or "long,"

"kuchli", "uzun" kabi soʻzlar bilan

these masculine words.

taʼriflashga moyil ekan.

(Laughter)

(Kulgu)

Languages also differ in how they describe events, right?

Tillar bir voqeani turlicha taʼriflaydi, toʻgʻrimi?

You take an event like this, an accident.

Aytaylik, bir tasodifiy vaziyat.

In English, it's fine to say, "He broke the vase."

Inglizlarda: "U guldonni sindirdi" deyish odatiy boʻlsa,

In a language like Spanish,

ispan tiliga oʻxshash tillar

you might be more likely to say, "The vase broke,"

koʻproq: "Guldon sindi", deyishi mumkin

or, "The vase broke itself."

yoki "Guldon oʻzi sindi"

If it's an accident, you wouldn't say that someone did it.

Agar bu vaziyat tasodif boʻlsa, ular buni birov qildi deyishmaydi.

In English, quite weirdly, we can even say things like,

Oʻylab qarasak, ingliz tilida

"Men oyogʻimni sindirdim" deyish biroz gʻalati ekan.

"I broke my arm."

Now, in lots of languages,

Aksariyat tillarda bu gap tuzilishini

ishlatish gʻalati eshitilishi mumkin. Albatta, agar siz oyparast boʻlib,

you couldn't use that construction unless you are a lunatic

oyogʻingizni sindirish uchun atay koʻchaga chiqib ketmasangiz.

and you went out looking to break your arm --

(Laughter)

(Kulgu)

and you succeeded.

Va sindirish qoʻlingizdan kelsa.

If it was an accident, you would use a different construction.

Agar bu tasodif boʻlsa, siz boshqacha gap qurilmasini ishlatasiz.

Now, this has consequences.

Buning oʻzgacha oqibatlari bor.

So, people who speak different languages will pay attention to different things,

Bundan koʻrinadiki, turli til egalari tillari qanday tuzilishiga qarab,

depending on what their language usually requires them to do.

vaziyatdan boshqa-boshqa narsani koʻradilar.

So we show the same accident to English speakers and Spanish speakers,

Boyagi tasodifiy voqeaga qaytsak,

English speakers will remember who did it,

inglizlar ishni kim qilganini eslab qoladi

because English requires you to say, "He did it; he broke the vase."

chunki ular: "U shuni qildi", deb aytishlari kerak.

Whereas Spanish speakers might be less likely to remember who did it

Ispanlar esa, tasodifiy holatlarda kim bu vaziyatga tushganini

eslay olmasliklari mumkin.

if it's an accident,

but they're more likely to remember that it was an accident.

Aksincha, bu tasodif ekanligiga urgʻu beradilar.

Ular koʻproq ishning maqsadli yoki tasodifligini eslab qoladilar.

They're more likely to remember the intention.

So, two people watch the same event,

Aytaylik, ikki kishi bir vaziyatni kuzatdi

witness the same crime,

yoki oʻgʻrilikka guvoh boʻlishdi.

but end up remembering different things about that event.

Biroq ular eslab qolgan narsalar bir-biridan farq qiladi.

This has implications, of course, for eyewitness testimony.

Shu narsaning taʼsiri guvohlardan maʼlumot olayotganda,

It also has implications for blame and punishment.

ayb qoʻyish va jazo berish jarayonlarida koʻrinadi.

So if you take English speakers

Masalan, inglizlarni oladigan boʻlsak,

and I just show you someone breaking a vase,

yuqoridagi guldon singan videoni ularga koʻrsatsangiz,

and I say, "He broke the vase," as opposed to "The vase broke,"

Shu holda ular katta ehtimol bilan "Guldon sindi" emas, "U guldonni sindirdi"

even though you can witness it yourself,

deyishadi. Shunda siz voqeaga guvoh boʻlsanggiz,

you can watch the video,

videoni koʻrib turib ham,

you can watch the crime against the vase,

siz vaziyatga boshqacha nazar bilan qaraysiz,

qahramonni jazolash ehtimolingiz kattaroq boʻladi.

you will punish someone more,

you will blame someone more if I just said, "He broke it,"

"U sindi" deyishni oʻrniga "... uni sindirdi" deganimning oʻzi

as opposed to, "It broke."

birovni ayblash ehtimolini oshiradi.

The language guides our reasoning about events.

Til vaziyatlarga qanday qarashimizni belgilab beryapti.

Now, I've given you a few examples

Til bizning fikrlashimizni

of how language can profoundly shape the way we think,

oʻzgartira olishiga misollar keltirdim.

and it does so in a variety of ways.

Buning yoʻllari esa, juda koʻp.

So language can have big effects,

Tomonlarni va vaqtni aniqlash misollarida

like we saw with space and time,

tilning ahamiyatini koʻrib chiqdik.

where people can lay out space and time

Bunda ishtirokchilar bir-biridan

in completely different coordinate frames from each other.

oʻta farqli tarzda tomonlarni aniqlashdi.

Language can also have really deep effects --

Til oʻta chuqur taʼsirga ham ega.

that's what we saw with the case of number.

Buni raqamlar bilan bogʻliq misolda koʻrdik.

Having count words in your language,

Tilingizda sanoq soʻzlari,

raqamlarni ifodalovchi soʻzlar boʻlishi

having number words,

opens up the whole world of mathematics.

matematika eshiklarini ochadi.

Of course, if you don't count, you can't do algebra,

Siz sanay olmasangiz, algebra nimaligini bilmaysiz.

you can't do any of the things

Natijada, mana shu xonani qurish

that would be required to build a room like this

yoki shu videoni qilish uchun kerakli

or make this broadcast, right?

ishlarni qila olmaysiz, toʻgʻrimi?

This little trick of number words gives you a stepping stone

Tildagi ahamiyatsiz tuyilgan raqamlar bilan bogʻliq bu jihat

into a whole cognitive realm.

boshqa bilimlar uchun poydevor hisoblanadi.

Language can also have really early effects,

Ranglar bilan bogʻliq misolda koʻrganimizdek,

what we saw in the case of color.

tilning taʼsiri yoshligimizdanoq seziladi.

Koʻrinishidan bular oddiy, avtomatik qilinadigan qarorlarga o'xshaydi.

These are really simple, basic, perceptual decisions.

We make thousands of them all the time,

Kuniga bunday qarorlardan mingtasini qabul qilamiz.

and yet, language is getting in there

Biroq shu kichik koʻringan qarorlarda ham

and fussing even with these tiny little perceptual decisions that we make.

biz foydalanayotgan til taʼsiri bor.

Language can have really broad effects.

Til juda keng taʼsirga ega.

So the case of grammatical gender may be a little silly,

Grammatik genderga oid misollar ahmoqona koʻrinar, balki.

but at the same time, grammatical gender applies to all nouns.

Biroq grammatik gender ot soʻz turkumidagi barcha soʻzlarga qoʻllaniladi.

Demakki, ot soʻz turkumida ifodalanuvchi istalgan narsa haqidagi fikrlaringiz

That means language can shape how you're thinking

about anything that can be named by a noun.

til xususiyatlariga qarab oʻzgaradi.

That's a lot of stuff.

Bunday narsalar koʻp-a?

And finally, I gave you an example of how language can shape things

Soʻngra biz aybni belgilash, jazolash, guvoh xotirasi kabi

that have personal weight to us --

har bir inson oʻzidan kelib baholaydigan

ideas like blame and punishment or eyewitness memory.

jarayonlarda tilning oʻrnini koʻrib chiqdik.

These are important things in our daily lives.

Kundalik hayotimizda bunday jarayonlar katta ahamiyatga ega.

Now, the beauty of linguistic diversity is that it reveals to us

Tillardagi xilma-xillik inson onggi qanchalik moslashuvchan,

just how ingenious and how flexible the human mind is.

zukko ekanligini koʻrsatib beradi.

Human minds have invented not one cognitive universe, but 7,000 --

Onggimiz birgina olamni emas, 7000 tasini koʻra biladi –

there are 7,000 languages spoken around the world.

dunyoda 7000 ta til mavjud.

Va biz bundan-da koʻpini oʻylab topa olamiz.

And we can create many more --

languages, of course, are living things,

Tillarning ham joni bor:

things that we can hone and change to suit our needs.

biz ularni oʻz zaruriyatlarimizga qarab oʻzgartira olamiz.

The tragic thing is that we're losing so much of this linguistic diversity

Achinarlisi, biz tillardagi xilma-xillik qadriga yetmayabmiz.

all the time.

Hech ham.

We're losing about one language a week,

Har haftada taxminan bitta til yoʻqolib ketmoqda.

and by some estimates,

Baʼzi taxminlarga koʻra esa,

half of the world's languages will be gone in the next hundred years.

kelasi 100 yil ichida mavjud tillarning yarmi yoʻq boʻladi.

And the even worse news is that right now,

Bundan ham ayanchlisi –

almost everything we know about the human mind and human brain

biz inson miyasi va onggi haqida bilganlarimizning hammasi

is based on studies of usually American English-speaking undergraduates

odatda ingliz tilida soʻzlashuvchi universitet bitiruvchilarining

at universities.

tadqiqotlaridan olingan.

That excludes almost all humans. Right?

Aksariyat aholi buning ichiga kirmaydi, shundaymi?

So what we know about the human mind is actually incredibly narrow and biased,

Qisqacha qilib aytganda,inson onggiga oid barcha bilimlar juda tor va xurofotga boy.

and our science has to do better.

Bu sohada hali koʻp ishlar qilinishi kerak.

I want to leave you with this final thought.

Soʼzimni shu yakuniy fikrlar bilan tugatmoqchiman.

I've told you about how speakers of different languages think differently,

Turli tilda soʻzlashuvchilar turlicha fikrlashlari haqida aytib oʻtgandim.

but of course, that's not about how people elsewhere think.

Biroq masala boshqalar qanday fikrlashida emas,

It's about how you think.

siz qanday fikrlashingizda.

It's how the language that you speak shapes the way that you think.

Gap siz ishlatadigan til fikrlashingizga qanday taʼsir koʻrsatayotganida.

And that gives you the opportunity to ask,

Shunda quyidagi savollarga oʻrin tugʻiladi:

"Why do I think the way that I do?"

"Nega aynan shunday fikrlayabman?"

"How could I think differently?"

"Nima qilsam boshqacha fikrlaydigan boʻlaman?"

And also,

Ha, yana

"What thoughts do I wish to create?"

"Qanday fikrlashni xohlar edim?"

Thank you very much.

Eʼtiboringiz uchun katta rahmat.

(Applause)

(Qarsaklar)