How language shapes the way we think | Lera Boroditsky | TED

12,624,677 views

2018-05-02 ใƒป TED


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How language shapes the way we think | Lera Boroditsky | TED

12,624,677 views ใƒป 2018-05-02

TED


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚

็ฟป่จณ: Yasushi Aoki ๆ กๆญฃ: Moe Shoji
00:12
So, I'll be speaking to you using language ...
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็งใฏ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใซใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ—ใพใ™โ€”
00:16
because I can.
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ใใ†ใงใใพใ™ใฎใง
00:17
This is one these magical abilities that we humans have.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไบบ้–“ใฎๆŒใค ไธๆ€่ญฐใชๅŠ›ใฎใฒใจใคใงใ™
00:21
We can transmit really complicated thoughts to one another.
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ใจใฆใ‚‚่ค‡้›‘ใช่€ƒใˆใ‚’ ไผใˆๅˆใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
00:25
So what I'm doing right now is, I'm making sounds with my mouth
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็งใŒไปŠใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ
ๆฏใ‚’ๅใใชใŒใ‚‰ ๅฃใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ้Ÿณใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใง
00:29
as I'm exhaling.
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00:30
I'm making tones and hisses and puffs,
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ใ‹ใ™ใ‚ŒใŸ้Ÿณใ‚„ ใฏใ˜ใ‘ใ‚‹้Ÿณใ‚’ๅ‡บใ—
00:32
and those are creating air vibrations in the air.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ็ฉบๆฐ—ใ‚’ๆŒฏๅ‹•ใ•ใ›
00:35
Those air vibrations are traveling to you,
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ใใฎ็ฉบๆฐ—ใฎๆŒฏๅ‹•ใŒ ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใฎใจใ“ใ‚ใซๅฑŠใ„ใฆ
00:38
they're hitting your eardrums,
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้ผ“่†œใซใถใคใ‹ใ‚Š
ใใฎ้ผ“่†œใฎๆŒฏๅ‹•ใ‚’
00:40
and then your brain takes those vibrations from your eardrums
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่„ณใŒ ๆ€่€ƒใธใจๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
00:44
and transforms them into thoughts.
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00:48
I hope.
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้ก˜ใ‚ใใฏ
00:49
(Laughter)
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(็ฌ‘)
ใใ†ใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ ๆœŸๅพ…ใ—ใพใ™
00:50
I hope that's happening.
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00:51
So because of this ability, we humans are able to transmit our ideas
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ใ“ใฎ่ƒฝๅŠ›ใฎใŠ้™ฐใง ไบบ้–“ใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ่€ƒใˆใ‚’
ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚„็ฉบ้–“ใ‚’่ถŠใˆใฆ ไผใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
00:56
across vast reaches of space and time.
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00:58
We're able to transmit knowledge across minds.
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ๅฟƒใ‹ใ‚‰ๅฟƒใธใจ ็Ÿฅ่ญ˜ใ‚’ไผใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‚“ใงใ™
็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใฎ้ ญใซ ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๅค‰ใช่€ƒใˆใ‚’ ็ด›ใ‚Œ่พผใพใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ‚ˆ
01:03
I can put a bizarre new idea in your mind right now.
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01:06
I could say,
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ใŸใจใˆใฐโ€”
01:08
"Imagine a jellyfish waltzing in a library
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ใ€Œๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจใงใƒฏใƒซใƒ„ใ‚’ ่ธŠใ‚ŠใชใŒใ‚‰
01:11
while thinking about quantum mechanics."
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้‡ๅญๅŠ›ๅญฆใซใคใ„ใฆ ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚ฒใ€ใจใ‹
01:13
(Laughter)
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(็ฌ‘)
01:15
Now, if everything has gone relatively well in your life so far,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใพใงใฎไบบ็”ŸใŒ ๆฏ”่ผƒ็š„้ †่ชฟใ ใฃใŸใชใ‚‰
01:18
you probably haven't had that thought before.
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ใใ‚“ใชใ“ใจใ‚’่€ƒใˆใŸใ“ใจใฏ ใŸใถใ‚“ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
01:20
(Laughter)
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(็ฌ‘)
01:21
But now I've just made you think it,
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ใงใ‚‚ ไปŠ ็งใŒ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ
็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใซ ใใ†่€ƒใˆใ•ใ›ใŸใฎใงใ™
01:23
through language.
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01:24
Now of course, there isn't just one language in the world,
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ไธ–็•Œใซใ‚ใ‚‹่จ€่ชžใฏ ๏ผ‘ใคใ ใ‘ใงใฏใชใ
๏ผ—ๅƒใใ‚‰ใ„ใฎ่จ€่ชžใŒ ไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
01:27
there are about 7,000 languages spoken around the world.
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ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใฎ่จ€่ชžใฏ ๆง˜ใ€…ใช้ขใง็•ฐใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
01:30
And all the languages differ from one another in all kinds of ways.
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่จ€่ชžใ”ใจใซ็•ฐใชใ‚‹้Ÿณใ‚’ๆŒใก
01:33
Some languages have different sounds,
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01:36
they have different vocabularies,
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็•ฐใชใ‚‹่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚’ๆŒใก
01:38
and they also have different structures --
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ใใ—ใฆ้‡่ฆใชใ“ใจใซ
็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆง‹้€ ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
01:40
very importantly, different structures.
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01:42
That begs the question:
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ใใ“ใง็–‘ๅ•ใŒ็”Ÿใพใ‚Œใพใ™
01:44
Does the language we speak shape the way we think?
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่ฉฑใ™่จ€่ชžใฏ ่€ƒใˆๆ–นใซ ๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹๏ผŸ
01:46
Now, this is an ancient question.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅคใใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ใ‚‹็–‘ๅ•ใง
01:48
People have been speculating about this question forever.
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ไบบใ€…ใฏ ใ“ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ ใšใฃใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใใพใ—ใŸ
01:51
Charlemagne, Holy Roman emperor, said,
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็ฅž่–ใƒญใƒผใƒž็š‡ๅธ ใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซใƒซใƒžใƒผใƒ‹ใƒฅใฏ
01:53
"To have a second language is to have a second soul" --
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ใ€Œ็ฌฌ๏ผ’ใฎ่จ€่ชžใ‚’ๆŒใคใฎใฏ ็ฌฌ๏ผ’ใฎ้ญ‚ใ‚’ๆŒใคใ“ใจใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใŒ
01:56
strong statement that language crafts reality.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่จ€่ชžใŒ็พๅฎŸใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Šๅ‡บใ™ใจใ„ใ† ๅผทใ„ไธปๅผตใงใ™
01:59
But on the other hand, Shakespeare has Juliet say,
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ไธ€ๆ–นใง ใ‚ทใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ฏใ‚นใƒ”ใ‚ขใฏ ใ‚ธใƒฅใƒชใ‚จใƒƒใƒˆใซ่จ€ใ‚ใ›ใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใ€Œๅๅ‰ใŒไฝ•ใ ใจใ„ใ†ใฎ๏ผŸ
02:03
"What's in a name?
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02:04
A rose by any other name would smell as sweet."
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ใƒใƒฉใฏๅˆฅใฎๅๅ‰ใงๅ‘ผใผใ†ใจ ๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚‰ใš ใ„ใ„้ฆ™ใ‚ŠใŒใ™ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€
02:07
Well, that suggests that maybe language doesn't craft reality.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅๅ‰ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ็พๅฎŸใฏๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใจ ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™
02:10
These arguments have gone back and forth for thousands of years.
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ใ“ใฎ่ญฐ่ซ–ใฏไฝ•ๅƒๅนดใ‚‚ ็ถšใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใใพใ—ใŸใŒ
02:15
But until recently, there hasn't been any data
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ๆœ€่ฟ‘ใซใชใ‚‹ใพใง
ๆฑบ็€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใƒ‡ใƒผใ‚ฟใŒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
02:18
to help us decide either way.
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02:20
Recently, in my lab and other labs around the world,
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ใงใ‚‚ ็งใฎใจใ“ใ‚ใ‚’ๅซใ‚ ไธ–็•Œใฎๆง˜ใ€…ใช็ ”็ฉถๅฎคใง
02:22
we've started doing research,
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็ ”็ฉถใŒใชใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Š
02:24
and now we have actual scientific data to weigh in on this question.
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ใ“ใฎ็–‘ๅ•ใซ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ ็ง‘ๅญฆ็š„ใชใƒ‡ใƒผใ‚ฟใŒๅ‡บใฆใใพใ—ใŸ
02:28
So let me tell you about some of my favorite examples.
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็งใฎๅฅฝใใชไพ‹ใ‚’ ใ„ใใคใ‹ใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
02:31
I'll start with an example from an Aboriginal community in Australia
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ใพใš ็งใŒ็ ”็ฉถใ™ใ‚‹ๆฉŸไผšใฎใ‚ใฃใŸโ€•
ใ‚ชใƒผใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒชใ‚ขใฎ ใ‚ขใƒœใƒชใ‚ธใƒ‹ใฎ่ฉฑใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
02:35
that I had the chance to work with.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ฏใ‚ฆใ‚ฏใƒปใ‚ตใ‚ขใƒจใƒƒใƒฌๆ—ใฎไบบใ€…ใงใ™
02:37
These are the Kuuk Thaayorre people.
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02:38
They live in Pormpuraaw at the very west edge of Cape York.
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ใƒจใƒผใ‚ฏๅฒฌๅŠๅณถใฎ่ฅฟ็ซฏใฎ ใƒใƒผใƒณใƒ—ใƒฉใƒผใ‚ฆใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™
02:43
What's cool about Kuuk Thaayorre is,
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ใ‚ฏใ‚ฆใ‚ฏใƒปใ‚ตใ‚ขใƒจใƒƒใƒฌ่ชžใฎ ้ข็™ฝใ„ใจใ“ใ‚ใฏ
02:45
in Kuuk Thaayorre, they don't use words like "left" and "right,"
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ใ€Œๅทฆใ€ใ‚„ใ€Œๅณใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใฏใ›ใš
02:48
and instead, everything is in cardinal directions:
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ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’
ๆฑ่ฅฟๅ—ๅŒ—ใฎๆ–น่ง’ใง ่จ€ใ„่กจใ™ใ“ใจใงใ™
02:51
north, south, east and west.
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02:53
And when I say everything, I really mean everything.
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ๆ–‡ๅญ—้€šใ‚Šใซ ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ€ใ‚’่กจใ—ใพใ™
02:55
You would say something like,
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚‰ ๅ—่ฅฟใฎ่„šใซใ‚ขใƒชใŒใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‚ˆใ€
02:57
"Oh, there's an ant on your southwest leg."
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ใฟใŸใ„ใช่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚“ใงใ™
03:01
Or, "Move your cup to the north-northeast a little bit."
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใ€Œใ‚ณใƒƒใƒ—ใ‚’ๅฐ‘ใ— ๅŒ—ๅŒ—ๆฑใซใšใ‚‰ใ—ใฆใ€ใจใ‹
03:04
In fact, the way that you say "hello" in Kuuk Thaayorre is you say,
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ๆŒจๆ‹ถใซใ—ใฆใ‚‚ ใ‚ฏใ‚ฆใ‚ฏใƒปใ‚ตใ‚ขใƒจใƒƒใƒฌ่ชžใงใฏ
03:07
"Which way are you going?"
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ใ€Œใฉใกใ‚‰ใฎๆ–นใซ่กŒใใฎ๏ผŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„
03:09
And the answer should be,
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ใใ‚Œใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹็ญ”ใˆใฏ
ใ€Œใกใ‚‡ใฃใจๅŒ—ๅŒ—ๆฑใฎๆ–นใธ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ๏ผŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ…ทๅˆใงใ™
03:11
"North-northeast in the far distance.
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03:12
How about you?"
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03:14
So imagine as you're walking around your day,
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่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
ไธ€ๆ—ฅใฎไธญใง ไผšใ†ไบบ ไผšใ†ไบบใซ
03:17
every person you greet,
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03:18
you have to report your heading direction.
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ๅ‘ใ‹ใ†ๆ–น่ง’ใ‚’ ่จ€ใ‚ใชใใ‚ƒใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ใ‚“ใงใ™
03:20
(Laughter)
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(็ฌ‘)
03:22
But that would actually get you oriented pretty fast, right?
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ๆ–น่ง’ใซ้‹ญใใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
03:25
Because you literally couldn't get past "hello,"
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ใฉใฎๆ–น่ง’ใซๅ‘ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใจ
03:28
if you didn't know which way you were going.
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ๆŒจๆ‹ถใ‚‚ใงใใชใ„ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰
03:31
In fact, people who speak languages like this stay oriented really well.
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช่จ€่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ™ไบบใŸใกใฏ ๆ–น่ง’ใ‚’ใจใฆใ‚‚่‰ฏใๆŠŠๆกใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
03:35
They stay oriented better than we used to think humans could.
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ใ‹ใคใฆไบบ้–“ใซๅฏ่ƒฝใ ใจ ๆ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใŸใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ ใšใฃใจใงใ™
03:38
We used to think that humans were worse than other creatures
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็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆ็š„ใช็†็”ฑใซใ‚ˆใ‚Š ใ“ใฎ้ขใงไบบ้–“ใฏ
03:41
because of some biological excuse:
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ไป–ใฎๅ‹•็‰ฉใ‚ˆใ‚Š ๅŠฃใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
03:43
"Oh, we don't have magnets in our beaks or in our scales."
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ไบบ้–“ใฏๅ˜ดใ‚„้ฑ—ใซ ็ฃ็ŸณใŒใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใจ
03:46
No; if your language and your culture trains you to do it,
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ใงใ‚‚ ่จ€่ชžใ‚„ๆ–‡ๅŒ–ใŒ ใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆฑ‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰
03:49
actually, you can do it.
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ใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚‹ใ‚“ใงใ™
03:51
There are humans around the world who stay oriented really well.
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ไธ–็•Œใซใฏๆ–น่ง’ใ‚’ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ‚ˆใ ๆŠŠๆกใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไบบใ€…ใŒใ„ใพใ™
03:54
And just to get us in agreement
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ ็งใŸใกใฎใ‚ใ‚Šๆ–นใจ
03:56
about how different this is from the way we do it,
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ใ„ใ‹ใซ้•ใ†ใ‹ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
03:58
I want you all to close your eyes for a second
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ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจ็›ฎใ‚’้–‰ใ˜ใฆ ใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใพใ™ใ‹
04:02
and point southeast.
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ใงใฏ ๅ—ๆฑใ‚’ ๆŒ‡ๅทฎใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
04:04
(Laughter)
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(็ฌ‘)
04:05
Keep your eyes closed. Point.
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็›ฎใฏ้–‰ใ˜ใŸใพใพใง ๆŒ‡ๅทฎใ—ใฆ
04:10
OK, so you can open your eyes.
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ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚ ็›ฎใ‚’้–‹ใ‘ใฆใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‚ˆ
04:12
I see you guys pointing there, there, there, there, there ...
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ ใ‚ใฃใกใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—ใŸใ‚Š ใ“ใฃใกใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใง
04:16
I don't know which way it is myself --
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ใฉใฃใกใชใฎใ‹ ็งใ‚‚ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒโ€”
04:18
(Laughter)
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(็ฌ‘)
04:20
You have not been a lot of help.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ ใ‚ใ‚“ใพใ‚Š ๅŠฉใ‘ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
04:21
(Laughter)
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(็ฌ‘)
04:23
So let's just say the accuracy in this room was not very high.
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ใฉใ†ใ‚‚ ใ“ใฎไผšๅ ดใซใ„ใ‚‹ไบบใฏ ๆ–น่ง’ใซใฏ็–Žใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ™
่จ€่ชžใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ่ช็ŸฅๅŠ›ใซ ๅคงใใช้•ใ„ใŒ็”Ÿใ˜ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
04:26
This is a big difference in cognitive ability across languages, right?
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04:29
Where one group -- very distinguished group like you guys --
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใงใฏ
04:32
doesn't know which way is which,
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ใฉใฃใกใŒใฉใฎๆ–น่ง’ใชใฎใ‹ ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ
04:34
but in another group,
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ๅˆฅใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใงใฏ
04:35
I could ask a five-year-old and they would know.
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๏ผ•ๆญณๅ…ใซ่žใ„ใฆใ‚‚ ๆญฃใ—ใ„็ญ”ใˆใŒ่ฟ”ใฃใฆใใพใ™
04:38
(Laughter)
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(็ฌ‘)
04:39
There are also really big differences in how people think about time.
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ๆ™‚้–“ใฎ่€ƒใˆๆ–นใซใ‚‚ ๅคงใใช้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
04:42
So here I have pictures of my grandfather at different ages.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็งใฎ็ฅ–็ˆถใฎ ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใฎๅนดไปฃใฎๅ†™็œŸใงใ™
04:46
And if I ask an English speaker to organize time,
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่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ™ไบบใซ ๆ™‚้–“้ †ใซไธฆในใฆใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚‰
04:49
they might lay it out this way,
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ใŸใถใ‚“ ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
ๅทฆใ‹ใ‚‰ๅณใธใจไธฆในใพใ™
04:51
from left to right.
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04:52
This has to do with writing direction.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆ›ธใๅ‘ใใซ ใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
04:54
If you were a speaker of Hebrew or Arabic,
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ใƒ˜ใƒ–ใƒฉใ‚ค่ชžใ‚„ใ‚ขใƒฉใƒ“ใ‚ข่ชžใ‚’ ่ฉฑใ™ไบบใชใ‚‰
04:56
you might do it going in the opposite direction,
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้€†ๅ‘ใใซ ๅณใ‹ใ‚‰ๅทฆใธใจ
04:58
from right to left.
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ไธฆในใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
05:01
But how would the Kuuk Thaayorre,
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ใ•ใใปใฉใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ—ใŸ ใ‚ขใƒœใƒชใ‚ธใƒ‹ใฎ
05:03
this Aboriginal group I just told you about, do it?
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ใ‚ฏใ‚ฆใ‚ฏใƒปใ‚ตใ‚ขใƒจใƒƒใƒฌๆ—ใชใ‚‰ ใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸ
05:05
They don't use words like "left" and "right."
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ€Œๅทฆใ€ใจใ‹ใ€Œๅณใ€ใจใ„ใ† ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
05:07
Let me give you hint.
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ใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ใ‚ใ’ใพใ™
05:09
When we sat people facing south,
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ๅ—ใซๅ‘ใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฏ
05:11
they organized time from left to right.
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ๅทฆใ‹ใ‚‰ๅณใธใจไธฆในใพใ™
05:14
When we sat them facing north,
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ๅŒ—ใซๅ‘ใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฏ
05:16
they organized time from right to left.
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ๅณใ‹ใ‚‰ๅทฆใธใจไธฆในใพใ™
05:19
When we sat them facing east,
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ๆฑใซๅ‘ใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฏ
ๅ‘ใ“ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆ‰‹ๅ‰ใธใจไธฆในใพใ™
05:21
time came towards the body.
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05:23
What's the pattern?
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ใƒ‘ใ‚ฟใƒผใƒณใŒๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
05:26
East to west, right?
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ๆฑใ‹ใ‚‰่ฅฟใชใ‚“ใงใ™
05:27
So for them, time doesn't actually get locked on the body at all,
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใซใจใฃใฆๆ™‚้–“ใฎๅ‘ใใฏ ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎไฝ“ใซใงใฏใชใ
05:31
it gets locked on the landscape.
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ๅคงๅœฐใซๅฏพๅฟœใ—ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใชใ‚“ใงใ™
05:32
So for me, if I'm facing this way,
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็งใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏ ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใ‚’ๅ‘ใ„ใฆใ„ใŸใ‚‰
05:34
then time goes this way,
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ๆ™‚้–“ใฏใ“ใ†้€ฒใฟ
05:35
and if I'm facing this way, then time goes this way.
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ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใ‚’ๅ‘ใ„ใฆใ„ใŸใ‚‰ ๆ™‚้–“ใฏใ“ใ†้€ฒใฟ
05:38
I'm facing this way, time goes this way --
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ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใ‚’ๅ‘ใ„ใฆใ„ใŸใ‚‰ ๆ™‚้–“ใฏใ“ใ†้€ฒใ‚€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ…ทๅˆใซ
05:40
very egocentric of me to have the direction of time chase me around
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ใšใ„ใถใ‚“่‡ชๅทฑไธญๅฟƒ็š„ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ
ไฝ“ใฎๅ‘ใใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใจ ใใ‚Œใซๅพ“ใฃใฆ ๆ™‚้–“ใฎ้€ฒใ‚€ๆ–นๅ‘ใ‚‚ๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚‹ใชใ‚“ใฆ
05:44
every time I turn my body.
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05:46
For the Kuuk Thaayorre, time is locked on the landscape.
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ใงใ‚‚ใ‚ฏใ‚ฆใ‚ฏใƒปใ‚ตใ‚ขใƒจใƒƒใƒฌใฎไบบใŸใกใซใฏ ๆ™‚้–“ใฎๅ‘ใใฏๅ›บๅฎšใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
05:49
It's a dramatically different way of thinking about time.
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ๆ™‚้–“ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ ใจใฆใ‚‚็•ฐใชใฃใŸ ่€ƒใˆๆ–นใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚“ใงใ™
05:52
Here's another really smart human trick.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไบบ้–“ใฎๅทงใฟใชๆŠ€ใฎ ๅˆฅใฎไพ‹ใงใ™ใŒ
05:54
Suppose I ask you how many penguins are there.
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ใ“ใ“ใซใƒšใƒณใ‚ฎใƒณใฏ ไฝ•็พฝใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸ
05:56
Well, I bet I know how you'd solve that problem if you solved it.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใŒ ใ“ใฎๅ•้กŒใ‚’ ใฉใ†่งฃใใ‹ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™
06:00
You went, "One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight."
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ใ€Œ๏ผ‘ใ€๏ผ’ใ€๏ผ“ใ€๏ผ”ใ€๏ผ•ใ€๏ผ–ใ€๏ผ—ใ€๏ผ˜ใ€ใจ
06:02
You counted them.
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ๆ•ฐใ‚’ๆ•ฐใˆใฆ
ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใซ็•ชๅทใ‚’ ไป˜ใ‘ใฆใ„ใ
06:04
You named each one with a number,
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06:05
and the last number you said was the number of penguins.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ็•ชๅทใŒ ใƒšใƒณใ‚ฎใƒณใฎๆ•ฐใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™
06:08
This is a little trick that you're taught to use as kids.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅญไพ›ใฎ้ ƒใซ ๆ•™ใ‚ใฃใŸใ‚„ใ‚Šๆ–นใงใ™
06:11
You learn the number list and you learn how to apply it.
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ใฟใ‚“ใชๆ•ฐใซใคใ„ใฆๆ•™ใ‚ใ‚Š ใใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใ‚’ๅญฆใณใพใ—ใŸ
06:14
A little linguistic trick.
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ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ—ใŸ่จ€่ชž็š„ๆŠ€่ก“ใงใ™
06:16
Well, some languages don't do this,
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่จ€่ชžใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใฏ ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใฏใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“
06:18
because some languages don't have exact number words.
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ๆญฃ็ขบใชๆ•ฐใ‚’่กจใ™่ชžใŒ ใชใ„ใŸใ‚ใงใ™
06:22
They're languages that don't have a word like "seven"
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ใ€Œ๏ผ—ใ€ใจใ‹ใ€Œ๏ผ˜ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่ชžใŒ ใชใ„ใ‚“ใงใ™
06:24
or a word like "eight."
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06:27
In fact, people who speak these languages don't count,
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ๆ•ฐใŒใชใ„่จ€่ชžใ‚’ ่ฉฑใ™ไบบใŸใกใฏ
06:29
and they have trouble keeping track of exact quantities.
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ๆญฃ็ขบใช้‡ใฎๆŠŠๆกใŒ ่‹ฆๆ‰‹ใงใ™
06:32
So, for example, if I ask you to match this number of penguins
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ใŸใจใˆใฐ ใ“ใฎใƒšใƒณใ‚ฎใƒณใŸใกใจ ๅŒใ˜ๆ•ฐใฎใ‚ขใƒ’ใƒซใ‚’
06:36
to the same number of ducks,
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็ตใณใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚‰
06:38
you would be able to do that by counting.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใฏๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใง ใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใŒ
06:41
But folks who don't have that linguistic trick can't do that.
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ใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช่จ€่ชž็š„ๆŠ€่ก“ใ‚’ๆŒใŸใชใ„ไบบใซใฏ ใใ‚ŒใŒใงใใพใ›ใ‚“
06:47
Languages also differ in how they divide up the color spectrum --
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่จ€่ชžใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ่‰ฒใฎ่ฆ‹ๅˆ†ใ‘ๆ–น
06:50
the visual world.
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่ฆ–่ฆš็š„ใชไธ–็•Œใ‚‚้•ใ„ใพใ™
06:52
Some languages have lots of words for colors,
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่‰ฒใ‚’่กจใ™่จ€่‘‰ใŒ ๆฒขๅฑฑใ‚ใ‚‹่จ€่ชžใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ
06:54
some have only a couple words, "light" and "dark."
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ใ€Œ่–„ใ„่‰ฒใ€ใ€Œๆฟƒใ„่‰ฒใ€ใฟใŸใ„ใช ใ‚ใšใ‹ใช่จ€่‘‰ใ—ใ‹ใชใ„่จ€่ชžใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Š
06:56
And languages differ in where they put boundaries between colors.
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่‰ฒใฎๅขƒ็•Œใ‚’ ใฉใ“ใซ็ฝฎใใ‹ใ‚‚ ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™
07:00
So, for example, in English, there's a word for blue
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ใŸใจใˆใฐ ่‹ฑ่ชžใชใ‚‰
07:03
that covers all of the colors that you can see on the screen,
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ไปŠ ็”ป้ขใซๅ‡บใฆใ„ใ‚‹่‰ฒใ™ในใฆใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ™ โ€œblueโ€ ใจใ„ใ†่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒ
07:06
but in Russian, there isn't a single word.
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ใƒญใ‚ทใ‚ข่ชžใงใฏ ใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅ˜ไธ€ใฎ่ชžใฏใชใ
07:08
Instead, Russian speakers have to differentiate
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ใƒญใ‚ทใ‚ข่ชžใฎ่ฉฑ่€…ใฏ
่–„ใ„้’ โ€œgoluboyโ€ใจ
07:11
between light blue, "goluboy,"
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07:12
and dark blue, "siniy."
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ๆฟƒใ„้’ โ€œsiniyโ€ ใ‚’ ๅŒบๅˆฅใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
07:15
So Russians have this lifetime of experience of, in language,
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ใƒญใ‚ทใ‚ขไบบใฏ็”Ÿๆถฏใซใ‚ใŸใฃใฆ
่จ€่ชž็š„ใซ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่‰ฒใ‚’ ๅŒบๅˆฅใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
07:19
distinguishing these two colors.
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07:21
When we test people's ability to perceptually discriminate these colors,
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่ฆ–่ฆš็š„ใซ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่‰ฒใ‚’ ๅŒบๅˆฅใ™ใ‚‹ๅŠ›ใ‚’ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ™ใ‚‹ใจ
ใƒญใ‚ทใ‚ข่ชž่ฉฑ่€…ใฏ
07:25
what we find is that Russian speakers are faster
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ใ“ใฎ่จ€่ชž็š„ใชๅขƒ็•Œใ‚’่ถŠใˆใŸใ“ใจใซ ใ™ใๆฐ—ไป˜ใใพใ™
07:27
across this linguistic boundary.
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07:29
They're faster to be able to tell the difference
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้’ใฎๆฟƒใ•ใฎ้•ใ„ใ‚’
07:31
between a light and dark blue.
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Š็ด ๆ—ฉใ ่ฆ‹ๅˆ†ใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚“ใงใ™
07:33
And when you look at people's brains as they're looking at colors --
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่‰ฒใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไบบใฎ่„ณใ‚’ ่ฆณๅฏŸใ—ใฆใฟใ‚‹ใจ
07:36
say you have colors shifting slowly from light to dark blue --
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่‰ฒใŒ่–„ใ„้’ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฟƒใ„้’ใธใจ ใ‚†ใฃใใ‚Šๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ
07:40
the brains of people who use different words for light and dark blue
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่–„ใ„้’ใจๆฟƒใ„้’ใซ ๅˆฅใฎ่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ไบบใฎ่„ณใฏ
07:45
will give a surprised reaction as the colors shift from light to dark,
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้’ใฎๆฟƒใ•ใŒๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใใซ ้ฉšใ„ใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅๅฟœใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™
07:48
as if, "Ooh, something has categorically changed,"
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ใ€ŒใŠใ‚„ ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๅˆ‡ใ‚Šๆ›ฟใ‚ใฃใŸใžใ€ใจ
ใงใ‚‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐ่‹ฑ่ชž่ฉฑ่€…ใฎ่„ณใ ใจ
07:52
whereas the brains of English speakers, for example,
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07:54
that don't make this categorical distinction,
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ใ“ใฎๅˆ‡ใ‚Šๆ›ฟใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใชใ
07:56
don't give that surprise,
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้ฉšใใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
07:57
because nothing is categorically changing.
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ไฝ•ใ‚‚ๅˆ‡ใ‚Šๆ›ฟใ‚ใฃใฆใฏ ใ„ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
08:02
Languages have all kinds of structural quirks.
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่จ€่ชžใซใฏๆง‹้€ ็š„ใซ ๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใช็‚นใŒใ„ใ‚ใ„ใ‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
08:04
This is one of my favorites.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็งใฎๅฅฝใใชไพ‹ใงใ™ใŒ
08:05
Lots of languages have grammatical gender;
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ๅคšใใฎ่จ€่ชžใซ ๆ–‡ๆณ•ไธŠใฎๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
08:08
every noun gets assigned a gender, often masculine or feminine.
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ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใฎๅ่ฉžใซ็”ทๆ€งใ‹ๅฅณๆ€งใ‹ใŒ ๅ‰ฒใ‚Šๅฝ“ใฆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒ
ใฉใกใ‚‰ใฎๆ€งๅˆฅใ‹ใฏ ่จ€่ชžใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™
08:13
And these genders differ across languages.
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08:15
So, for example, the sun is feminine in German but masculine in Spanish,
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ใŸใจใˆใฐๅคช้™ฝใฏ ใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒ„่ชžใงใฏๅฅณๆ€งๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใŒ ใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณ่ชžใงใฏ็”ทๆ€งๅ่ฉžใง
08:19
and the moon, the reverse.
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ๆœˆใฏใใฎ้€†ใงใ™
08:21
Could this actually have any consequence for how people think?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไบบใฎ่€ƒใˆๆ–นใซ ๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ๅŠใผใ™ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
08:25
Do German speakers think of the sun as somehow more female-like,
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ใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒ„่ชž่ฉฑ่€…ใฏ ๅคช้™ฝใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฅณๆ€ง็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใจใ—ใฆ
ๆœˆใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Š็”ทๆ€ง็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใจใ—ใฆ ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹๏ผŸ
08:29
and the moon somehow more male-like?
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08:31
Actually, it turns out that's the case.
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ๅฎŸใฏ ใใ†ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™
08:33
So if you ask German and Spanish speakers to, say, describe a bridge,
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ใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒ„่ชž่ฉฑ่€…ใจ ใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณ่ชž่ฉฑ่€…ใซ
ใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆฉ‹ใ‚’ ๅฝขๅฎนใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ†ใจโ€”
08:39
like the one here --
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08:40
"bridge" happens to be grammatically feminine in German,
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ใ€Œๆฉ‹ใ€ใฏๆ–‡ๆณ•ไธŠ ใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒ„่ชžใงใฏๅฅณๆ€งๅ่ฉž
08:43
grammatically masculine in Spanish --
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ใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณ่ชžใงใฏ ็”ทๆ€งๅ่ฉžใชใ‚“ใงใ™ใŒ
08:46
German speakers are more likely to say bridges are "beautiful," "elegant"
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ใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒ„่ชž่ฉฑ่€…ใฎๅ ดๅˆ ใ€Œ็พŽใ—ใ„ใ€ใจใ‹ใ€Œๅ„ช้›…ใ€ใจใ„ใฃใŸ
08:50
and stereotypically feminine words.
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ๅฅณๆ€ง็š„ใช่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ ไฝฟใ†ๅ‚พๅ‘ใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
08:52
Whereas Spanish speakers will be more likely to say
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ไธ€ๆ–นใงใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณ่ชž่ฉฑ่€…ใฎๅ ดๅˆ
08:55
they're "strong" or "long,"
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ใ€ŒๅŠ›ๅผทใ„ใ€ใจใ‹ ใ€Œ้•ทใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใฃใŸ
08:56
these masculine words.
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็”ทๆ€ง็š„ใช่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ ไฝฟใ†ๅ‚พๅ‘ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
09:00
(Laughter)
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(็ฌ‘)
09:03
Languages also differ in how they describe events, right?
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่จ€่ชžใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใฎ ่จ€ใ„่กจใ—ๆ–นใซใ‚‚้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
09:08
You take an event like this, an accident.
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹โ€” ไบ‹ๆ•…ใŒใ‚ใฃใŸใจใ
09:10
In English, it's fine to say, "He broke the vase."
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่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅฃบใ‚’ๅฃŠใ—ใŸใ€ ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆๆง‹ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ
09:13
In a language like Spanish,
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ใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณ่ชžใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช่จ€่ชžใงใฏ
09:16
you might be more likely to say, "The vase broke,"
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ใ€ŒๅฃบใŒๅฃŠใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ† ่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใฎใปใ†ใŒๆ™ฎ้€šใงใ™
09:19
or, "The vase broke itself."
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09:21
If it's an accident, you wouldn't say that someone did it.
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ไบ‹ๆ•…ใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ ่ชฐใŒใ‚„ใฃใŸใจใฏ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ„ใฎใงใ™
09:24
In English, quite weirdly, we can even say things like,
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่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใชใ“ใจใซ
โ€œI broke my arm." (็งใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ่…•ใ‚’ๆŠ˜ใฃใŸ) ใฟใŸใ„ใช่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใ•ใˆใ—ใพใ™
09:28
"I broke my arm."
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09:29
Now, in lots of languages,
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ๅคšใใฎ่จ€่ชžใงใฏ ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใฏ
09:31
you couldn't use that construction unless you are a lunatic
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ใใฎไบบใŒ็‹‚ใฃใฆใ„ใฆ ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ่…•ใ‚’ๆŠ˜ใ‚ใ†ใจ่ฉฆใฟ
09:35
and you went out looking to break your arm --
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ใใ‚ŒใซๆˆๅŠŸใ—ใŸโ€”
09:37
(Laughter)
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ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใงใ‚‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ ไฝฟใˆใพใ›ใ‚“
09:38
and you succeeded.
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09:39
If it was an accident, you would use a different construction.
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ไบ‹ๆ•…ใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ ๅˆฅใฎ่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™
09:42
Now, this has consequences.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใซใฏ็พๅฎŸใฎ็ตๆžœใŒไผดใ„ใพใ™
09:44
So, people who speak different languages will pay attention to different things,
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็•ฐใชใ‚‹่จ€่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ไบบใฏ ๆณจๆ„ใ‚’ๅ‘ใ‘ใ‚‹็‚นใŒ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™
09:48
depending on what their language usually requires them to do.
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ๆณจๆ„ใ‚’ๅ‘ใ‘ใ‚‹้ƒจๅˆ†ใŒ ่จ€่ชžใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใงใ™
09:52
So we show the same accident to English speakers and Spanish speakers,
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅŒใ˜ไบ‹ๆ•…ใ‚’่‹ฑ่ชž่ฉฑ่€…ใจ ใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณ่ชž่ฉฑ่€…ใซ่ฆ‹ใ›ใŸใจใ
09:56
English speakers will remember who did it,
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่‹ฑ่ชž่ฉฑ่€…ใฏ่ชฐใŒใ‚„ใฃใŸใฎใ‹ใ‚’ ใ‚ˆใ่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
10:00
because English requires you to say, "He did it; he broke the vase."
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่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ€Œโ€œๅฝผใŒโ€ ๅฃบใ‚’ๅฃŠใ—ใŸใ€ ใจใ„ใ†่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใงใ™
10:03
Whereas Spanish speakers might be less likely to remember who did it
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ไธ€ๆ–นใงใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณ่ชž่ฉฑ่€…ใฏ
ใใ‚ŒใŒไบ‹ๆ•…ใชใ‚‰ ่ชฐใŒใ‚„ใฃใŸใฎใ‹ใฏ ใ‚ใพใ‚Š่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ‚‰ใš
10:07
if it's an accident,
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10:08
but they're more likely to remember that it was an accident.
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏไบ‹ๆ•…ใ ใฃใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’ ใ‚ˆใ่จ˜ๆ†ถใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
10:11
They're more likely to remember the intention.
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ๆ„ๅ›ณ็š„ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใจใ„ใ†็‚นใ‚’ ่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
10:13
So, two people watch the same event,
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ใ™ใ‚‹ใจ๏ผ’ไบบใฎไบบใŒ ๅŒใ˜ๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹
10:16
witness the same crime,
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ๅŒใ˜็Šฏ็ฝชใ‚’็›ฎๆ’ƒใ—ใฆใ‚‚
10:18
but end up remembering different things about that event.
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่จ˜ๆ†ถใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ†…ๅฎนใŒ้•ใ† ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใŒ่ตทใใพใ™
10:22
This has implications, of course, for eyewitness testimony.
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็›ฎๆ’ƒ่จผ่จ€ใงใฏ ๅคงใใชๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใก
10:26
It also has implications for blame and punishment.
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่ฒฌไปปใ‚„็ฝฐใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใซใ‚‚ ๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ—ใฆใใพใ™
10:28
So if you take English speakers
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่ชฐใ‹ใŒๅฃบใ‚’ๅฃŠใ—ใŸๅ ด้ขใ‚’
10:30
and I just show you someone breaking a vase,
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่‹ฑ่ชž่ฉฑ่€…ใซ่ฆ‹ใ›ใฆ
10:32
and I say, "He broke the vase," as opposed to "The vase broke,"
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ใ€ŒๅฃบใŒๅฃŠใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใงใฏใชใ ใ€ŒๅฝผใŒๅฃบใ‚’ๅฃŠใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰
10:37
even though you can witness it yourself,
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ็›ฎใง
10:39
you can watch the video,
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ๆ˜ ๅƒใจใ—ใฆ
10:40
you can watch the crime against the vase,
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ๅฃบใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹็Šฏ่กŒใฎๅ ด้ขใ‚’ ่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใงใ‚‚
10:44
you will punish someone more,
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ใ€ŒๅฃบใŒๅฃŠใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใงใฏใชใ ใ€ŒๅฝผใŒๅฃŠใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจ
10:45
you will blame someone more if I just said, "He broke it,"
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ใใฎไบบใ‚’้ž้›ฃใ—
10:48
as opposed to, "It broke."
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่ฒฌไปปใ‚’ๅ•ใ†ใ“ใจใซ ใชใ‚Šใ‚„ใ™ใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
10:50
The language guides our reasoning about events.
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็‰ฉไบ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎ่ซ–็†็š„ๆ€่€ƒใซใ‚‚ ่จ€่ชžใฏๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
10:55
Now, I've given you a few examples
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่จ€่ชžใŒไบบใฎ่€ƒใˆๆ–นใ‚’ ใ„ใ‹ใซๅฝขไฝœใ‚‹ใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ไพ‹ใ‚’
10:58
of how language can profoundly shape the way we think,
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ใ„ใใคใ‹็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
11:02
and it does so in a variety of ways.
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ใใฎๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใฎไป•ๆ–นใฏ ใ„ใ‚ใ„ใ‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
11:04
So language can have big effects,
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ๅคงใใชๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ ่จ€่ชžใŒๅŠใผใ—ๅพ—ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ
11:06
like we saw with space and time,
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ๆ™‚้–“ใจ็ฉบ้–“ใฎไพ‹ใง ่ฆ‹ใŸ้€šใ‚Šใงใ™
11:08
where people can lay out space and time
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ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚„็ฉบ้–“ใฎๆ‰ใˆๆ–นใฏ
11:10
in completely different coordinate frames from each other.
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่จ€่ชžใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ ใพใฃใŸใ็•ฐใชใ‚Šๅพ—ใพใ™
11:14
Language can also have really deep effects --
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่จ€่ชžใซใฏ ใจใฆใ‚‚ๆทฑใ„ๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚‚ใ‚ใฃใฆ
11:17
that's what we saw with the case of number.
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ๆ•ฐใฎไพ‹ใง่ฆ‹ใŸ้€šใ‚Šใงใ™
11:19
Having count words in your language,
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ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎ่จ€่‘‰
ๆ•ฐใ‚’่กจใ™่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใง
11:21
having number words,
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11:22
opens up the whole world of mathematics.
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ๆ•ฐๅญฆใฎไธ–็•ŒใŒ้–‹ใ‘ใพใ™
11:25
Of course, if you don't count, you can't do algebra,
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ๆ•ฐใˆใชใ„ใชใ‚‰ ่จˆ็ฎ—ใ‚‚ใงใใš
11:27
you can't do any of the things
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ใ“ใฎไผšๅ ดใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ ๅปบ่จญใ—ใŸใ‚Š
11:29
that would be required to build a room like this
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ใ“ใฎๆ”พ้€ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซ ๅฟ…่ฆใชใ“ใจใŒ
11:32
or make this broadcast, right?
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ไฝ•ใ‚‚ใงใใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
11:34
This little trick of number words gives you a stepping stone
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ๆ•ฐใ‚’่กจใ™่ชžใจใ„ใ† ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ—ใŸไป•ๆŽ›ใ‘ใŒ
ๆ–ฐใŸใช่ช็Ÿฅ็š„ไธ–็•Œใธใฎ ่ถณๆŽ›ใ‹ใ‚Šใซใชใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
11:37
into a whole cognitive realm.
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11:40
Language can also have really early effects,
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ใจใฆใ‚‚ๆ—ฉใใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚‚ ่จ€่ชžใซใฏใ‚ใ‚Š
11:42
what we saw in the case of color.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’่‰ฒใฎไพ‹ใง่ฆ‹ใพใ—ใŸใŒ
11:46
These are really simple, basic, perceptual decisions.
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ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๅ˜็ด”ใงๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใช ็Ÿฅ่ฆš็š„ๅˆคๆ–ญใงใ™
11:48
We make thousands of them all the time,
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ใใ†ใ„ใ†ๅˆคๆ–ญใ‚’ ็งใŸใกใฏ ๆ—ฅๅธธ็š„ใซๆ•ฐๅคšใ่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒ
11:51
and yet, language is getting in there
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ใใ‚“ใช็ดฐใ‹ใช ็Ÿฅ่ฆš็š„ๅˆคๆ–ญใซใ‚‚
11:52
and fussing even with these tiny little perceptual decisions that we make.
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่จ€่ชžใฏๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
11:58
Language can have really broad effects.
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ใจใฆใ‚‚ๅบƒใ„ๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ ่จ€่ชžใฏๅŠใผใ—ๅพ—ใพใ™
12:00
So the case of grammatical gender may be a little silly,
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ๆ–‡ๆณ•็š„ใชๆ€งใฎไพ‹ใฏ ใŸใ‚ใ„ใ‚‚ใชใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใซ ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ
12:03
but at the same time, grammatical gender applies to all nouns.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ ใ™ในใฆใฎๅ่ฉžใซ ้ฉ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‘ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰
ๅ่ฉžใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใฎ่€ƒใˆๆ–นใซ
12:08
That means language can shape how you're thinking
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12:10
about anything that can be named by a noun.
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่จ€่ชžใŒๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™
12:14
That's a lot of stuff.
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ใ™ใ”ใๆฒขๅฑฑใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ
12:16
And finally, I gave you an example of how language can shape things
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ใใ—ใฆ ไฝ•ใซ้‡ใใ‚’็ฝฎใใ‹ใซใ‚‚
12:19
that have personal weight to us --
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่จ€่ชžใฏๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ™ใ‚‹ ใจใ„ใ†ไพ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
12:21
ideas like blame and punishment or eyewitness memory.
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่ฒฌไปปใ‚„ ็ฝฐใ‚„ ็›ฎๆ’ƒ่€…ใฎ่จ˜ๆ†ถใซ้–ขใ‚ใ‚‹่ฉฑใง
12:23
These are important things in our daily lives.
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ๆ—ฅๅธธ็”Ÿๆดปใงๅคงไบ‹ใชใ“ใจใงใ™
12:28
Now, the beauty of linguistic diversity is that it reveals to us
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่จ€่ชžใฎๅคšๆง˜ๆ€งใŒ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใฎใฏ
ไบบใฎๅฟƒใŒ ใ„ใ‹ใซๅทงใฟใงๆŸ”่ปŸใ‹ใ‚’ ๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
12:33
just how ingenious and how flexible the human mind is.
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12:37
Human minds have invented not one cognitive universe, but 7,000 --
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ไบบ้–“ใฎ็ฒพ็ฅžใฏ่ช็Ÿฅ็š„ใชๅฎ‡ๅฎ™ใ‚’ ๏ผ‘ใคใงใฏใชใ ๏ผ—ๅƒใ‚‚็”Ÿใฟๅ‡บใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
12:42
there are 7,000 languages spoken around the world.
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ไธ–็•Œใซใฏ๏ผ—ๅƒใฎ่จ€่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
12:46
And we can create many more --
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ใ‚‚ใฃใจไฝœใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™
12:47
languages, of course, are living things,
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่จ€่ชžใฏ็”Ÿใใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚Š
12:50
things that we can hone and change to suit our needs.
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ๅฟ…่ฆใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆ ็ฃจใใ‚’ใ‹ใ‘ ๅค‰ใˆใฆใ„ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
12:55
The tragic thing is that we're losing so much of this linguistic diversity
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ๆฎ‹ๅฟตใชใ“ใจใซ ็งใŸใกใฏ ใ“ใฎ่จ€่ชž็š„ๅคšๆง˜ๆ€งใ‚’
12:59
all the time.
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ๅคฑใ„ใคใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
13:00
We're losing about one language a week,
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้€ฑใซ๏ผ‘ใคใฎ่จ€่ชžใŒ ๅคฑใ‚ใ‚ŒใฆใŠใ‚Š
13:02
and by some estimates,
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ไปŠๅพŒ็™พๅนด้–“ใง ไธ–็•Œใฎ่จ€่ชžใฎ ๅŠๆ•ฐใŒๅคฑใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจ
13:03
half of the world's languages will be gone in the next hundred years.
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่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
13:07
And the even worse news is that right now,
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ใ•ใ‚‰ใซๅ•้กŒใชใฎใฏ
็พๅœจใฎไบบ้–“ใฎๅฟƒใ‚„ ่„ณใซใคใ„ใฆใฎ็Ÿฅ่ฆ‹ใฎๅคšใใŒ
13:10
almost everything we know about the human mind and human brain
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13:14
is based on studies of usually American English-speaking undergraduates
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่‹ฑ่ชž่ฉฑ่€…ใฎใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซไบบๅญฆ้ƒจ็”Ÿใ‚’ ่ขซ้จ“่€…ใซใ—ใŸ็ ”็ฉถใซ
13:19
at universities.
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ๅŸบใฅใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™
13:22
That excludes almost all humans. Right?
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ไบบ้กžใฎใปใจใ‚“ใฉใŒ ้™คๅค–ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‘ใงใ™
13:26
So what we know about the human mind is actually incredibly narrow and biased,
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ไบบ้–“ใฎๅฟƒใซใคใ„ใฆๅˆ†ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ ๅฎŸใฎใจใ“ใ‚้žๅธธใซ็‹ญใๅใฃใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚Š
13:31
and our science has to do better.
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็ง‘ๅญฆใฏ ใ‚‚ใฃใจ่‰ฏใ„ไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
13:37
I want to leave you with this final thought.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใซ ่€ƒใˆใฆใปใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
13:40
I've told you about how speakers of different languages think differently,
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็•ฐใชใ‚‹่จ€่ชžใฎ่ฉฑ่€…ใŒ ใ„ใ‹ใซ้•ใฃใŸ่€ƒใˆๆ–นใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ ใจใ„ใ†่ฉฑใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใŒ
13:43
but of course, that's not about how people elsewhere think.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไป–ๆ‰€ใฎไบบใŒ ใฉใ†่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใฏใชใ
็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใŒ ใฉใ†่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจ
13:47
It's about how you think.
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13:48
It's how the language that you speak shapes the way that you think.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใฎไฝฟใ†่จ€่ชžใŒ ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใฎ่€ƒใˆๆ–นใซ ใ„ใ‹ใซๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
13:53
And that gives you the opportunity to ask,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่‡ชๅ•ใ™ใ‚‹ๆฉŸไผšใ‚’ ไธŽใˆใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
13:55
"Why do I think the way that I do?"
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ใ€Œใชใœ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฏ ใ“ใ‚“ใช่€ƒใˆๆ–นใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹๏ผŸใ€
13:57
"How could I think differently?"
303
837765
1596
ใ€Œใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐ้•ใฃใŸ่€ƒใˆๆ–นใŒ ใงใใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†๏ผŸใ€
13:59
And also,
304
839908
1365
ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ ใพใŸ
ใ€Œใฉใ‚“ใช่€ƒใˆใ‚’ ็”Ÿใฟๅ‡บใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
14:01
"What thoughts do I wish to create?"
305
841297
1727
14:03
Thank you very much.
306
843842
1159
ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
14:05
(Applause)
307
845025
2756
(ๆ‹ๆ‰‹)
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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