Can you really tell if a kid is lying? | Kang Lee

Translator: Leah Ligate Reviewer: Joachim Mangilima

Hi.

Habari

Let me ask the audience a question:

Ngoja niiulize hadhira swali:

Did you ever lie as a child?

Ulishawahi kudanganya ukiwa mtoto?

If you did, could you please raise your hand?

Kama uliwahi, unaweza kunyanyua mkono tafadhali?

Wow! This is the most honest group of people I've ever met.

Wow! hili ni kundi la watu wakweli kuliko wote niliowahi kukutana nao.

(Laughter)

(Kicheko)

So for the last 20 years,

Hadi sasa kwa miaka 20 iliyopita,

I've been studying how children learn to tell lies.

Nimekuwa nikisoma jinsi watoto wanavyojifunza kudanganya.

And today, I'm going to share with you

Na leo, nitawashirikisha

some of the discoveries we have made.

baadhi ya ugunduzi tulioupata.

But to begin, I'm going to tell you a story from Mr. Richard Messina,

Ila kwa kuanza, nitawaambia hadithi kutoka kwa Bwana Richard Messina,

who is my friend and an elementary school principal.

ambaye ni rafiki yangu na mkuu wa shule ya msingi.

He got a phone call one day.

Alipokea simu siku moja.

The caller says,

Aliyepiga akasema,

"Mr. Messina, my son Johnny will not come to school today

"Bwana Messina, mtoto wangu Johnny hatakuja shuleni leo

because he's sick."

kwasababu anaumwa."

Mr. Messina asks,

Bwana Messina akauliza,

"Who am I speaking to, please?"

"Naongea na nani, tafadhali?"

And the caller says,

Na aliyepiga akasema,

"I am my father."

"Mimi ni baba yangu."

(Laughter)

(Kicheko)

So this story --

Sasa hadithi hii --

(Laughter)

(Vicheko)

sums up very nicely three common beliefs we have

inajumlisha vizuri sana imani tatu zilizo zoeleka tulizonazo

about children and lying.

kuhusu watoto na kudanganya.

One, children only come to tell lies

Moja, watoto huja tu kusema uongo

after entering elementary school.

baada ya kuingia shule ya msingi.

Two, children are poor liars.

Mbili, watoto hawadanganyi vizuri.

We adults can easily detect their lies.

Watu wazima twaweza kugundua uwongo wao.

And three, if children lie at a very young age,

Na tatu, kama watoto watadanganya katika umri mdogo sana,

there must be some character flaws with them,

lazima watakuwa na makosa kitabia,

and they are going to become pathological liars for life.

na watakuja kuwa wagonjwa wa kudanganya maishani.

Well, it turns out

Hivyo inaonekana kwamba

all of the three beliefs are wrong.

imani zote tatu hazikuwa sahihi.

We have been playing guessing games

Tumekuwa tukifanya mchezo wa kukisia

with children all over the world.

na watoto dunia nzima.

Here is an example.

Huu ni mfano

So in this game, we asked children to guess the numbers on the cards.

Hivyo katika mchezo huu, tunauliza watoto kukisia namba kwenye kadi.

And we tell them if they win the game,

Na tunawaambia wakishinda mchezo,

they are going to get a big prize.

watapata zawadi kubwa.

But in the middle of the game,

Lakini katikati ya mchezo,

we make an excuse and leave the room.

tunatoa udhuru na kutoka kwenye chumba.

And before we leave the room,

Na kabla ya kutoka kwenye chumba,

we tell them not to peek at the cards.

tunawaambia wasichungulie kwenye kadi.

Of course,

Bila shaka,

we have hidden cameras in the room

tuna kamera zilizofichwa katika chumba

to watch their every move.

kuangalia kila hatua yao.

Because the desire to win the game is so strong,

Kwasababu haja ya kushinda mchezo ni kubwa sana,

more than 90 percent of children will peek

zaidi ya asilimia 90 ya watoto watachungulia

as soon as we leave the room.

mara tutakapotoka chumbani.

(Laughter)

(Kicheko)

The crucial question is:

Swali la msingi ni:

When we return and ask the children

Tutakaporudi na kuuliza watoto

whether or not they have peeked,

Kama wamechungulia au la,

will the children who peeked confess

watoto waliochungulia watakiri

or lie about their transgression?

au watadanganya kuhusu makosa yao?

We found that regardless of gender, country, religion,

Tuligundua kwamba bila kujali jinsia, nchi, au dini,

at two years of age,

katika umri wa miaka miwili,

30 percent lie,

asilimia 30 hudanganya,

70 percent tell the truth about their transgression.

asilimia 70 husema ukweli kuhusu makosa yao.

At three years of age,

Katika umri wa miaka mitatu,

50 percent lie and 50 percent tell the truth.

asilimia 50 hudanganya na asilimia 50 husema kweli.

At four years of age,

Katika umri wa miaka minne,

more than 80 percent lie.

zaidi ya asilimia 80 hudanganya.

And after four years of age,

Na baada ya miaka minne,

most children lie.

watoto wengi hudanganya.

So as you can see,

Hivyo unaweza kuona,

lying is really a typical part of development.

kudanganya ni sehemu halisi ya kuendelea.

And some children begin to tell lies

Na baadhi ya watoto huanza kusema uwongo

as young as two years of age.

wakiwa na umri mdogo wa miaka miwili.

So now, let's take a closer look at the younger children.

Hivyo sasa, tuangalie kwa ukaribu watoto wadogo.

Why do some but not all young children lie?

Kwanini baadhi na sio wote watoto wadogo hudanganya?

In cooking, you need good ingredients

Katika mapishi unahitaji viungo vizuri

to cook good food.

kupika chakula kizuri.

And good lying requires two key ingredients.

Na uongo mzuri unahitaji viungo viwili vikuu.

The first key ingredient is theory of mind,

Kiungo kikuu cha kwanza ni nadharia ya akili,

or the mind-reading ability.

au uwezo wa kusoma- akili.

Mind reading is the ability to know

Kusoma akili ni uwezo wa kujua

that different people have different knowledge about the situation

kwamba watu tofauti wana ufahamu tofauti kuhusu hali fulani

and the ability to differentiate between what I know

na uwezo wa kutofautisha kati ya ninachojua

and what you know.

na kile unachojua

Mind reading is important for lying

Kusoma akili ni muhimu kwa kudanganya

because the basis of lying is that I know

kwasababu ya msingi wa kudanganya ni najua

you don't know

hujui

what I know.

ninachojua.

Therefore, I can lie to you.

Hivyo, naweza kukudanganya.

The second key ingredient for good lying is self-control.

Kiungo cha pili muhimu

It is the ability to control your speech, your facial expression

Ni uwezo wa kudhibiti maneno yako, kuonyesha hisia usoni

and your body language,

na lugha ya mwili,

so that you can tell a convincing lie.

ili kwamba unaweza kusema uongo thabiti.

And we found that those young children

Na tulikuta kwamba wale watoto wadogo

who have more advanced mind-reading and self-control abilities

walio na uwezo mkubwa wa kusoma akili na uwezo wa kujidhibiti

tell lies earlier

husema uwongo mapema

and are more sophisticated liars.

na ni waongo wa kisasa.

As it turns out, these two abilities are also essential for all of us

Kama inavyokuwa, uwezo huu wa aina mbili ni muhimu pia kwetu sote

to function well in our society.

kuweza kufanya kazi katika jamii yetu.

In fact, deficits in mind-reading and self-control abilities

Ki ukweli, kushindwa kusoma akili na uwezo wa kujidhibiti

are associated with serious developmental problems,

vinahusianishwa na matatizo makubwa ya ukuaji,

such as ADHD and autism.

kama ADHD na usonji.

So if you discover your two-year-old is telling his or her first lie,

Hivyo ukigundua mtoto wako wa miaka miwili anakudanganya kwa mara ya kwanza,

instead of being alarmed,

badala ya kushtushwa,

you should celebrate --

unatakiwa usherehekee--

(Laughter)

(Kicheko)

because it signals that your child has arrived at a new milestone

kwasababu inaashiria kwamba mtoto wako amefikia hatua mpya

of typical development.

ya ukuaji wa kawaida.

Now, are children poor liars?

Sasa, watoto hawadanganyi vizuri?

Do you think you can easily detect their lies?

Unafikiri unaweza kugundua udanganyifu wao kirahisi?

Would you like to give it a try?

Ungependa kujaribu?

Yes? OK.

Ndio? Sawa.

So I'm going to show you two videos.

Sasa nitakuonyesha video mbili

In the videos,

Kwenye video,

the children are going to respond to a researcher's question,

watoto watajibu maswali ya utafiti,

"Did you peek?"

"Ulichungulia?"

So try to tell me

Sasa jaribu kuniambia

which child is lying

mtoto yupi anadanganya

and which child is telling the truth.

na mtoto yupi anasema ukweli.

Here's child number one.

Huyu ni mtoto namba moja.

Are you ready?

Uko tayari?

(Video) Adult: Did you peek? Child: No.

(Video) Mtu: Ulichungulia? Mtoto: Hapana

Kang Lee: And this is child number two.

Kang Lee: Na huyu ni mtoto namba mbili.

(Video) Adult: Did you peek? Child: No.

(Video) Mtu: Ulichungulia? Mtoto: Hapana.

KL: OK, if you think child number one is lying,

KL: OK, kama unafikiri mtoto namba moja anadanganya,

please raise your hand.

tafadhali inua mkono wako.

And if you think child number two is lying, please raise your hand.

Na kama unafikiri mtoto namba mbili anadanganya, tafadhali inua mkono wako.

OK, so as a matter of fact,

OK, kusema ukweli,

child number one is telling the truth,

mtoto namba moja anasema ukweli,

child number two is lying.

mtoto namba mbili anadanganya.

Looks like many of you are terrible detectors of children's lies.

Inaonekana wengi wenu sio wagunduzi wazuri wa uwongo wa watoto.

(Laughter)

(Kicheko)

Now, we have played similar kinds of games

Sasa, tumeshiriki kwenye michezo sawasawa

with many, many adults from all walks of life.

na watu wazima wengi sana kutoka sehemu zote za maisha.

And we show them many videos.

Na tunawaonyesha video nyingi.

In half of the videos, the children lied.

Katika nusu ya video, watoto walidanganya.

In the other half of the videos, the children told the truth.

Katika nusu ya video nyingine, watoto walisema ukweli.

And let's find out how these adults performed.

Ngoja tuone watu wazima hawa walifanyaje.

Because there are as many liars as truth tellers,

Kwasababu kuna waongo wengi kama wasema kweli,

if you guess randomly,

ukikisia kwa kubahatisha,

there's a 50 percent chance you're going to get it right.

kunauwezekano wa asilimia 50 ukapatia.

So if your accuracy is around 50 percent,

Hivyo ikiwa usahihi wako ni takriban asilimia 50,

it means you are a terrible detector of children's lies.

inamaanisha wewe ni mgunduzi mbaya wa uwongo wa watoto.

So let's start with undergrads and law school students,

Sasa tuanze na wanafunzi wa shahada ya kwanza na wanafunzi wa sheria,

who typically have limited experience with children.

ambao kwa ujumla hawana uzoefu na watoto.

No, they cannot detect children's lies.

Hapana hawawezi kugundua uwongo wa watoto

Their performance is around chance.

Utendaji wao ni wa kubahatisha

Now how about social workers and child-protection lawyers,

Sasa vipi kuhusu wafanyakazi za jamii na walinda haki za watoto,

who work with children on a daily basis?

wanaofanyakazi na watoto kila siku?

Can they detect children's lies?

Wanaweza kugundua uwongo wa watoto?

No, they cannot.

Hapana, hawawezi,

(Laughter)

(Kicheko)

What about judges,

Vipi kuhusu majaji,

customs officers

maafisa forodha

and police officers,

na maafisa polisi,

who deal with liars on a daily basis?

wanaokutana na wadanganyifu kila siku?

Can they detect children's lies?

Wanaweza kugundua uwongo wa watoto?

No, they cannot.

Hapana hawawezi.

What about parents?

Vipi kuhusu wazazi?

Can parents detect other children's lies?

Wazazi wanaweza kugundua uwongo wa watoto wengine?

No, they cannot.

Hapana, hawawezi.

What about, can parents detect their own children's lies?

Inawezekana wazazi kugundua uwongo wa watoto wao wenyewe?

No, they cannot.

Hapana, hawawezi.

(Laughter) (Applause)

(Kicheko) (Makofi)

So now you may ask

Hivyo sasa unaweza kuuliza

why children's lies are so difficult to detect.

kwanini uwongo wa watoto ni vigumu kuugundua.

Let me illustrate this with my own son, Nathan.

Ngoja niwaonyeshe hili na mtoto wangu mwenyewe, Nathan

This is his facial expression

Hii ni hisia za uso wake

when he lies.

anapodanganya.

(Laughter)

(Kicheko)

So when children lie,

Hivyo wakati watoto wanadanganya,

their facial expression is typically neutral.

hisia za nyuso zao ni za kawaida.

However, behind this neutral expression,

Ingawa nyuma ya hii hisia ya kawaida,

the child is actually experiencing a lot of emotions,

mtoto kiukweli hupitia hisia nyingi,

such as fear, guilt, shame

kama hofu, hatia, fedheha

and maybe a little bit of liar's delight.

na pengine raha ya kudanganya kidogo.

(Laughter)

(Kicheko)

Unfortunately, such emotions are either fleeting or hidden.

Bahati mbaya, hisia za aina hiyo ni aidha za muda mfupi au zimejificha

Therefore, it's mostly invisible to us.

Kwahiyo, ni ambazo hazionekani kwetu.

So in the last five years,

Kwa miaka mitano iliyopita,

we have been trying to figure out a way to reveal these hidden emotions.

tumekuwa tukijaribu kutafuta njia ya kuonyesha hisia hizi zilizojificha.

Then we made a discovery.

Kisha tukapata ugunduzi.

We know that underneath our facial skin,

Tunajua kwamba chini ya ngozi za nyuso zetu,

there's a rich network of blood vessels.

kuna mtandao mkubwa wa mishipa ya damu.

When we experience different emotions,

Tunapopitia hisia tofauti,

our facial blood flow changes subtly.

msukumo wa damu usoni hubadilika bila kujua.

And these changes are regulated by the autonomic system

Na mabadiliko haya huendeshwa kwa mfumo wa autonomiki

that is beyond our conscious control.

ambayo ni nje ya uwezo wetu kudhibiti.

By looking at facial blood flow changes,

Kwa kuangalia mabadiliko ya msukumo wa damu usoni,

we can reveal people's hidden emotions.

tunaweza kuonyesha hisia za watu zilizojificha.

Unfortunately, such emotion-related facial blood flow changes

Bahati mbaya, hisia hizo zinazohusiana na mabadiliko ya msukumo wa damu usoni

are too subtle to detect by our naked eye.

ni vigumu sana kugundua kwa macho yetu.

So to help us reveal people's facial emotions,

Hivyo kusaidia kuonyesha hisia za watu usoni,

we have developed a new imaging technology

tumeunda teknolojia mpya ya picha

we call "transdermal optical imaging."

tunaiita "tansderaml optical imaging"

To do so, we use a regular video camera to record people

Kufanya hivyo tunatumia kamera ya video ya kawaida kurekodi watu

when they experience various hidden emotions.

wanapokuwa na hisia mbalimbali zilizojificha

And then, using our image processing technology,

Na kisha, kwa kutumia teknolojia ya usindikaji picha,

we can extract transdermal images of facial blood flow changes.

tunaweza kupata picha kupitia ngozi za mabadiliko ya msukumo wa damu usoni.

By looking at transdermal video images,

Kwa kuangalia video za picha kupitia ngozi,

now we can easily see

sasa tunaweza kuona kwa urahisi

facial blood flow changes associated with the various hidden emotions.

mabadiliko ya msukumo wa damu usoni yanayohusiana na hisia zilizojificha.

And using this technology,

Na kwa kutumia teknolojia hii,

we can now reveal the hidden emotions associated with lying,

tunaweza kuonyesha hisia zilizojificha zinazohusiana na udanganyifu,

and therefore detect people's lies.

na kwahiyo kugundua uwongo wa watu.

We can do so noninvasively,

tunaweza kufanya bila upasuaji,

remotely, inexpensively,

kwa mbali, na gharama nafuu

with an accuracy at about 85 percent,

kwa usahihi wa takriban asilimia 85

which is far better than chance level.

ambayo ni bora kuliko kubahatisha.

And in addition, we discovered a Pinocchio effect.

Na kwa kuongezea, tumegundua athari za Pinikio.

No, not this Pinocchio effect.

Hapana, sio athari za Pinokio huyu.

(Laughter)

(Kicheko)

This is the real Pinocchio effect.

Hizi ni athari za kweli za Pinokio.

When people lie,

Wakati watu wanapodanganya,

the facial blood flow on the cheeks decreases,

msukumo wa damu usoni kwenye mashavu hupungua,

and the facial blood flow on the nose increases.

na msukumo wa damu usoni kwenye pua huongezeka.

Of course, lying is not the only situation

Hata hivyo, kudanganya sio tukio pekee

that will evoke our hidden emotions.

ambalo litaamsha hisia zilizojificha.

So then we asked ourselves,

Hivyo basi tukajiuliza wenyewe,

in addition to detecting lies,

pamoja na kugundua uwongo,

how can our technology be used?

teknolojia yetu inaweza kutumikaje?

One application is in education.

Utumikaji wake mmoja ni kwenye elimu.

For example, using this technology, we can help this mathematics teacher

Kwa mfano, kwa kutumia teknolojia hii, tunaweza kumsaidia mwalimu huyu wa hesabu

to identify the student in his classroom

kutambua wanafunzi darasani kwake

who may experience high anxiety about the topic he's teaching

wanapata woga mkubwa kuhusu mada anayofundisha

so that he can help him.

ili iweze kumsaidia.

And also we can use this in health care.

Na pia tunaweza kuitumia katika huduma za afya.

For example, every day I Skype my parents,

Mfano, kila siku natumia huduma ya Skype kuwasilina na wazazi wangu,

who live thousands of miles away.

wanaoishi maelfu ya maili mbali.

And using this technology,

Na kwa kutumia teknolojia hii,

I can not only find out what's going on in their lives

Sio tu najua kinachoendelea katika maisha yao

but also simultaneously monitor their heart rate, their stress level,

lakini pia sambamba na kuangalia mapigo yao ya moyo na kiwango cha msongo,

their mood and whether or not they are experiencing pain.

hali zao na kama wanapata au hawapati maumivu.

And perhaps in the future,

Na pengine kwa siku za mbele,

their risks for heart attack or hypertension.

hatari za mshtuko wa moyo au shinikizo la damu

And you may ask:

Na unaweza kuuliza:

Can we use this also to reveal politicians' emotions?

Tunaweza kutumia hii pia kuonyesha hisia za wanasiasa?

(Laughter)

(Kicheko)

For example, during a debate.

Kwa mfano, wakati wa mijadala

Well, the answer is yes.

Kwakweli, jibu ni ndio.

Using TV footage,

Kutumia kipande kinachorushwa kwenye TV,

we could detect the politicians' heart rate,

tunaweza kugundua mapigo ya moyo ya mwanasiasa,

mood and stress,

hali na msongo,

and perhaps in the future, whether or not they are lying to us.

na pengine katika siku za mbele. iwe wanatudanganya au sivyo.

We can also use this in marketing research,

Tunaweza pia kutumia hii katika utafiti wa masoko,

for example, to find out

kwa mfano, kujua

whether or not people like certain consumer products.

kama watu wanapenda au hawapendi bidhaa fulani za matumizi.

We can even use it in dating.

Tunaweza hata kutumia kwenye miadi.

So for example,

Sasa kwa mfano

if your date is smiling at you,

Ikiwa mliyeahidiana anakuonyesha tabasamu,

this technology can help you to determine

teknolojia hii inaweza kukusaidia kujua

whether she actually likes you

kama anakupenda kweli

or she is just trying to be nice to you.

au anajaribu tu kuonyesha wema kwako.

And in this case,

Na kwa suala hili,

she is just trying to be nice to you.

anajaribu kuonyesha wema kwako.

(Laughter)

(Kicheko)

So transdermal optical imaging technology

Hivyo teknolojia ya transdermal optical imaging

is at a very early stage of development.

iko katika hatua za mwanzo za kuendelezwa.

Many new applications will come about that we don't know today.

Matumizi mengi mapya yatakuja ambayo hatuyajui leo.

However, one thing I know for sure

Ingawa, kitu kimoja ninachojua kwa uhakika

is that lying will never be the same again.

ni kwamba kudanganya hakutakuwa kama zamani tena.

Thank you very much.

Asanteni sana.

Xiè xie.

Asanteni.

(Applause)

(Makofi)