Can you really tell if a kid is lying? | Kang Lee

11,302,368 views ใƒป 2016-06-08

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Itay Galilee ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:13
Hi.
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ื”ื™ื™.
00:14
Let me ask the audience a question:
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ืืฉืืœ ืืชื›ื ืฉืืœื”:
00:16
Did you ever lie as a child?
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ืงืจืชื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื?
00:19
If you did, could you please raise your hand?
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ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื›ืŸ, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื™ื“ื›ื?
00:23
Wow! This is the most honest group of people I've ever met.
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ื•ื•ืื•! ื–ื• ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื›ื™ ื›ื ื” ืฉืคื’ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™.
00:26
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:28
So for the last 20 years,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘-20 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
00:30
I've been studying how children learn to tell lies.
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ื—ืงืจืชื™ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืฉืงืจ.
00:33
And today, I'm going to share with you
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื—ืœื•ืง ืขืžื›ื
00:36
some of the discoveries we have made.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•.
00:38
But to begin, I'm going to tell you a story from Mr. Richard Messina,
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ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืืช ืžืจ ืจื™ืฆ'ืืจื“ ืžืกื™ื ื”,
00:43
who is my friend and an elementary school principal.
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•.
00:47
He got a phone call one day.
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ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืฉื™ื—ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“.
00:51
The caller says,
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ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืืžืจ,
00:52
"Mr. Messina, my son Johnny will not come to school today
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"ืžืจ ืžืกื™ื ื”, ื‘ื ื™ ื’'ื•ื ื™ ืœื ื™ื’ื™ืข ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ
00:56
because he's sick."
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืœื”"
00:58
Mr. Messina asks,
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ืžืจ ืžืกื™ื ื” ืฉืืœ,
01:00
"Who am I speaking to, please?"
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"ืกืœื™ื—ื”, ืขื ืžื™ ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ?"
01:02
And the caller says,
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ื•ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื‘,
01:04
"I am my father."
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"ืื ื™ ืื‘ื ืฉืœื™."
01:05
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:10
So this story --
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ืื– ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” --
01:11
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:13
sums up very nicely three common beliefs we have
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ืžืกื›ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืคื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช
01:17
about children and lying.
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืฉืงืจื™ื.
01:20
One, children only come to tell lies
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉืงืจ
01:24
after entering elementary school.
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ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื ื™ืกืชื ืœื‘ื™"ืก ื™ืกื•ื“ื™.
01:27
Two, children are poor liars.
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ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืงืจื ื™ื ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื.
01:29
We adults can easily detect their lies.
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ืื ื• ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืฉืงืจ ืžืคื™ื”ื.
01:32
And three, if children lie at a very young age,
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ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืฉืงืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“,
01:36
there must be some character flaws with them,
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ื”ืจื™ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื’ื ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื™ื,
01:39
and they are going to become pathological liars for life.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืฉืงืจื ื™ื ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
01:44
Well, it turns out
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ
01:46
all of the three beliefs are wrong.
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ืฉืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช.
01:50
We have been playing guessing games
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ืฉื™ื—ืงื ื• ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉื™ื
01:53
with children all over the world.
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ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:55
Here is an example.
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
01:56
So in this game, we asked children to guess the numbers on the cards.
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ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื–ื”, ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื ื—ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืงืœืคื™ื.
02:01
And we tell them if they win the game,
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ื•ืืžืจื ื• ืœื”ื ืฉื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื™ืฆื“ืงื•,
02:04
they are going to get a big prize.
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ื™ื–ื›ื• ื‘ืคืจืก ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
02:07
But in the middle of the game,
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ืื•ืœื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืฉื—ืง,
02:09
we make an excuse and leave the room.
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ื”ืžืฆืื ื• ืชื™ืจื•ืฅ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ.
02:13
And before we leave the room,
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ื•ื‘ื˜ืจื ืขื–ื™ื‘ืชื ื•,
02:15
we tell them not to peek at the cards.
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ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื• ืœื”ื ืœื ืœื”ืฆื™ืฅ ื‘ืงืœืคื™ื.
02:19
Of course,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
02:20
we have hidden cameras in the room
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื ืกืชืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ
02:23
to watch their every move.
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ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆืขื“ ืฉืœื”ื.
02:26
Because the desire to win the game is so strong,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื›"ื› ื—ื–ืงื”,
02:29
more than 90 percent of children will peek
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-90% ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืฆื•
02:33
as soon as we leave the room.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื™ืฆืื ื• ืžื”ื—ื“ืจ.
02:34
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:37
The crucial question is:
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžื›ืจืขืช ื”ื™ื:
02:39
When we return and ask the children
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ื”ืื ื›ืฉื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื
02:41
whether or not they have peeked,
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ืื ื”ื ื”ืฆื™ืฆื• ืื• ืœื,
02:44
will the children who peeked confess
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ืฆื• ื™ื•ื“ื•
02:47
or lie about their transgression?
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ืื• ื™ืฉืงืจื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืจืžื”?
02:51
We found that regardless of gender, country, religion,
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉืœืœื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ื“ืช, ื’ื–ืข, ื•ืžื™ืŸ,
02:56
at two years of age,
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื,
02:59
30 percent lie,
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30% ืžืฉืงืจื™ื,
03:01
70 percent tell the truth about their transgression.
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ื•-70% ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžืช.
03:04
At three years of age,
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ,
03:07
50 percent lie and 50 percent tell the truth.
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50% ืžืฉืงืจื™ื ื•-50% ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžืช.
03:11
At four years of age,
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืืจื‘ืข,
03:13
more than 80 percent lie.
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ืžืขืœ 80% ืžืฉืงืจื™ื.
03:16
And after four years of age,
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื,
03:18
most children lie.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืฉืงืจื™ื.
03:21
So as you can see,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช,
03:22
lying is really a typical part of development.
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ืœืฉืงืจ ื–ื” ืฉืœื‘ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช.
03:26
And some children begin to tell lies
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉืงืจ
03:28
as young as two years of age.
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ืžื•ืงื“ื ื›ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื.
03:32
So now, let's take a closer look at the younger children.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:37
Why do some but not all young children lie?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืฉืงืจื™ื?
03:42
In cooking, you need good ingredients
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ, ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
03:45
to cook good food.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘.
03:47
And good lying requires two key ingredients.
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืงืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืฉื ื™ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื.
03:53
The first key ingredient is theory of mind,
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ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื“ืขื”,
03:57
or the mind-reading ability.
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ืื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช.
03:59
Mind reading is the ability to know
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ืงืจื™ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื“ืขืช
04:01
that different people have different knowledge about the situation
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ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื™ื“ืข ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฆื‘,
04:06
and the ability to differentiate between what I know
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข
04:10
and what you know.
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ืœืžื” ืฉืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข.
04:11
Mind reading is important for lying
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ืงืจื™ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืงืจ
04:14
because the basis of lying is that I know
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืกื™ืกื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข
04:18
you don't know
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ืฉืืชื” ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข
04:19
what I know.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข.
04:20
Therefore, I can lie to you.
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืฉืงืจ ืœืš.
04:23
The second key ingredient for good lying is self-control.
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ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืงืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช.
04:27
It is the ability to control your speech, your facial expression
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจืš, ื‘ื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ืคื ื™ืš,
04:32
and your body language,
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ื•ื‘ืฉืคืช ื’ื•ืคืš,
04:33
so that you can tell a convincing lie.
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ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืงืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉื›ื ืข.
04:36
And we found that those young children
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ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
04:40
who have more advanced mind-reading and self-control abilities
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:45
tell lies earlier
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ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืฉืงืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:47
and are more sophisticated liars.
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ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:51
As it turns out, these two abilities are also essential for all of us
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืฉืชื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•
04:57
to function well in our society.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืคืงื“ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”.
05:00
In fact, deficits in mind-reading and self-control abilities
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช
05:05
are associated with serious developmental problems,
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ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช,
05:08
such as ADHD and autism.
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ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืคืจืขืช ืงืฉื‘ ื•ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื•ืื•ื˜ื™ื–ื.
05:13
So if you discover your two-year-old is telling his or her first lie,
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ืื– ืื ืžืชื’ืœื” ืœื›ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื›ื ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืžืฉืงืจ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
05:19
instead of being alarmed,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื,
05:21
you should celebrate --
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ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉืชื—ื’ื’ื• --
05:22
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:24
because it signals that your child has arrived at a new milestone
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžืกืžืœ ืฉื™ืœื“ื›ื ื—ืฆื” ืื‘ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื”
05:29
of typical development.
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ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช.
05:33
Now, are children poor liars?
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ื›ืขืช, ื”ืื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืงืจื ื™ื ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื?
05:36
Do you think you can easily detect their lies?
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ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืงืจื™ื?
05:40
Would you like to give it a try?
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ืชืจืฆื• ืœื ืกื•ืช?
05:42
Yes? OK.
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ื›ืŸ? ืื•ืงื™ื™.
05:44
So I'm going to show you two videos.
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ืืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืฉื ื™ ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื.
05:47
In the videos,
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ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
05:48
the children are going to respond to a researcher's question,
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ืขื ื• ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ,
05:51
"Did you peek?"
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"ื”ืื ื”ืฆืฆืช?"
05:52
So try to tell me
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ื•ืืชื ืชื ืกื• ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื™
05:54
which child is lying
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ืžื™ ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืฉืงืจ
05:55
and which child is telling the truth.
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ื•ืžื™ ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืืžืช.
05:58
Here's child number one.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
06:00
Are you ready?
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ืืชื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื?
06:03
(Video) Adult: Did you peek? Child: No.
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(ื•ื™ื“ืื•) ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ: ื”ืฆืฆืช? ื™ืœื“: ืœื.
06:05
Kang Lee: And this is child number two.
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ืงื ื’ ืœื™: ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
06:09
(Video) Adult: Did you peek? Child: No.
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(ื•ื™ื“ืื•) ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ: ื”ืฆืฆืช? ื™ืœื“ื”: ืœื.
06:13
KL: OK, if you think child number one is lying,
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ืงื ื’ ืœื™: ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฉืงืจ,
06:16
please raise your hand.
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ืื ื ื”ืจื™ืžื• ื™ื“.
06:20
And if you think child number two is lying, please raise your hand.
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ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžืฉืงืจืช, ื”ืจื™ืžื• ื™ื“.
06:25
OK, so as a matter of fact,
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืœืžืขืฉื”,
06:28
child number one is telling the truth,
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ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืืžืช,
06:31
child number two is lying.
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ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžืฉืงืจืช.
06:34
Looks like many of you are terrible detectors of children's lies.
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ื ื“ืžื” ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืฉืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
06:37
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:39
Now, we have played similar kinds of games
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ืฉื™ื—ืงื ื• ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืืœื•
06:43
with many, many adults from all walks of life.
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ืขื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื.
06:48
And we show them many videos.
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ื•ื”ืจืื ื• ืœื”ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
06:51
In half of the videos, the children lied.
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ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื™ืœื“ ืžืฉืงืจ.
06:53
In the other half of the videos, the children told the truth.
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ื•ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ืœื“ ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืืžืช.
06:58
And let's find out how these adults performed.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื’ืœื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืชืคืงื“ื•.
07:02
Because there are as many liars as truth tellers,
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉืงืจื ื™ื ื•ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืžืช ืฉื•ื•ื”,
07:06
if you guess randomly,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืชื ื—ืฉื• ืืงืจืื™ืช,
07:08
there's a 50 percent chance you're going to get it right.
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ืงื™ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ 50% ืฉืชืฆื“ืงื•.
07:12
So if your accuracy is around 50 percent,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš 50%,
07:16
it means you are a terrible detector of children's lies.
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ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืืชื ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืฉืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
07:20
So let's start with undergrads and law school students,
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ืื– ื”ื‘ื” ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื,
07:24
who typically have limited experience with children.
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ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
07:30
No, they cannot detect children's lies.
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ืœื, ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ืฉื™ืœื“ ืžืฉืงืจ.
07:32
Their performance is around chance.
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ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืฉืงื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ.
07:34
Now how about social workers and child-protection lawyers,
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ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ื™ืœื“,
07:39
who work with children on a daily basis?
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ืžื™?
07:42
Can they detect children's lies?
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ื”ืื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ืฉื™ืœื“ ืžืฉืงืจ?
07:45
No, they cannot.
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ืœื, ื”ื ืœื.
07:46
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:47
What about judges,
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ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื,
07:49
customs officers
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ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืžื›ืก
07:51
and police officers,
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ื•ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื,
07:53
who deal with liars on a daily basis?
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ืฉืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ืฉืงืจื ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ืžื™?
07:55
Can they detect children's lies?
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ื”ืื ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ืฉื™ืœื“ ืžืฉืงืจ?
07:58
No, they cannot.
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ืœื, ื”ื ืœื.
08:00
What about parents?
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ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื?
08:01
Can parents detect other children's lies?
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ื”ืื ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ ืื—ืจ?
08:05
No, they cannot.
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ืœื, ื”ื ืœื.
08:07
What about, can parents detect their own children's lies?
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ื”ืื ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ืฉื™ืœื“ื ืžืฉืงืจ?
08:13
No, they cannot.
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ืœื, ื”ื ืœื.
08:14
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
08:17
So now you may ask
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืชืฉืืœื•
08:20
why children's lies are so difficult to detect.
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ืœืžื” ืฉืงืจื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™.
08:24
Let me illustrate this with my own son, Nathan.
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื‘ื ื™, ื ื™ื™ืช'ืŸ.
08:27
This is his facial expression
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืช ืคื ื™ื•
08:30
when he lies.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืงืจ.
08:31
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:33
So when children lie,
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ื›ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืฉืงืจื™ื,
08:35
their facial expression is typically neutral.
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ื”ื‘ืขืช ืคื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ืช.
08:39
However, behind this neutral expression,
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ืื•ืœื, ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืขืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ืช ื”ื–ื•,
08:42
the child is actually experiencing a lot of emotions,
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ื”ื™ืœื“ ื—ื•ื•ื” ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื,
08:45
such as fear, guilt, shame
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ื›ืžื• ืคื—ื“, ืืฉืžื”, ื‘ื•ืฉื”
08:49
and maybe a little bit of liar's delight.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืžืขื˜ ื”ื ืื” ืžื”ืฉืงืจ.
08:52
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:55
Unfortunately, such emotions are either fleeting or hidden.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืืœื• ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื ืื• ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื.
09:00
Therefore, it's mostly invisible to us.
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ื ืกืชืจื™ื ืžืขื™ื ื™ื ื•.
09:03
So in the last five years,
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ืื– ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
09:05
we have been trying to figure out a way to reveal these hidden emotions.
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ื—ื™ืคืฉื ื• ื“ืจืš ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
09:08
Then we made a discovery.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืชื’ืœื™ืช.
09:11
We know that underneath our facial skin,
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืขื•ืจ ืคื ื™ื ื•,
09:14
there's a rich network of blood vessels.
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ื™ืฉ ืจืฉืช ืขื ืคื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื“ื.
09:17
When we experience different emotions,
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
09:20
our facial blood flow changes subtly.
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ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืขื˜.
09:23
And these changes are regulated by the autonomic system
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ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ืžื•ื•ืกืชื™ื ืข"ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช,
09:27
that is beyond our conscious control.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื ื• ื”ืžื•ื“ืขืช.
09:30
By looking at facial blood flow changes,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื,
09:34
we can reveal people's hidden emotions.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื ืกืชืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
09:37
Unfortunately, such emotion-related facial blood flow changes
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช,
09:42
are too subtle to detect by our naked eye.
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ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื–ื•ื™ื ืช.
09:45
So to help us reveal people's facial emotions,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
09:49
we have developed a new imaging technology
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ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื“ื™ืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”
09:52
we call "transdermal optical imaging."
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ืœื” ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื "ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืช ื˜ืจื ืกื“ืจืžื™ืช".
09:56
To do so, we use a regular video camera to record people
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ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืœืžืช ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืœืชืขื“ ืื ืฉื™ื
10:00
when they experience various hidden emotions.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื ืกืชืจื™ื.
10:04
And then, using our image processing technology,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
10:08
we can extract transdermal images of facial blood flow changes.
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ืื ื• ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
10:16
By looking at transdermal video images,
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ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ื” ื”ื˜ืจื ืกื“ืจืžื™ืช,
10:20
now we can easily see
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืงืœื•ืช
10:23
facial blood flow changes associated with the various hidden emotions.
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืฉืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื ืกืชืจื™ื.
10:29
And using this technology,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•,
10:31
we can now reveal the hidden emotions associated with lying,
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ืขืช ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืงืจ,
10:36
and therefore detect people's lies.
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืงืจื™ื.
10:39
We can do so noninvasively,
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™ืช,
10:41
remotely, inexpensively,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืจื•ื—ืง, ื–ื•ืœ
10:44
with an accuracy at about 85 percent,
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ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื‘-85% ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื,
10:48
which is far better than chance level.
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ืฉื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืชื™.
10:51
And in addition, we discovered a Pinocchio effect.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืืคืงื˜ ืคื™ื ื•ืงื™ื•.
10:56
No, not this Pinocchio effect.
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ืœื, ืœื ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืคื™ื ื•ืงื™ื• ื”ื–ื”.
10:58
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:59
This is the real Pinocchio effect.
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ื–ื”ื• ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืคื™ื ื•ืงื™ื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™.
11:01
When people lie,
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ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืงืจื™ื,
11:03
the facial blood flow on the cheeks decreases,
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ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื ืœืœื—ื™ื™ื ืคื•ื—ืชืช,
11:06
and the facial blood flow on the nose increases.
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ื•ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื ืœืืฃ ืžืชื’ื‘ืจืช,
11:11
Of course, lying is not the only situation
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉืงืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“
11:14
that will evoke our hidden emotions.
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื ื• ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื.
11:17
So then we asked ourselves,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉืืœื”,
11:19
in addition to detecting lies,
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืงืจื™ื,
11:22
how can our technology be used?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•?
11:25
One application is in education.
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ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
11:28
For example, using this technology, we can help this mathematics teacher
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื•ืจื” ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”
11:33
to identify the student in his classroom
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ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ื›ื™ืชืชื•
11:36
who may experience high anxiety about the topic he's teaching
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ืฉื—ืฉ ื—ืจื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ื ืœืžื“
11:40
so that he can help him.
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ื•ืื– ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื• ืขื–ืจื”.
11:43
And also we can use this in health care.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
11:46
For example, every day I Skype my parents,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืžืชืงืฉืจ ื‘ืกืงื™ื™ืค ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื™,
11:49
who live thousands of miles away.
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ืฉื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืืœืคื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืžื ื™.
11:52
And using this technology,
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ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•,
11:54
I can not only find out what's going on in their lives
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ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ืžื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื
11:57
but also simultaneously monitor their heart rate, their stress level,
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœื ื˜ืจ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืœื‘, ืจืžืช ื”ืžืชื—,
12:03
their mood and whether or not they are experiencing pain.
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ืžืฆื‘ ืจื•ื—ื ื•ื”ืื ื”ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืื‘ ืื• ืœื.
12:07
And perhaps in the future,
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“,
12:09
their risks for heart attack or hypertension.
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ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืงืฃ ืœื‘ ืื• ื™ืชืจ ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื.
12:13
And you may ask:
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืชืฉืืœื•:
12:15
Can we use this also to reveal politicians' emotions?
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ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื?
12:20
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:22
For example, during a debate.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜.
12:25
Well, the answer is yes.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ.
12:27
Using TV footage,
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ืกืจื˜ื” ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ืช,
12:29
we could detect the politicians' heart rate,
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื,
12:33
mood and stress,
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ืžืฆื‘ ืจื•ื—ื ื•ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืžืชื— ืฉืœื”ื,
12:35
and perhaps in the future, whether or not they are lying to us.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ื”ืื ื”ื ืžืฉืงืจื™ื ืœื ื•.
12:39
We can also use this in marketing research,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง,
12:42
for example, to find out
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช
12:44
whether or not people like certain consumer products.
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ื”ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื.
12:49
We can even use it in dating.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’.
12:51
So for example,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
12:53
if your date is smiling at you,
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ืื ื”ื“ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืš ืžื—ื™ื™ื›ืช ืืœื™ื™ืš,
12:55
this technology can help you to determine
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜
12:58
whether she actually likes you
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื‘ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืš ื‘ืืžืช
13:01
or she is just trying to be nice to you.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืจืง ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื—ืžื“ื” ืืœื™ื™ืš.
13:03
And in this case,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”,
13:05
she is just trying to be nice to you.
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ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื—ืžื“ื” ืืœื™ื™ืš.
13:07
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:11
So transdermal optical imaging technology
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืจื ืกื“ืจืžื™ืช
13:14
is at a very early stage of development.
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ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชืงื“ื ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื”.
13:17
Many new applications will come about that we don't know today.
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ื™ืžืฆื™ืื• ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืฉื˜ืจื ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื.
13:22
However, one thing I know for sure
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ืื•ืœื, ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ:
13:25
is that lying will never be the same again.
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ื”ืฉืงืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื™ืจืื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ื•ื.
13:28
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
13:29
Xiรจ xie.
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(ืชื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžื ื“ืจื™ื ื™ืช).
13:31
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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