Can you really tell if a kid is lying? | Kang Lee

Translator: Natasha Kovacic-Horvath Reviewer: Ivan Stamenkovic

Hi.

Ćao.

Let me ask the audience a question:

Pitanje za publiku:

Did you ever lie as a child?

Da li ste lagali kad ste bili dete?

If you did, could you please raise your hand?

Ako jeste, molim vas podignite ruku.

Wow! This is the most honest group of people I've ever met.

Vau! Ovo je najiskrenija grupa ljudi koju sam ikada sreo.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So for the last 20 years,

Poslednjih 20 godina sam,

I've been studying how children learn to tell lies.

proučavao kako deca uče da lažu.

And today, I'm going to share with you

I danas ću podeliti sa vama

some of the discoveries we have made.

neka od saznanja koja smo otkrili.

But to begin, I'm going to tell you a story from Mr. Richard Messina,

Ali za početak, ispričaću vam priču gospodina Ričarda Mesina,

who is my friend and an elementary school principal.

koji je moj prijatelj i direktor u jednoj osnovnoj školi.

He got a phone call one day.

Jednom je primio poziv telefonom

The caller says,

Pozivatelj je rekao,

"Mr. Messina, my son Johnny will not come to school today

"G. Mesina, moj sin Džoni neće doći u školu danas

because he's sick."

zato što je bolestan."

Mr. Messina asks,

G. Messina pita,

"Who am I speaking to, please?"

"Molim vas, recite ko je to."

And the caller says,

A pozivatelj kaže,

"I am my father."

"Ja sam moj otac."

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So this story --

Tako ova priča --

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

sums up very nicely three common beliefs we have

sumira veoma lepo tri česta ubeđenja koja imamo

about children and lying.

o deci i laganju.

One, children only come to tell lies

Jedan, deca lažu samo

after entering elementary school.

nakon što pođu u osnovnu školu.

Two, children are poor liars.

Dva, deca loše lažu.

We adults can easily detect their lies.

Mi odrasli možemo lako otkriti njihove laži.

And three, if children lie at a very young age,

I tri, ako deca lažu od malih nogu,

there must be some character flaws with them,

mora da imaju neku karakternu manu,

and they are going to become pathological liars for life.

i postaće patološki lažovi kad odrastu.

Well, it turns out

Pa, ispada da

all of the three beliefs are wrong.

sva tri navedena ubeđenja su pogrešna.

We have been playing guessing games

Igrali smo igre pogađanja

with children all over the world.

sa decom širom sveta.

Here is an example.

Na primer,

So in this game, we asked children to guess the numbers on the cards.

U ovoj igri pitali smo decu da pogode brojeve na kartama.

And we tell them if they win the game,

I kada im kažemo da ako pobede,

they are going to get a big prize.

dobiće veliku nagradu.

But in the middle of the game,

Ali u sred igre,

we make an excuse and leave the room.

pod nekim izgovorom napustimo sobu.

And before we leave the room,

I pre nego što odemo,

we tell them not to peek at the cards.

kažemo im da ne vire u karte.

Of course,

Naravno,

we have hidden cameras in the room

mi imamo skrivene kamere u sobi

to watch their every move.

i posmatramo svaki njihov pokret.

Because the desire to win the game is so strong,

Pošto je želja za pobedom u igri tako jaka,

more than 90 percent of children will peek

više od 90 procenata dece će viriti

as soon as we leave the room.

čim napustimo sobu.

(Laughter)

(smeh)

The crucial question is:

Osnovno pitanje je:

When we return and ask the children

Kada se vratimo i pitamo decu

whether or not they have peeked,

da li su ili nisu virili,

will the children who peeked confess

da li će deca koja su virila priznati

or lie about their transgression?

ili lagati o svom prestupu.

We found that regardless of gender, country, religion,

Saznali smo da bez obzira na pol, zemlju, religiju,

at two years of age,

sa dve godine starosti

30 percent lie,

30 posto laže,

70 percent tell the truth about their transgression.

70 posto kaže istinu o svom prestupu.

At three years of age,

Sa tri godine starosti

50 percent lie and 50 percent tell the truth.

50 posto laže, 50 posto kaže istinu.

At four years of age,

Sa četiri godine,

more than 80 percent lie.

više od 80 posto laže.

And after four years of age,

A posle četiri pune godine,

most children lie.

većina dece laže.

So as you can see,

Tako da kao što vidite,

lying is really a typical part of development.

laganje je tipičan deo razvoja.

And some children begin to tell lies

I neka deca počinju da lažu

as young as two years of age.

već sa dve godine života.

So now, let's take a closer look at the younger children.

Ajde sada da pogledamo izbliza mlađu decu.

Why do some but not all young children lie?

Zašto neka, ali ne sva, mala deca lažu?

In cooking, you need good ingredients

Prilikom kuvanja, trebaju vam dobri sastojci

to cook good food.

da biste napravili dobru hranu.

And good lying requires two key ingredients.

A dobro laganje zahteva dva ključna sastojka.

The first key ingredient is theory of mind,

Prvi ključni sastojak je teorija uma,

or the mind-reading ability.

ili sposobnost čitanja misli.

Mind reading is the ability to know

To jest sposobnost znati

that different people have different knowledge about the situation

da različiti ljudi imaju različito znanje o istoj situaciji

and the ability to differentiate between what I know

i sposobnost da razlikujete ono što ja znam

and what you know.

od onoga što vi znate.

Mind reading is important for lying

Čitanje misli je važno za laganje

because the basis of lying is that I know

zato što je osnova laganja da ja znam

you don't know

da ti ne znaš

what I know.

da ja znam.

Therefore, I can lie to you.

Znači ja mogu da te slažem.

The second key ingredient for good lying is self-control.

Drugi glavni sastojak za dobro laganje samokontrola.

It is the ability to control your speech, your facial expression

To je sposobnost da kontrolišete govor, facijalnu ekspresiju

and your body language,

i govor tela,

so that you can tell a convincing lie.

tako da možete da kažete uverljivu laž.

And we found that those young children

I saznali smo da mlada djeca

who have more advanced mind-reading and self-control abilities

koja imaju bolju sposobnost čitanja misli i samokontrole

tell lies earlier

počinju da lažu ranije

and are more sophisticated liars.

i mnogo su sofisticiraniji u laganju.

As it turns out, these two abilities are also essential for all of us

I kako izgleda, ove dvije sposobnosti su također esencijalne za sve nas

to function well in our society.

za dobro funkcionisanje u našem društvu.

In fact, deficits in mind-reading and self-control abilities

Zapravo, deficit u sposobnosti čitanja misli i samokontrole

are associated with serious developmental problems,

su povezani sa ozbiljnim razvojnim problemima,

such as ADHD and autism.

kao što su ADHD i autizam.

So if you discover your two-year-old is telling his or her first lie,

Tako da ako otkrijete da vaš dvogodišnjak govori svoju prvu laž,

instead of being alarmed,

umjesto da budete zabrinuti,

you should celebrate --

trebali biste slaviti.

(Laughter)

(smjeh)

because it signals that your child has arrived at a new milestone

zato što to znači da je vaše dijete postiglo stupanj

of typical development.

tipičnog razvoja.

Now, are children poor liars?

Sada, da li djeca loše lažu?

Do you think you can easily detect their lies?

Da li mislite da možete lako da otkrijete njihove laži?

Would you like to give it a try?

Da li biste željeli da probate?

Yes? OK.

Da? U redu.

So I'm going to show you two videos.

Pokazaću vam dva snimka.

In the videos,

U snimcima,

the children are going to respond to a researcher's question,

djeca će odgovoriti na istraživačevo pitanje,

"Did you peek?"

"Da li si virio?"

So try to tell me

Pokušajte mi reći

which child is lying

koje dijete laže

and which child is telling the truth.

a koje govori istinu.

Here's child number one.

Ovo je dijete broj jedan.

Are you ready?

Da li ste spremni?

(Video) Adult: Did you peek? Child: No.

Odrasli: Da li si virio? Dijete: Ne

Kang Lee: And this is child number two.

Kang Lee: Ovo je dijete broj 2.

(Video) Adult: Did you peek? Child: No.

Odrasli: Da li si virio? Dijete: Ne.

KL: OK, if you think child number one is lying,

U redu, ako mislite da dijete broj 1 laže,

please raise your hand.

molim vas podignite ruku.

And if you think child number two is lying, please raise your hand.

A ako mislite da dijete broj 2 laže, molim vas podignite ruku.

OK, so as a matter of fact,

U redu, činjenica je da

child number one is telling the truth,

dijete broj 1 govori istinu,

child number two is lying.

dijete broj 2 laže.

Looks like many of you are terrible detectors of children's lies.

Izgleda da su mnogi od vas loši detektori dječjih laži.

(Laughter)

(Smjeh)

Now, we have played similar kinds of games

Igrali smo sličnu vrstu igara

with many, many adults from all walks of life.

sa mnogo, mnogo odraslih iz svih životnih pozicija.

And we show them many videos.

I pokazali smo im mnoge snimke.

In half of the videos, the children lied.

U polovini snimaka djeca su lagala.

In the other half of the videos, the children told the truth.

U drugoj polovini snimaka djeca su govorila istinu.

And let's find out how these adults performed.

Da vidimo kako su se odrasli prošli.

Because there are as many liars as truth tellers,

Pošto ima jednak broj onih koji lažu i onih koji govore istinu,

if you guess randomly,

ako pogađate nasumice,

there's a 50 percent chance you're going to get it right.

imate 50 procenata šanse da ćete pogoditi.

So if your accuracy is around 50 percent,

Tako da ako je vaša tačnost oko 50 procenata,

it means you are a terrible detector of children's lies.

to znači da ste loš detektor dječjih laži.

So let's start with undergrads and law school students,

Pa počnimo od diplomaca i studenata prava,

who typically have limited experience with children.

koji tipično imaju ograničena iskustva sa djecom.

No, they cannot detect children's lies.

Oni ne mogu da otkriju kada dječje laži.

Their performance is around chance.

Njihov učinak je oko slučajnog.

Now how about social workers and child-protection lawyers,

A socijalni radnici, i advokati dječjih prava,

who work with children on a daily basis?

koji rade sa djecom svakodnevno?

Can they detect children's lies?

Mogu li oni otkriti dječje laži?

No, they cannot.

Ne, ne mogu.

(Laughter)

(Smjeh)

What about judges,

A sudije,

customs officers

carinici

and police officers,

i policajci,

who deal with liars on a daily basis?

koji se bave ljudima koji lažu svakoga dana?

Can they detect children's lies?

Mogu li oni otkriti dječje laži?

No, they cannot.

Ne, ne mogu.

What about parents?

A roditelji?

Can parents detect other children's lies?

Mogu li roditelji otkriti lađi tuđe djece?

No, they cannot.

Ne, ne mogu.

What about, can parents detect their own children's lies?

A mogu li roditelji otkriti laži svoje sopstvene djece?

No, they cannot.

Ne, ne mogu.

(Laughter) (Applause)

(Smjeh) (Aplauz)

So now you may ask

Sada možete pitati

why children's lies are so difficult to detect.

zašto su dječje laži tako teške za otkriti.

Let me illustrate this with my own son, Nathan.

Da navedem primer moga sina Nejtana.

This is his facial expression

Ovo je njegov izraz lica

when he lies.

kada laže.

(Laughter)

(Smjeh)

So when children lie,

Kada djeca lažu,

their facial expression is typically neutral.

njihov izraz lica je obično neutralan.

However, behind this neutral expression,

Ali, iza ovog neutralnog izraza lica,

the child is actually experiencing a lot of emotions,

dijete zapravo doživljava mnogo emocija,

such as fear, guilt, shame

kao strah, krivnja, stid

and maybe a little bit of liar's delight.

i možda malo lažovskog uzbuđenja.

(Laughter)

(Smjeh)

Unfortunately, such emotions are either fleeting or hidden.

Nažalost, takve emocije su ili kratkotrajne ili skrivene.

Therefore, it's mostly invisible to us.

Tako da su uglavnom neprimjetne za nas.

So in the last five years,

Tako u poslednjih 5 godina,

we have been trying to figure out a way to reveal these hidden emotions.

pokušavali smo naći načina da otkrijemo te skrivene emocije.

Then we made a discovery.

Zatim smo otkrili.

We know that underneath our facial skin,

Znamo da ispod kože našeg lica,

there's a rich network of blood vessels.

postoji bogata mreža krvnih sudova.

When we experience different emotions,

Kada iskusimo različite emocije,

our facial blood flow changes subtly.

protok krvi u našem licu se blago mijenja.

And these changes are regulated by the autonomic system

Ove promjene su regulirane od strane autonomnog sistema

that is beyond our conscious control.

koji je izvan naše svjesne kontrole.

By looking at facial blood flow changes,

Promatranjem promena protoka krvi u licu

we can reveal people's hidden emotions.

možemo otkriti ljudske skrivene emocije.

Unfortunately, such emotion-related facial blood flow changes

Na žalost, takve promjene u protoku krvi u licu

are too subtle to detect by our naked eye.

su suviše suptilne da se detektuju golim okom.

So to help us reveal people's facial emotions,

Tako da bi otkrili ljudske emocije na licu,

we have developed a new imaging technology

razvili smo novu tehnologiju snimanja

we call "transdermal optical imaging."

koju zovemo "transdermalno optičko snimanje"

To do so, we use a regular video camera to record people

Da bismo to uradili koristimo običnu video kameru da snimimo ljude

when they experience various hidden emotions.

kada doživljavaju različite skrivene emocije.

And then, using our image processing technology,

I onda koristeći našu tehnologiju procesuiranja slike,

we can extract transdermal images of facial blood flow changes.

možemo da ekstrahujemo transdermalne slike promena protoka krvi u licu.

By looking at transdermal video images,

Gledajući u transdermalne video slike,

now we can easily see

sada možemo lako videti

facial blood flow changes associated with the various hidden emotions.

promjene u protoku krvi u licu asocirane sa raznim skrivenim emocijama.

And using this technology,

I koristeći ovu tehnlogiju,

we can now reveal the hidden emotions associated with lying,

možemo otkriti skrivene emocije povezane sa laganjem,

and therefore detect people's lies.

i tako detektovati kada ljudi lažu.

We can do so noninvasively,

Možemo to učiniti neinvazivno,

remotely, inexpensively,

na daljinu, jeftino,

with an accuracy at about 85 percent,

sa tačnošću od oko 85 procenata,

which is far better than chance level.

što je nogo bolje od slučajnosti.

And in addition, we discovered a Pinocchio effect.

Čak šta više, otkrili smo Pinokijev efekat.

No, not this Pinocchio effect.

Ne, ne ovaj Pinokijev efekat.

(Laughter)

(Smjeh)

This is the real Pinocchio effect.

Ovo je pravi Pinokijev efekat.

When people lie,

Kada ljudi lažu,

the facial blood flow on the cheeks decreases,

protok krvi u licu na obrazima se smanjuje

and the facial blood flow on the nose increases.

a na nosu se povećava.

Of course, lying is not the only situation

Naravno, laganje nije jedini slučaj

that will evoke our hidden emotions.

koji će prizvati naše skrivene emocije.

So then we asked ourselves,

Pa se onda pitamo,

in addition to detecting lies,

pored toga što detektuje laži,

how can our technology be used?

kako naša tehnologija može da se upotrebi?

One application is in education.

Jedna primjena je u obrazovanju.

For example, using this technology, we can help this mathematics teacher

Na primer, koristeći ovu tehnologiju, možemo pomoći ovom nastavniku matematike

to identify the student in his classroom

da otkrije studenta u učionici

who may experience high anxiety about the topic he's teaching

koji možda doživljava visok novo stresa u vezi teme koju nastavnik predaje

so that he can help him.

tako da može da mu pomogne.

And also we can use this in health care.

Također ovo možemo iskoristiti u zdravstvu

For example, every day I Skype my parents,

Na primjer, svakog dana se čujem sa roditeljima preko Skajpa,

who live thousands of miles away.

koji žive hiljade milja daleko.

And using this technology,

I koristeći ovu tehnologiju,

I can not only find out what's going on in their lives

ne samo da mogu da otkrijem šta se dešava u njihovim životima

but also simultaneously monitor their heart rate, their stress level,

već istovremeno mogu pratiti broj otkucaja srca, nivo stresa,

their mood and whether or not they are experiencing pain.

njihovo raspoloženje i da li ili ne oni osjećaju bol.

And perhaps in the future,

I možda u budućnosti,

their risks for heart attack or hypertension.

njihov rizik od srčanog udara ili hipertenzije.

And you may ask:

I možda ćete pitati:

Can we use this also to reveal politicians' emotions?

Možemo li to iskoristiti da otkrijemo emocije političara?

(Laughter)

(Smjeh)

For example, during a debate.

Na primjer, tokom debate.

Well, the answer is yes.

Pa, odgovor je da.

Using TV footage,

Koristeći TV snimak,

we could detect the politicians' heart rate,

mogli bi otkriti broj otkucaja njihovog srca,

mood and stress,

raspoloženje i stres,

and perhaps in the future, whether or not they are lying to us.

i možda u budućnosti, da li nas lažu ili ne.

We can also use this in marketing research,

Ovo također možemo koristiti u marketinškom istraživanju,

for example, to find out

da na primjer otkrijemo

whether or not people like certain consumer products.

da li ljudi vole ili ne, određene potrošačke proizvode.

We can even use it in dating.

Možemo ovo koristiti i prilikom zabavljanja.

So for example,

Tako na primjer,

if your date is smiling at you,

ako se vaš partner smješi

this technology can help you to determine

ova tehnologija vam može pomoći da utvrdite

whether she actually likes you

da li joj se zapravo sviđate

or she is just trying to be nice to you.

ili samo hoće da bude fina prema vama.

And in this case,

A u ovom slučaju,

she is just trying to be nice to you.

samo pokušava da bude fina prema vama.

(Laughter)

(Smjeh)

So transdermal optical imaging technology

Transdermalna tehnologija optičkog snimanja

is at a very early stage of development.

je u svojim ranim fazama razvoja.

Many new applications will come about that we don't know today.

Mnoge nove primene za koje trenutno ne znamo će se tek ustanoviti.

However, one thing I know for sure

Ipak, jedno zasigurno znam,

is that lying will never be the same again.

to da laganje nikada više neće biti isto.

Thank you very much.

Hvala puno.

Xiè xie.

Xie xie.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)