The neurons that shaped civilization | VS Ramachandran

318,810 views ใƒป 2010-01-04

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yair Galler ืžื‘ืงืจ: Avshalom Aloni
00:15
I'd like to talk to you today about the human brain,
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
00:18
which is what we do research on at the University of California.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.
00:20
Just think about this problem for a second.
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื• ืœืฉื ื™ื”.
00:22
Here is a lump of flesh, about three pounds,
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ื”ื ื” ื’ื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืจ, ื‘ืขืจืš ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจื ื•ื—ืฆื™,
00:25
which you can hold in the palm of your hand.
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื›ืฃ ื™ื“ืš.
00:27
But it can contemplate the vastness of interstellar space.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืชื”ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™.
00:31
It can contemplate the meaning of infinity,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืชื”ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืฃ,
00:33
ask questions about the meaning of its own existence,
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ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœื• ืขืฆืžื•,
00:36
about the nature of God.
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ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื• ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื.
00:38
And this is truly the most amazing thing in the world.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:40
It's the greatest mystery confronting human beings:
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ื™ืฆื‘ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื:
00:43
How does this all come about?
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ืื™ืš ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ?
00:45
Well, the brain, as you know, is made up of neurons.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืžื•ื—, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘.
00:47
We're looking at neurons here.
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื.
00:49
There are 100 billion neurons in the adult human brain.
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ื™ืฉ 100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื•ื’ืจ.
00:52
And each neuron makes something like 1,000 to 10,000 contacts
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ื•ื›ืœ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• 1,000 ืขื“ 10,000 ืงืฉืจื™ื
00:55
with other neurons in the brain.
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ืขื ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—.
00:57
And based on this, people have calculated
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ื•ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื–ื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื•
00:59
that the number of permutations and combinations of brain activity
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ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคืจืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื™ืช
01:02
exceeds the number of elementary particles in the universe.
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ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
01:05
So, how do you go about studying the brain?
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ืื–, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—?
01:07
One approach is to look at patients who had lesions
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ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจื™ืงืžื” ืคื’ื•ืขื”
01:09
in different part of the brain, and study changes in their behavior.
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ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—, ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื.
01:12
This is what I spoke about in the last TED.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘-TED ื”ืงื•ื“ื.
01:14
Today I'll talk about a different approach,
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื•ื ื”
01:16
which is to put electrodes in different parts of the brain,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
01:18
and actually record the activity of individual nerve cells in the brain.
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ื•ืžืžืฉ ืœืจืฉื•ื ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—.
01:22
Sort of eavesdrop on the activity of nerve cells in the brain.
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ืžืขื™ืŸ "ืฆื™ืชื•ืช" ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืžื•ื—.
01:26
Now, one recent discovery that has been made
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืชื’ืœื™ืช ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
01:29
by researchers in Italy, in Parma,
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ืข"ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื‘ืคืืจืžื”,
01:31
by Giacomo Rizzolatti and his colleagues,
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ืข"ื™ ื’'ื™ืืงื•ืžื• ืจื™ื–ื•ืœืื˜ื™ ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื•,
01:34
is a group of neurons called mirror neurons,
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ื”ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืžืจืื”,
01:36
which are on the front of the brain in the frontal lobes.
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืงื“ืžืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ืื•ื ื” ื”ืžืฆื—ื™ืช.
01:39
Now, it turns out there are neurons
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื
01:41
which are called ordinary motor command neurons in the front of the brain,
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ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื™ื“ืžืช ื”ืžื•ื—,
01:44
which have been known for over 50 years.
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ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืžื–ื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-50 ืฉื ื”.
01:46
These neurons will fire when a person performs a specific action.
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ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืืœื• ื™ื™ืจื• ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ืžื‘ืฆืข ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
01:49
For example, if I do that, and reach and grab an apple,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ืžื•ืฉื™ื˜ ื™ื“ ื•ืชื•ืคืก ืชืคื•ื—,
01:52
a motor command neuron in the front of my brain will fire.
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ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืงื“ืžืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื™ ื™ื™ืจื”.
01:56
If I reach out and pull an object, another neuron will fire,
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ืื ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฉื™ื˜ ื™ื“ ื•ืžื•ืฉืš ืขืฆื, ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื™ื™ืจื”,
01:59
commanding me to pull that object.
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ื•ื™ื•ืจื” ืœื™ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ืขืฆื ื”ื–ื”.
02:01
These are called motor command neurons that have been known for a long time.
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ืืœื• ื ืงืจืื™ื ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืžื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.
02:03
But what Rizzolatti found was
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืจื™ื–ื•ืœืื˜ื™ ืžืฆื ื”ื•ื
02:05
a subset of these neurons,
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ืฉืชืช-ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืืœื•,
02:07
maybe about 20 percent of them, will also fire
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 20% ืžืชื•ื›ื, ื’ื ื™ื™ืจื•
02:09
when I'm looking at somebody else performing the same action.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืฉืžื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืคืขื•ืœื”.
02:12
So, here is a neuron that fires when I reach and grab something,
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ืื–, ื”ื ื” ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฉื™ื˜ ื™ื“ ื•ืื•ื—ื– ื‘ืžืฉื”ื•,
02:15
but it also fires when I watch Joe reaching and grabbing something.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื™ื™ืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื’'ื• ืฉืžื•ืฉื™ื˜ ื™ื“ ื•ืื•ื—ื– ื‘ืžืฉื”ื•.
02:18
And this is truly astonishing.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
02:20
Because it's as though this neuron is adopting
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืืžืฅ
02:22
the other person's point of view.
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ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืื—ืจ.
02:24
It's almost as though it's performing a virtual reality simulation
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ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืฆืข ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืžื”
02:28
of the other person's action.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืื—ืจ.
02:30
Now, what is the significance of these mirror neurons?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื”ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ืืœื•?
02:33
For one thing they must be involved in things like imitation and emulation.
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ืœื‘ื˜ื— ื”ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ื•ื”ืขืชืงื”
02:36
Because to imitate a complex act
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช
02:39
requires my brain to adopt the other person's point of view.
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ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžืžื•ื—ื™ ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืื—ืจ.
02:42
So, this is important for imitation and emulation.
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ืื–, ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ื•ื”ืขืชืงื”.
02:44
Well, why is that important?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘?
02:46
Well, let's take a look at the next slide.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื•ื ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื‘ืื”.
02:49
So, how do you do imitation? Why is imitation important?
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ืื–, ืื™ืš ืืชื” ืžื‘ืฆืข ื—ื™ืงื•ื™? ืžื“ื•ืข ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘?
02:52
Mirror neurons and imitation, emulation.
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ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืžืจืื” ื•ื—ื™ืงื•ื™, ื”ืขืชืงื”.
02:54
Now, let's look at culture, the phenomenon of human culture.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื•ื ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ืขืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
02:58
If you go back in time about [75,000] to 100,000 years ago,
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ืื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืœ-75,000 ืขื“ 100,000 ืฉื ื™ื,
03:02
let's look at human evolution, it turns out
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ื‘ื•ื ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ
03:04
that something very important happened around 75,000 years ago.
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ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืงืจื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›-75,000 ืฉื ื”.
03:07
And that is, there is a sudden emergence and rapid spread
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื”
03:09
of a number of skills that are unique to human beings
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ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
03:12
like tool use,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื,
03:14
the use of fire, the use of shelters, and, of course, language,
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืฉ, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืกื” ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉืคื”,
03:17
and the ability to read somebody else's mind
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ
03:19
and interpret that person's behavior.
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ื•ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื•.
03:21
All of that happened relatively quickly.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
03:23
Even though the human brain had achieved its present size
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™
03:26
almost three or four hundred thousand years ago,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืคื ื™ 300,000 ืื• 400,000 ืฉื ื™ื,
03:28
100,000 years ago all of this happened very, very quickly.
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ืœืคื ื™ 100,000 ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“.
03:30
And I claim that what happened was
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ื•ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื–ื”
03:33
the sudden emergence of a sophisticated mirror neuron system,
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ืฉื”ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืžืจืื” ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช,
03:36
which allowed you to emulate and imitate other people's actions.
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ืื™ืคืฉืจื• ืœืš ืœื”ืขืชื™ืง ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
03:38
So that when there was a sudden accidental discovery
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืชื’ืœื™ืช ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ื•ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช
03:42
by one member of the group, say the use of fire,
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ืข"ื™ ื—ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื ื’ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืฉ,
03:45
or a particular type of tool, instead of dying out,
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ืื• ื›ืœื™ ืžืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื’ื•ื•ืข
03:47
this spread rapidly, horizontally across the population,
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ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืื•ืคืงื™ืช ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”,
03:50
or was transmitted vertically, down the generations.
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ืื• ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ืื ื›ื™ืช, ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช.
03:53
So, this made evolution suddenly Lamarckian,
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ืื–, ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืคืชืื•ื ืœืœืืžืืจืงื™ืื ื™ืช [Lamarck - ื—ื•ืงืจ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-19]
03:55
instead of Darwinian.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช
03:57
Darwinian evolution is slow; it takes hundreds of thousands of years.
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ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืื™ื˜ื™ืช; ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
04:00
A polar bear, to evolve a coat,
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ื“ื•ื‘ ืงื•ื˜ื‘, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื— ืคืจื•ื•ื”,
04:02
will take thousands of generations, maybe 100,000 years.
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ื™ื–ื“ืงืง ืœืืœืคื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ืื•ืœื™ 100,000 ืฉื ื™ื.
04:05
A human being, a child, can just watch its parent
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ื‘ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉ, ื™ืœื“, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื•
04:08
kill another polar bear,
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ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ ื“ื•ื‘ ืงื•ื˜ื‘,
04:11
and skin it and put the skin on its body, fur on the body,
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ืคื•ืฉื˜ ืืช ืขื•ืจื• ื•ืฉื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื’ื•ืคื•, ืคืจื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
04:14
and learn it in one step. What the polar bear
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ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื–ืืช ื‘ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“. ืžื” ืฉืœื“ื•ื‘ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘
04:16
took 100,000 years to learn,
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ืœืงื— 100,000 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“,
04:18
it can learn in five minutes, maybe 10 minutes.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ื“ืงื•ืช, ืื•ืœื™ ืขืฉืจ.
04:21
And then once it's learned this it spreads
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ื–ืืช, ื–ื” ืžืชืคืฉื˜
04:23
in geometric proportion across a population.
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื”ื ื“ืกื™ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
04:26
This is the basis. The imitation of complex skills
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก. ื”ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
04:29
is what we call culture and is the basis of civilization.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
04:32
Now there is another kind of mirror neuron,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืžืจืื”,
04:34
which is involved in something quite different.
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ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
04:36
And that is, there are mirror neurons,
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ื•ื”ื•ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืžืจืื”,
04:38
just as there are mirror neurons for action, there are mirror neurons for touch.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœื”, ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืžืจืื” ืœืžื’ืข.
04:41
In other words, if somebody touches me,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื™,
04:43
my hand, neuron in the somatosensory cortex
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ื‘ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™, ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืกื•ืžื”-ืกื ืกื•ืจื™ืช [somatosensory cortex]
04:45
in the sensory region of the brain fires.
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื™ื•ืจื”.
04:47
But the same neuron, in some cases, will fire
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ื™ื™ืจื”
04:50
when I simply watch another person being touched.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื•.
04:52
So, it's empathizing the other person being touched.
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ืื–, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืืžืคืชื™ื” ืœืื“ื ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื•.
04:55
So, most of them will fire when I'm touched
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ื›ืš, ืจื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื™
04:57
in different locations. Different neurons for different locations.
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
05:00
But a subset of them will fire even when I watch somebody else
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืช-ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื”ื ืชื™ืจื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ
05:02
being touched in the same location.
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ืฉื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื.
05:04
So, here again you have neurons
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ืื–, ื”ื ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื
05:06
which are enrolled in empathy.
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ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืžืคืชื™ื”.
05:08
Now, the question then arises: If I simply watch another person being touched,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืืœื”: ืื ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื•,
05:11
why do I not get confused and literally feel that touch sensation
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชื‘ืœื‘ืœ ื•ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžื’ืข
05:15
merely by watching somebody being touched?
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ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื‘ื˜ ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื•?
05:17
I mean, I empathize with that person but I don't literally feel the touch.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืืžืคืชื™ื” ืขื ื”ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืžืช ืืช ื”ืžื’ืข.
05:21
Well, that's because you've got receptors in your skin,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืจ,
05:23
touch and pain receptors, going back into your brain
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ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ืžื’ืข ื•ื›ืื‘, ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—
05:25
and saying "Don't worry, you're not being touched.
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ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ืืœ ืชื“ืื’, ืœื ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืš".
05:28
So, empathize, by all means, with the other person,
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ืื– ืชืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืžืคืชื™ื”, ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜, ืขื ื”ืื“ื ื”ืื—ืจ.
05:31
but do not actually experience the touch,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื’ืข
05:33
otherwise you'll get confused and muddled."
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ืื—ืจืช ืืชื” ืชืชื‘ืœื‘ืœ.
05:35
Okay, so there is a feedback signal
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื– ื™ืฉ ืื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจ [feedback]
05:37
that vetoes the signal of the mirror neuron
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ืฉืžื˜ื™ืœ ื•ื˜ื• ืขืœ ืื™ืชื•ืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจืื”
05:39
preventing you from consciously experiencing that touch.
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ื•ืžื•ื ืข ืžืžืš ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืžื’ืข.
05:42
But if you remove the arm, you simply anesthetize my arm,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื” ืžืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข, ืืชื” ืžืจื“ื™ื ืืช ื–ืจื•ืขื™,
05:45
so you put an injection into my arm,
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ืื– ืืชื” ืžื–ืจื™ืง ื”ืจื“ืžื” ืœื–ืจื•ืขื™,
05:47
anesthetize the brachial plexus, so the arm is numb,
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ืžืจื“ื™ื ืืช ืžืงืœืขืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข [brachial plexus], ื›ืš ืฉื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื—ืกืจืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื”,
05:49
and there is no sensations coming in,
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื›ื ืกื•ืช,
05:51
if I now watch you being touched,
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ืื ืื ื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืŸ ื›ืฉื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืš,
05:53
I literally feel it in my hand.
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ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื–ืืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื™.
05:55
In other words, you have dissolved the barrier
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืžื•ืกืกืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ืกื•ื
05:57
between you and other human beings.
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ื‘ื™ื ืš ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
05:59
So, I call them Gandhi neurons, or empathy neurons.
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื”ื ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ "ื’ื ื“ื™", ืื• ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืืžืคืชื™ื”.
06:02
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:03
And this is not in some abstract metaphorical sense.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื™,
06:06
All that's separating you from him,
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื ืš ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•,
06:08
from the other person, is your skin.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืื—ืจ, ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœืš.
06:10
Remove the skin, you experience that person's touch in your mind.
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ื”ืกืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจ, ื•ืชืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื’ืข ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื–ื” ื‘ืจืืฉืš.
06:14
You've dissolved the barrier between you and other human beings.
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ืžื•ืกืกืช ืื– ื”ืžื—ืกื•ื ื‘ื™ื ืš ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
06:17
And this, of course, is the basis of much of Eastern philosophy,
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ื•ื–ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—,
06:19
and that is there is no real independent self,
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ "ืขืฆืžื™" ืขืฆืžืื™ ืืžื™ืชื™,
06:22
aloof from other human beings, inspecting the world,
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ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
06:24
inspecting other people.
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ื•ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
06:26
You are, in fact, connected not just via Facebook and Internet,
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ืืชื” ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœื ืจืง ื“ืจืš facebook, ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
06:29
you're actually quite literally connected by your neurons.
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ืืชื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš.
06:32
And there is whole chains of neurons around this room, talking to each other.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื–ื”, ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”.
06:35
And there is no real distinctiveness
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช
06:37
of your consciousness from somebody else's consciousness.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœืš ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
06:39
And this is not mumbo-jumbo philosophy.
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ื•ื–ื• ืœื ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืœื™ื.
06:41
It emerges from our understanding of basic neuroscience.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœ ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™.
06:44
So, you have a patient with a phantom limb. If the arm has been removed
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ืื–, ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืขื ืื™ื‘ืจ ืจืคืื™ื (ืคื ื˜ื•ื). ืื ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืกืจ
06:47
and you have a phantom, and you watch somebody else
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืคื ื˜ื•ื, ื•ืืชื” ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ
06:49
being touched, you feel it in your phantom.
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ืฉื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื•, ืืชื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื–ืืช ื‘ืคื ื˜ื•ื.
06:51
Now the astonishing thing is,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื,
06:53
if you have pain in your phantom limb, you squeeze the other person's hand,
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ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื›ืื‘ ื‘ืคื ื˜ื•ื, ืืชื” ืœื•ื—ืฅ ืืช ื™ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืฉื ื™,
06:56
massage the other person's hand,
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ืžืขืกื” ืืช ื™ื“ื•,
06:58
that relieves the pain in your phantom hand,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื›ืš ืืช ื”ื›ืื‘ ื‘ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืคื ื˜ื•ื ืฉืœืš,
07:00
almost as though the neuron
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ
07:02
were obtaining relief from merely
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ืžืฉื™ื’ ื”ืงืœื” ืข"ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜
07:04
watching somebody else being massaged.
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ืžื‘ื˜ ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืœื• ืขื™ืกื•ื™.
07:06
So, here you have my last slide.
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ืื–, ื”ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™.
07:09
For the longest time people have regarded science
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ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœืžื“ืข
07:11
and humanities as being distinct.
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ื•ืจื•ื— ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื.
07:13
C.P. Snow spoke of the two cultures:
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ืฆ.ืค. ืกื ื•ื• [C.P. Snow] ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช:
07:16
science on the one hand, humanities on the other;
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ืžื“ืข ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื•ืžื“ืข ื”ืจื•ื— ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™;
07:18
never the twain shall meet.
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื™ืคื’ืฉื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื.
07:20
So, I'm saying the mirror neuron system underlies the interface
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ืื–, ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืžืžืฉืง
07:22
allowing you to rethink about issues like consciousness,
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ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืชื•ื“ืขื”,
07:25
representation of self,
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ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื”ืขืฆืžื™,
07:27
what separates you from other human beings,
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ืžื” ืฉืžืคืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
07:29
what allows you to empathize with other human beings,
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืืžืคืชื™ื” ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
07:31
and also even things like the emergence of culture and civilization,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”,
07:34
which is unique to human beings. Thank you.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื. ืชื•ื“ื”.
07:36
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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