The neurons that shaped civilization | VS Ramachandran

317,047 views ใƒป 2010-01-04

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jung-Eun Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Sunphil Ga
00:15
I'd like to talk to you today about the human brain,
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์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‡Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:18
which is what we do research on at the University of California.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‡Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
00:20
Just think about this problem for a second.
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์ด ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž ์‹œ๋งŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
00:22
Here is a lump of flesh, about three pounds,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์•ฝ 3ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•œ ๊ณ ๊นƒ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
which you can hold in the palm of your hand.
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์†๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ์œ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋†“์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํฌ๊ธฐ ์ •๋„์ฃ .
00:27
But it can contemplate the vastness of interstellar space.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ด‘๋Œ€๋ฌด๋ณ€ํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฐ„ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
It can contemplate the meaning of infinity,
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๋ฌดํ•œํ•จ์ด๋ž€ ์˜๋ฏธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
ask questions about the meaning of its own existence,
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๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด,
00:36
about the nature of God.
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์‹ ์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
And this is truly the most amazing thing in the world.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ทธ ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
It's the greatest mystery confronting human beings:
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์กด์žฌ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ฏธ์Šคํ…Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
How does this all come about?
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š”๊ฐ€?
00:45
Well, the brain, as you know, is made up of neurons.
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๋‡Œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ(์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ)์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
We're looking at neurons here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:49
There are 100 billion neurons in the adult human brain.
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์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ๋‡Œ๋Š” 1000์–ต๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
And each neuron makes something like 1,000 to 10,000 contacts
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์€ ๋‡Œ ์•ˆ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๋“ค๊ณผ
00:55
with other neurons in the brain.
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1000~10000๊ฐœ ์ •๋„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
And based on this, people have calculated
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์ด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
00:59
that the number of permutations and combinations of brain activity
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์šฐ์ฃผ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฝ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐฏ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ดˆ์›”ํ•˜๋Š”
01:02
exceeds the number of elementary particles in the universe.
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๋‘๋‡Œ ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์ˆœ์—ด๊ณผ ์กฐํ•ฉ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
So, how do you go about studying the brain?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์ด ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
01:07
One approach is to look at patients who had lesions
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€, ๋‡Œ์— ์ƒํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์€ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ
01:09
in different part of the brain, and study changes in their behavior.
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์ณค์„ ๋•Œ ์–ด๋–ค ํ–‰๋™ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
This is what I spoke about in the last TED.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚œ ๋ฒˆ์— TED์—์„œ ๊ฐ•์—ฐํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
Today I'll talk about a different approach,
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์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
which is to put electrodes in different parts of the brain,
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๋‡Œ์˜ ํŠน์ • ๋ถ€์œ„๋“ค์— ์ „๊ทน์„ ์‹ฌ์€ ํ›„
01:18
and actually record the activity of individual nerve cells in the brain.
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๋‡Œ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
Sort of eavesdrop on the activity of nerve cells in the brain.
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๋‡Œ ์•ˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ์—ฟ๋“ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:26
Now, one recent discovery that has been made
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์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
01:29
by researchers in Italy, in Parma,
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์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ํŒŒ๋ฅด๋งˆ์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ธ
01:31
by Giacomo Rizzolatti and his colleagues,
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Giacomo Rissolatti์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด
01:34
is a group of neurons called mirror neurons,
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๊ฑฐ์šธ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ์ž„์„
01:36
which are on the front of the brain in the frontal lobes.
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์ „๋‘์—ฝ์—์„œ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
Now, it turns out there are neurons
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์ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ์ž„์—๋Š”
01:41
which are called ordinary motor command neurons in the front of the brain,
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์ „๋‘์—ฝ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์šด๋™๋ช…๋ น๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์–ด
01:44
which have been known for over 50 years.
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50์—ฌ๋…„ ๊ฐ„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๋“ค์ด ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ™ช
01:46
These neurons will fire when a person performs a specific action.
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์ด ์šด๋™ ๋ช…๋ น ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฐœํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
For example, if I do that, and reach and grab an apple,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์†์„ ๋ป—์–ด ์‚ฌ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฅ˜ ๋•Œ
01:52
a motor command neuron in the front of my brain will fire.
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์ œ ๋‡Œ ์•ž์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์šด๋™๋ช…๋ น ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์ด ๋ฐœํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
If I reach out and pull an object, another neuron will fire,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์†์„ ๋ป—์–ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋Œ์–ด๋‹น๊ธฐ๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์ด ๋ฐœํ™”ํ•ด์„œ
01:59
commanding me to pull that object.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ๋Œ์–ด๋‹น๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
These are called motor command neurons that have been known for a long time.
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์ด ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๋“ค์€ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ „์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋์„ ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์šด๋™๋ช…๋ น ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ ค์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
But what Rizzolatti found was
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ Rizzolatti๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
02:05
a subset of these neurons,
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์ด ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€,
02:07
maybe about 20 percent of them, will also fire
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์•ฝ 20%์ธ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๋“ค์ด
02:09
when I'm looking at somebody else performing the same action.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ์—๋„ ๋ฐœํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
So, here is a neuron that fires when I reach and grab something,
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์ฆ‰, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์†์„ ๋ป—์–ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์›€์ผœ์ฅ˜ ๋•Œ ๋ฐœํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์ด
02:15
but it also fires when I watch Joe reaching and grabbing something.
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Joe๊ฐ€ ์†์„ ๋ป—์–ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์›€์ผœ์ฅ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋„ ๋ฐœํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
And this is truly astonishing.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
Because it's as though this neuron is adopting
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๊ทธ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๋“ค์ด ๋งˆ์น˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์„
02:22
the other person's point of view.
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์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
It's almost as though it's performing a virtual reality simulation
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๊ฐ€์ƒํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด
02:28
of the other person's action.
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์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
Now, what is the significance of these mirror neurons?
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์–ด๋–ค ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ด ๊ฑฐ์šธ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๋“ค์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ๊นŒ์š”?
02:33
For one thing they must be involved in things like imitation and emulation.
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฑฐ์šธ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์ด ํ‰๋‚ด๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ๋“ค์— ์—ฐ๊ด€๋ผ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
Because to imitate a complex act
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
02:39
requires my brain to adopt the other person's point of view.
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๋‘๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
02:42
So, this is important for imitation and emulation.
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๊ทธ ์ ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
Well, why is that important?
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์™œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
02:46
Well, let's take a look at the next slide.
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๋‹ค์Œ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
02:49
So, how do you do imitation? Why is imitation important?
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์™œ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
02:52
Mirror neurons and imitation, emulation.
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๊ฑฐ์šธ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ, ํ‰๋‚ด.
02:54
Now, let's look at culture, the phenomenon of human culture.
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์ด์ œ ๋ฌธํ™”์™€, ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ํ˜„์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
02:58
If you go back in time about [75,000] to 100,000 years ago,
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๋งŒ์ผ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด [75,000]~100,000๋…„ ์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ
03:02
let's look at human evolution, it turns out
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:04
that something very important happened around 75,000 years ago.
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75,000๋…„ ์ „์— ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:07
And that is, there is a sudden emergence and rapid spread
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋งŒ์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•ด์„œ
03:09
of a number of skills that are unique to human beings
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๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™•์‚ฐ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
like tool use,
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๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‚˜
03:14
the use of fire, the use of shelters, and, of course, language,
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๋ถˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์€์‹ ์ฒ˜, ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ,
03:17
and the ability to read somebody else's mind
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ์ฝ๊ณ 
03:19
and interpret that person's behavior.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค ๋“ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
All of that happened relatively quickly.
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
Even though the human brain had achieved its present size
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€
03:26
almost three or four hundred thousand years ago,
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30๋งŒ ๋…„ ๋˜๋Š” 40๋งŒ ๋…„ ์ „์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
03:28
100,000 years ago all of this happened very, very quickly.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ๋“ค์€ 10๋งŒ ๋…„ ์ „์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ์„œ์•ผ ๋งค์šฐ ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
And I claim that what happened was
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
03:33
the sudden emergence of a sophisticated mirror neuron system,
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์ •๊ตํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์šธ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐœ์ „์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ์ด ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€
03:36
which allowed you to emulate and imitate other people's actions.
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ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ‰๋‚ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
So that when there was a sudden accidental discovery
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๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ถˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‚˜
03:42
by one member of the group, say the use of fire,
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
03:45
or a particular type of tool, instead of dying out,
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์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
03:47
this spread rapidly, horizontally across the population,
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๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์ˆ˜ํ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ 
03:50
or was transmitted vertically, down the generations.
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๋˜ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ง์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:53
So, this made evolution suddenly Lamarckian,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™•์‚ฐ์€ ๋ผ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ์‹ ์ง„ํ™” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
instead of Darwinian.
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๋‹ค์œˆ์‹ ์ง„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
Darwinian evolution is slow; it takes hundreds of thousands of years.
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๋‹ค์œˆ์‹ ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋Š๋ ค์„œ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ, ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
A polar bear, to evolve a coat,
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๋ถ๊ทน๊ณฐ์ด ํ„ธ์ฝ”ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š”
04:02
will take thousands of generations, maybe 100,000 years.
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ ์„ธ๋Œ€, ์•„๋งˆ 10๋งŒ ๋…„ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
A human being, a child, can just watch its parent
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ•œ ๋ช…์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์•„์ด๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ฐ€
04:08
kill another polar bear,
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๋ถ๊ทน๊ณฐ์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ 
04:11
and skin it and put the skin on its body, fur on the body,
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๊ฐ€์ฃฝ์„ ๋ฒ—๊ฒจ ์˜ท์„ ํ•ด ์ž…๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ 
04:14
and learn it in one step. What the polar bear
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ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ๊ทน๊ณฐ์ด
04:16
took 100,000 years to learn,
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10๋งŒ ๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ํš๋“ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„
04:18
it can learn in five minutes, maybe 10 minutes.
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์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋Š” 5๋ถ„ ๋˜๋Š” 10๋ถ„ ์•ˆ์— ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
And then once it's learned this it spreads
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์Šต๋“๋˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ฉด
04:23
in geometric proportion across a population.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธ‰์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํผ์ ธ ๋‚˜๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
This is the basis. The imitation of complex skills
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
04:29
is what we call culture and is the basis of civilization.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ž ๋ฌธ๋ช…์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:32
Now there is another kind of mirror neuron,
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๊ฑฐ์šธ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์—๋Š” ์•ž์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์šธ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ๋Š”
04:34
which is involved in something quite different.
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๊ฝค ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
And that is, there are mirror neurons,
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์•ž์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฑฐ์šธ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๋“ค์ด
04:38
just as there are mirror neurons for action, there are mirror neurons for touch.
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ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ์ ‘์ด‰์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์šธ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
In other words, if somebody touches me,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด, ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ œ ์†์„ ๋งŒ์ง€๋ฉด
04:43
my hand, neuron in the somatosensory cortex
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๋‡Œ์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ๊ด€์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ค‘
04:45
in the sensory region of the brain fires.
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์ฒด๊ฐ๊ฐ ์˜์—ญ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
But the same neuron, in some cases, will fire
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์ ‘์ด‰์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
04:50
when I simply watch another person being touched.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๋•Œ์—๋„ ๋ฐœํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
So, it's empathizing the other person being touched.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ ‘์ด‰์„ ๊ณต๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
So, most of them will fire when I'm touched
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ชธ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์ ธ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด๋„
04:57
in different locations. Different neurons for different locations.
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๋ฐœํ™”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€์œ„๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:00
But a subset of them will fire even when I watch somebody else
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋งŒ์งˆ ๋•Œ
05:02
being touched in the same location.
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๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€์‘๋˜๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด ๋ถ€์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์ ธ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฐœํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
So, here again you have neurons
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๋“ค์„
05:06
which are enrolled in empathy.
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๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
Now, the question then arises: If I simply watch another person being touched,
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์ด์ œ ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค: ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ ‘์ด‰์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:11
why do I not get confused and literally feel that touch sensation
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์™œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ ‘์ด‰์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
05:15
merely by watching somebody being touched?
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ํ˜ผ๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ์š”?
05:17
I mean, I empathize with that person but I don't literally feel the touch.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด, ์ €๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ๋งŒ ํ•  ๋ฟ, ํƒ€์ธ์ด ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ์ ‘์ด‰์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:21
Well, that's because you've got receptors in your skin,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํ”ผ๋ถ€์— ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:23
touch and pain receptors, going back into your brain
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์ ‘์ด‰๊ณผ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋‡Œ์—
05:25
and saying "Don't worry, you're not being touched.
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์‹ค์ œ ์ ‘์ด‰์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ˆ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
So, empathize, by all means, with the other person,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ ‘์ด‰์„ ๊ณต๊ฐํ•  ๋ฟ
05:31
but do not actually experience the touch,
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ผ๋™ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:33
otherwise you'll get confused and muddled."
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
Okay, so there is a feedback signal
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์—ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
that vetoes the signal of the mirror neuron
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ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์ ‘์ด‰์„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ผ๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋„๋ก
05:39
preventing you from consciously experiencing that touch.
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๊ฑฐ์šธ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:42
But if you remove the arm, you simply anesthetize my arm,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ œ ํŒ”์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด- ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ œ ํŒ”์„ ๋งˆ์ทจํ•˜๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
so you put an injection into my arm,
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ œ ํŒ”์— ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋†”์„œ
05:47
anesthetize the brachial plexus, so the arm is numb,
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์ œ ํŒ”์‹ ๊ฒฝ์–ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์ทจ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค. ์ œ ํŒ”์€ ๋งˆ๋น„๋˜๊ณ 
05:49
and there is no sensations coming in,
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์•„๋ฌด ๊ฐ๊ฐ์  ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
if I now watch you being touched,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ๋งŒ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:53
I literally feel it in my hand.
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์ €๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ ˆ ๋งŒ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š๋‚๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
In other words, you have dissolved the barrier
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด, ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‹น์‹ ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์žˆ๋Š”
05:57
between you and other human beings.
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๋ฐฉ์–ด๋ฒฝ์„ ์—†์•ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
So, I call them Gandhi neurons, or empathy neurons.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ„๋”” ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:03
And this is not in some abstract metaphorical sense.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์€์œ ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
All that's separating you from him,
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๋‹น์‹ ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
06:08
from the other person, is your skin.
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๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€, ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:10
Remove the skin, you experience that person's touch in your mind.
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ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‹น์‹  ๋งˆ์Œ์†์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ ‘์ด‰๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๋‚๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
You've dissolved the barrier between you and other human beings.
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋‹น์‹ ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ด๋ฒฝ์„ ์—†์•ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
And this, of course, is the basis of much of Eastern philosophy,
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋™์–‘ ์ฒ ํ•™ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
and that is there is no real independent self,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์™„๋ฒฝํžˆ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ž์•„๋Š” ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
aloof from other human beings, inspecting the world,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ (๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ) ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
06:24
inspecting other people.
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์™„๋ฒฝํžˆ ํƒ€์ธ๊ณผ ๋™๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์ž์•„๋ž€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
You are, in fact, connected not just via Facebook and Internet,
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด๋‚˜ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
06:29
you're actually quite literally connected by your neurons.
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฌธ์ž ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ, ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
And there is whole chains of neurons around this room, talking to each other.
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์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๋Š” ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๋“ค์˜ ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์„œ๋กœ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
And there is no real distinctiveness
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์˜์‹๊ณผ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์˜์‹์€
06:37
of your consciousness from somebody else's consciousness.
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๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
And this is not mumbo-jumbo philosophy.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ง์žฅ๋‚œ ์ฒ ํ•™๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:41
It emerges from our understanding of basic neuroscience.
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๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:44
So, you have a patient with a phantom limb. If the arm has been removed
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ํ™˜์ƒ์‚ฌ์ง€(์œ ๋ น์‚ฌ์ง€, ํ™˜๊ฐ์ง€) ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์ผ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ํŒ”์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ 
06:47
and you have a phantom, and you watch somebody else
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๋Œ€์‹  ํ™˜์ƒ ํŒ”์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์ ธ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
06:49
being touched, you feel it in your phantom.
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ํ™˜์ƒ ํŒ”์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์ ‘์ด‰์„ ๋Š๋‚๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
Now the astonishing thing is,
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๋” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์€,
06:53
if you have pain in your phantom limb, you squeeze the other person's hand,
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ํ™˜์ƒ์‚ฌ์ง€์—์„œ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๋Š๋‚„ ๋•Œ, ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์†์„
06:56
massage the other person's hand,
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์ฅ์–ด์งœ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ์„œ
06:58
that relieves the pain in your phantom hand,
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ํ™˜์ƒ์‚ฌ์ง€์— ๋Š๊ปด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ์—†์•จ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:00
almost as though the neuron
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๋งˆ์น˜ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๋“ค์ด
07:02
were obtaining relief from merely
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ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ํŒ”์ด ์ฃผ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„
07:04
watching somebody else being massaged.
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๊ณ ํ†ต์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:06
So, here you have my last slide.
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์ด์ œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
For the longest time people have regarded science
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์•„์ฃผ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ฑ์„
07:11
and humanities as being distinct.
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:13
C.P. Snow spoke of the two cultures:
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C.P. Snow๋Š” ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
07:16
science on the one hand, humanities on the other;
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๊ณผํ•™์„ ํ•œ ์†์—, ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ฑ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œ ์†์— ๋†“๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:18
never the twain shall meet.
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๊ทธ ๋‘˜์€ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๋งŒ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
07:20
So, I'm saying the mirror neuron system underlies the interface
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์šธ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๊ทธ ๋‘ ๋ฉด์„ ์„œ๋กœ ๋งˆ์ฃผ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
allowing you to rethink about issues like consciousness,
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์˜์‹์ด๋‚˜ ์ž์•„ ํ‘œ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์Ÿ์ ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
07:25
representation of self,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:27
what separates you from other human beings,
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๋‹น์‹ ์„ ํƒ€์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•ด์ฃผ๊ณ 
07:29
what allows you to empathize with other human beings,
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํƒ€์ธ์— ๊ณต๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋ฉฐ
07:31
and also even things like the emergence of culture and civilization,
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๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š”,
07:34
which is unique to human beings. Thank you.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋งŒ์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ํŠน์ง•๋“ค์„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:36
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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