The neurons that shaped civilization | VS Ramachandran

Translator: Nafissa Yakubova Reviewer: Farrukh Yakubov

I'd like to talk to you today about the human brain,

Bugun men sizga inson miyasi haqida gapirishni hohlayman.

which is what we do research on at the University of California.

Bu bizning Califoniya Universitetitda qiladigan ilmiy ishimizdir.

Just think about this problem for a second.

Bir soniyaga mana bu muammo haqida o'ylab ko'ringchi.

Here is a lump of flesh, about three pounds,

Bu bir bo'lak et, chamasi 3 pound ( 1.34 kg ),

which you can hold in the palm of your hand.

uni qo'lingiz olaqonida ushlab tura olasiz.

But it can contemplate the vastness of interstellar space.

Lekin u yulduzlar orasidagi masofani anglay oladi.

It can contemplate the meaning of infinity,

U cheksizlikning mano'sini anglay oladi,

ask questions about the meaning of its own existence,

va o'z mavjudligi haqida savol so'ray oladi,

about the nature of God.

va Xudoning tabiati haqida savol ko'tara oladi.

And this is truly the most amazing thing in the world.

Va bu haqiqatdan dan ham dunyodagi eng ajoyib narsadir.

It's the greatest mystery confronting human beings:

Bu insoniyatga yuzma yuz turgan eng katta jumboqdir:

How does this all come about?

Buning hammasi qanday sodir bo'ladi?

Well, the brain, as you know, is made up of neurons.

Xo'sh, siz bilasizki miya neyronlar- asab hujayralaridan tashkil topgan.

We're looking at neurons here.

Biz bu yerda neyronlarga qarayapmiz.

There are 100 billion neurons in the adult human brain.

Katta odam miyasida 100 milliardga yaqin neyronlar bor.

And each neuron makes something like 1,000 to 10,000 contacts

Va har bir asab hujayrasi boshqa asab hujayralari bilan bir mingdan o'n mingacha o'zaro muloqat qiladi

with other neurons in the brain.

miyadagi boshqa neyronlar bilan.

And based on this, people have calculated

Shu asosida, odamlar hisoblan chiqishganki,

that the number of permutations and combinations of brain activity

miya faoliyatidagi o'zgarishlar va birikmalar

exceeds the number of elementary particles in the universe.

butun bor'liq olamdagi eng kichik zarrachalar sonidan ham oshadi.

So, how do you go about studying the brain?

Xo'sh, miyani unda qanday o'rganish kerak?

One approach is to look at patients who had lesions

Buning bir usuli, miyasi lat eygan bemorlarni o'rganish

in different part of the brain, and study changes in their behavior.

miyaning har hil qismlarida, va hulq atvorning shunga binoan o'zgarishini o'rganishdir.

This is what I spoke about in the last TED.

Men bu haqida o'tgan safar TED da gapirgandim.

Today I'll talk about a different approach,

Bugun, men boshqacha usul haqida gapiraman

which is to put electrodes in different parts of the brain,

bu miyaning turli qismlariga elktrodlar qo'yishdir,

and actually record the activity of individual nerve cells in the brain.

va aslida miyadagi har bir asab hujayrasining jarayonini alohida yozib boradi.

Sort of eavesdrop on the activity of nerve cells in the brain.

Bu miyadagi asab hujayralari jarayonining "gapiga qulo solib mo'ralashga" o'xshaydi.

Now, one recent discovery that has been made

Yaqinda bir kashfiyor qilingan

by researchers in Italy, in Parma,

Italiyalik ilmiy ishchilar, Parmada,

by Giacomo Rizzolatti and his colleagues,

Giacomo Rizzaolatti va uning hamkasblari

is a group of neurons called mirror neurons,

ko'zgu neyronlari degan bir guruh neyronlarni topishgan

which are on the front of the brain in the frontal lobes.

Bu oldingi miyaning peshona qismida joylashgan.

Now, it turns out there are neurons

Endi, qarasak bu neyronlar

which are called ordinary motor command neurons in the front of the brain,

oldingi miyadagi oddiy harakat va buyruq neyronlari ekan

which have been known for over 50 years.

bu bizga 50 yildan buyon ma'lum bulib kelgan.

These neurons will fire when a person performs a specific action.

Bu neyronlar odam ma'lum bir harakat qilganda ishga tushadi.

For example, if I do that, and reach and grab an apple,

Masalan, men bunday qilsam, va cho'zilib olma olsam,

a motor command neuron in the front of my brain will fire.

mening peshona qismimdagi harakat neyroni ishga tushadi.

If I reach out and pull an object, another neuron will fire,

Agar men biror narsaga qo'l cho'zsam boshqa bir neyron ishga tushadi,

commanding me to pull that object.

menga ana shu narsani tortishga buyruq beradi.

These are called motor command neurons that have been known for a long time.

Bu uzoq vaqtdan buyon bizga ma'lum bulgan harakat neyronlaridir.

But what Rizzolatti found was

Lekin Rizzolatti topgan narsa

a subset of these neurons,

ushbu neyronlarning kichik bir guruhi edi,

maybe about 20 percent of them, will also fire

balki bu neyronlarning tahminan 20 % i ishga tushadigan payt

when I'm looking at somebody else performing the same action.

men boshqa bir odamning biror narsa qilayotganini ko'radigan paytim.

So, here is a neuron that fires when I reach and grab something,

Xullas, bu yerda men biror narsaga cho'zilib narsani olganimda ishga tushadigan neyron

but it also fires when I watch Joe reaching and grabbing something.

lekin, u yana men Joe ni cho'zilib narsa olganini ko'rsam ham ishga tushadi.

And this is truly astonishing.

Ba bu chindan ham hayrtalanarlidir.

Because it's as though this neuron is adopting

Chunki, bu huddi neyronning

the other person's point of view.

boshqa bir odamning fikrini o'zlashtrish deganidir.

It's almost as though it's performing a virtual reality simulation

Bu huddi hayol tasavvuriy haqiqatni bajarishi kabidir

of the other person's action.

boshqa odamning harakatini simulyatsiyalaydi.

Now, what is the significance of these mirror neurons?

Xo'sh, bu ko'zgu neyronlarning ahamiyati nimada?

For one thing they must be involved in things like imitation and emulation.

Bir narsa shuki, ular taqlid qilish va o'xhsatishda ishtirok etsa kerak.

Because to imitate a complex act

Chunki murakkab harakatga taqlid qilish uchun

requires my brain to adopt the other person's point of view.

miya o'zga odamning dunyo qarashini o'zlashtirish kerak bo'ladi.

So, this is important for imitation and emulation.

Xullas, bu taqlid qilish va o'xshatish uchun muhim.

Well, why is that important?

Nima uchun bu narsa muhim?

Well, let's take a look at the next slide.

Keling keyingi slaydga qaraylik

So, how do you do imitation? Why is imitation important?

Siz qanday qilib taqlid qilasiz? Nima uchun taqlid muhim?

Mirror neurons and imitation, emulation.

Ko'zgu neyronlar, va taqlid, o'xshatish.

Now, let's look at culture, the phenomenon of human culture.

Keling madaniyatga bir qaraylik, inson madaniyatinign tabiatiga.

If you go back in time about [75,000] to 100,000 years ago,

Agar 75 mingdan 100 ming yilacha orqaga qaytsangiz,

let's look at human evolution, it turns out

inson evolyutsiyasida

that something very important happened around 75,000 years ago.

juda muhim narsa 75 ming yil avval sodir bo'lgan ko'rinadi.

And that is, there is a sudden emergence and rapid spread

Bu birdan paydo bo'lgan zaruriyat va tez tarqalgan

of a number of skills that are unique to human beings

inson uchungina oid bo'lgan hunarlarnign paydo bo'lishidir.

like tool use,

masalan asboblarni ishlatish,

the use of fire, the use of shelters, and, of course, language,

olovdan foydalanish, pana joy izlash, va albatta tildan foydalanish

and the ability to read somebody else's mind

va boshqa odamning fikrini o'qiy olish

and interpret that person's behavior.

va insonnign hulqini tushuna olish.

All of that happened relatively quickly.

Bularning hammasi juda tez sodir bo'lgan.

Even though the human brain had achieved its present size

Inson miyasi hozirgi o'lchamiga erishgan bo'lsada

almost three or four hundred thousand years ago,

yani 300 yoki 400 ming yil avval.

100,000 years ago all of this happened very, very quickly.

100 ming yil avvala bu narsa juda ham tez sodir bo'lgan.

And I claim that what happened was

Va men shunday deymanki, bunign sodir bo'lishiga sabab

the sudden emergence of a sophisticated mirror neuron system,

oyna neyronlarning murakkablashishi uchun birdan tug'ilgan zaruriyatdir,

which allowed you to emulate and imitate other people's actions.

qaysiki sizga boshqa odamlarning hatti harakatlariga taqlid qilish va o'xhsatishga omillik yaratdi.

So that when there was a sudden accidental discovery

Shuning kutilmagan kashfiyot

by one member of the group, say the use of fire,

yani guruhning bir a'zosi tomonidan, aytaylik olov ishlatish

or a particular type of tool, instead of dying out,

yoki ma'lum bir asbobda foydalish kerak bo'lgan, qirilib ketmaslik uchun

this spread rapidly, horizontally across the population,

bu tez tarqalgan, aholi bo'ylab gorizonatlga

or was transmitted vertically, down the generations.

yoki vertikalchasiga, bir avloddan ikkinchi avlodga tarqalgan

So, this made evolution suddenly Lamarckian,

Xullas, bu birdaniga Lamark evolyutsiyasiga aylandi

instead of Darwinian.

Darvinning o'rniga.

Darwinian evolution is slow; it takes hundreds of thousands of years.

Darvin elotyutsiyasi sekin, 100 va ming yillab davom etadi.

A polar bear, to evolve a coat,

Qutb ayig'i jun paydo qilishi uchun

will take thousands of generations, maybe 100,000 years.

minglab avlodlar, balki 100 minglab yillar kerak bo'lardi.

A human being, a child, can just watch its parent

Inson, yosh bola shunchaki ota onasinining

kill another polar bear,

qutb ayig'ini o'ldirishini ko'rib

and skin it and put the skin on its body, fur on the body,

va terisini olib tanasiga kiyishi, junini tanaga kiyishni

and learn it in one step. What the polar bear

birma bir o'rganadi. Buni qutb ayigi

took 100,000 years to learn,

o'rganish uchun 100 ming yilcha ketganni

it can learn in five minutes, maybe 10 minutes.

5 daqiqa yoki 10 daqiqa davomida o'rganoladi.

And then once it's learned this it spreads

O'rgangach, u

in geometric proportion across a population.

aholi bo'lyab geometrik proportsiyada tarqaladi.

This is the basis. The imitation of complex skills

Bu asosi. Murrakkab hunarlarga taqlid qilish

is what we call culture and is the basis of civilization.

bu inson taraqqiyoti va madaniyatining asosidir.

Now there is another kind of mirror neuron,

Endi esa, ko'zgu neyronlarning boshqa hususiyati bor

which is involved in something quite different.

bu juda boshqacha narsada ishtirok etishidir.

And that is, there are mirror neurons,

Va shunday ko'zgu neyronlari borki

just as there are mirror neurons for action, there are mirror neurons for touch.

ular faqat hatti harakat uchun, va boshqalari faqat sezgi uchun

In other words, if somebody touches me,

Boshqa so'zlar bilan aytganda, agar kimdir meni ushlasa

my hand, neuron in the somatosensory cortex

mening qo'limni, tana sezish bosh miya qobig'ida

in the sensory region of the brain fires.

sezgi qismida neyron ishga tushadi.

But the same neuron, in some cases, will fire

Lekin hudid shu neyron, ba'zi hollarda

when I simply watch another person being touched.

men boshqa odamning ushlanganini ko'rsam ham ishga tushaveradi.

So, it's empathizing the other person being touched.

Xullas, u boshqa odamning yana bir boshqa odma tomonidan qo'l tekkizilganiga urg'u beradi.

So, most of them will fire when I'm touched

Shuning uchun ularning ko'pchilgi meni kimdir ushlasa ishga tushadi

in different locations. Different neurons for different locations.

masalan boshqa joylarimda. Har bir joy uchun har hil neyron bor

But a subset of them will fire even when I watch somebody else

Lekin ularning bi qismigina men boshqa odamning

being touched in the same location.

ushlangani ko'rsam ham ishga tushaveradi.

So, here again you have neurons

Sizda shunday neyronlar borki

which are enrolled in empathy.

ular achinish, rahm qilishda ishtirok etadi.

Now, the question then arises: If I simply watch another person being touched,

Shunday savol tug'iladi: agar men boshqa bir odamning ushlanganini ko'rsam

why do I not get confused and literally feel that touch sensation

nima uchun men adashib huddi o'zim ushlangandek his qilmayman?

merely by watching somebody being touched?

shunchaki boshqa odamni ushlashgani ko'rib?

I mean, I empathize with that person but I don't literally feel the touch.

yani, men u odamga achinishim mumkin lekin men o'zin bu qo'l tegishini sezmayman.

Well, that's because you've got receptors in your skin,

Chunki, siz terisingizda sezuvchi retseptorlar bor

touch and pain receptors, going back into your brain

sezgi va og'riq retseptorlari, miyangizga boradi

and saying "Don't worry, you're not being touched.

va xavotir olma, senga tegishmaypti deydi

So, empathize, by all means, with the other person,

Xullas siz achinasiz boshqa odam uchun

but do not actually experience the touch,

lekin aslida bu sezgini o'zingiz tajriba qilmaysiz

otherwise you'll get confused and muddled."

bo'lmasa siz adashib ketgan bo'lardingiz.

Okay, so there is a feedback signal

qaytar signal bor

that vetoes the signal of the mirror neuron

oyna neyrondagi signalni to'xtatadigan

preventing you from consciously experiencing that touch.

yani sizni chindna ham shu qo'l tegishini sezishingizni oldi oladigan.

But if you remove the arm, you simply anesthetize my arm,

Lekin, agar qo'lingizni olib tashlasangiz, yoki qo'lgagina narkoz bersangiz

so you put an injection into my arm,

masalan qo'limga ukol qilib

anesthetize the brachial plexus, so the arm is numb,

Yelka nervlariniga narkoz bersangiz, va qo'lim sezmaydigan bo'lsa

and there is no sensations coming in,

va sezgi bo'lmasa

if I now watch you being touched,

va agar endi men siz birov ushlaganini ko'rsam

I literally feel it in my hand.

men chindan ham shuni o'z qo'limda sezaman.

In other words, you have dissolved the barrier

Boshqa so'z bilan aytganda, o'rtadagi qobiq yo'qoladi

between you and other human beings.

siz va boshqa odamlar o'rtasidagi.

So, I call them Gandhi neurons, or empathy neurons.

Men ularni Gandi neyronlari yoki rahmdil neyronlar deyman.

(Laughter)

(Kulgi)

And this is not in some abstract metaphorical sense.

Va bu mavhum tushuncha emas,

All that's separating you from him,

yani sizni undan ajratib turgan narsa

from the other person, is your skin.

yani boshqa odamdan ajratib turgan narsa teringizdir.

Remove the skin, you experience that person's touch in your mind.

Teringizni olib tahslang, keyin siz boshqa insonga tegishsa buni his qila olasiz, yani o'zingizda.

You've dissolved the barrier between you and other human beings.

Si o'zingiz va boshqa odamlar o'rtasidagi qobiq, chegarani olib tahslaysiz.

And this, of course, is the basis of much of Eastern philosophy,

Va bu Sharqiy falsafaning asosidir

and that is there is no real independent self,

yani siz aslida bir bo'lak mustaqil emassiz

aloof from other human beings, inspecting the world,

boshqa odamlardan ajralmagansiz, dunyoni

inspecting other people.

va boshqa odamlarni o'rganasiz

You are, in fact, connected not just via Facebook and Internet,

Aslida siz feysbuk va internet orqali o'zaro munosabatdasiz.

you're actually quite literally connected by your neurons.

lekin aslida siz o'zaro neyronlaringiz bilan bo'glangansiz.

And there is whole chains of neurons around this room, talking to each other.

Va mana shu xonada qancha neyronlar hozir bir biriga bog'anib muloqat qilmoqda.

And there is no real distinctiveness

Va sizning ongingiz

of your consciousness from somebody else's consciousness.

bilan boshqalarning ongi o'ratisida katta farq yo'q.

And this is not mumbo-jumbo philosophy.

Va bu qandaydir falsafa emas

It emerges from our understanding of basic neuroscience.

Bu neyronlarning asosiy hususiyatini o'rganishda kelib chiqqan xulosa.

So, you have a patient with a phantom limb. If the arm has been removed

Sizda qo'li yo'q bemor yo'q qo'li tassavvur qilib sezganday bo'ladi.

and you have a phantom, and you watch somebody else

bu holda, siz boshqa odamga qo'l tekkizilganini ko'rsangiz

being touched, you feel it in your phantom.

siz buni yo'q qo'lingizda sezasiz.

Now the astonishing thing is,

Bu juda hayratlanarli

if you have pain in your phantom limb, you squeeze the other person's hand,

agar siz tassavur qilib olgan lekin aslida yo'qotilgan qo'lingizda og'riq bo'lsa

massage the other person's hand,

va siz boshqa insonning qo'lini massaj qilinganini ko'rsangiz

that relieves the pain in your phantom hand,

bu sizning tasavvuringizdagi " arvoh" qo'lingizdagi og'riqni yengillashtiradi.

almost as though the neuron

Bu huddi

were obtaining relief from merely

neyronning rohatlanishi

watching somebody else being massaged.

boshqa odamning massaj qilinganini ko'rgandan kelib chiqadi

So, here you have my last slide.

Bu mening oxirgi slaydim

For the longest time people have regarded science

Uzoq paytgacha, odamlar ilmiy fanlar

and humanities as being distinct.

va gumanitar fanlarni alohida nazarga olib kelganlar

C.P. Snow spoke of the two cultures:

C.P Snow 2 hil madaniyat haqida gapirib o'tdi

science on the one hand, humanities on the other;

Ilmiy fanlar bir tomonda, va gumanitar fanlar bir tomonda

never the twain shall meet.

va ikkisi hech uchrashmaydi degandi

So, I'm saying the mirror neuron system underlies the interface

Men aytayapmanki, koz'gu neyronlari chegara hosil qiladi

allowing you to rethink about issues like consciousness,

sizning ong haqida qayta o'ylab chiqishingiz uchun,

representation of self,

va o'zingizni qanday aks ettirishingiz haqida

what separates you from other human beings,

sizni boshqa insonlardan nima ajratishi haqida

what allows you to empathize with other human beings,

nima uchun boshqalarga rahm qilishingiz haqida

and also even things like the emergence of culture and civilization,

va yana madaniyat va tarraqiyot qanday bunyod etiladi

which is unique to human beings. Thank you.

chunki bilar insoniyat uchun alohida narsalardir. Rahmat.

(Applause)

(Qarsaklar)