Beware conflicts of interest | Dan Ariely

142,482 views ใƒป 2011-08-29

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ran Amitay ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:16
So, I was in the hospital for a long time.
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ืื–.. ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ.
00:19
And a few years after I left, I went back,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจืชื™, ื—ื–ืจืชื™,
00:22
and the chairman of the burn department was very excited to see me --
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ื•ืจืืฉ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื›ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื ืจื’ืฉ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื™ --
00:25
said, "Dan, I have a fantastic new treatment for you."
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ืืžืจ, "ื“ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš."
00:28
I was very excited. I walked with him to his office.
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ื”ืชืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืžืื•ื“. ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืื™ืชื• ืœืžืฉืจื“ื•.
00:30
And he explained to me that, when I shave,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืฉื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชื’ืœื—,
00:33
I have little black dots on the left side of my face where the hair is,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืขืจ ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื,
00:36
but on the right side of my face
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื
00:38
I was badly burned so I have no hair,
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ื ื›ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืงืฉื•ืช ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืฉื™ืขืจ
00:40
and this creates lack of symmetry.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”
00:42
And what's the brilliant idea he had?
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ื•ืžื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืง ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื•?
00:44
He was going to tattoo little black dots
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ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืœืงืขืงืข ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช
00:46
on the right side of my face
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ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื™
00:49
and make me look very symmetric.
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ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™.
00:51
It sounded interesting. He asked me to go and shave.
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื™ ืœืœื›ืช ืœื”ืชื’ืœื—.
00:54
Let me tell you, this was a strange way to shave,
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื, ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืžื•ื–ืจื” ืœื”ืชื’ืœื—,
00:56
because I thought about it
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื”
00:58
and I realized that the way I was shaving then
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ื•ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืชื’ืœื—ืชื™ ื”ืคืขื
01:00
would be the way I would shave for the rest of my life --
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ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืืชื’ืœื— ื‘ืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ --
01:02
because I had to keep the width the same.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื–ื”ื”.
01:04
When I got back to his office,
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ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœืžืฉืจื“ื•,
01:06
I wasn't really sure.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืืžืช.
01:08
I said, "Can I see some evidence for this?"
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ืืžืจืชื™, "ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”?"
01:10
So he showed me some pictures
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืื” ืœื™ ื›ืžื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
01:12
of little cheeks with little black dots --
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ืฉืœ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืขื ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช --
01:14
not very informative.
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ืœื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
01:16
I said, "What happens when I grow older and my hair becomes white?
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ืืžืจืชื™, "ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ื›ืฉืื–ื“ืงืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ืฉืœื™ ื™ืœื‘ื™ืŸ?
01:18
What would happen then?"
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ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืื–?"
01:20
"Oh, don't worry about it," he said.
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"ื”ื•, ืืœ ืชื“ืื’," ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ.
01:22
"We have lasers; we can whiten it out."
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"ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื; ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•."
01:25
But I was still concerned,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ื˜ืจื“,
01:27
so I said, "You know what, I'm not going to do it."
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ืื– ืืžืจืชื™: "ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื”, ืื ื™ ืœื ืืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”."
01:30
And then came one of the biggest guilt trips of my life.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื—ืœื” ืจื•ื“ืคืช ืื•ืชื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืืฉื ืžื”ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™.
01:34
This is coming from a Jewish guy, all right, so that means a lot.
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ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืื– ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืจื‘ื”.
01:37
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:39
And he said, "Dan, what's wrong with you?
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื“ืŸ, ืžื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœืš?
01:42
Do you enjoy looking non-symmetric?
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ืืชื” ื ื”ื ื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™?
01:44
Do you have some kind of perverted pleasure from this?
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžืคื™ืง ืื™ื–ื•ืฉื”ื™ ื”ื ืื” ืžืขื•ื•ืชืช ืžื–ื”?
01:49
Do women feel pity for you
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ื”ืื ื ืฉื™ื ืžืจื—ืžื•ืช ืขืœื™ืš
01:51
and have sex with you more frequently?"
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ื•ืžืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืื™ืชืš ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช?"
01:54
None of those happened.
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ื›ืœื•ื ืžืืœื• ืœื ืงืจื”.
01:58
And this was very surprising to me,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืคืชื™ืข ืื•ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“,
02:00
because I've gone through many treatments --
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ื›ื™ ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื --
02:02
there were many treatments I decided not to do --
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ --
02:04
and I never got this guilt trip to this extent.
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ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื’ืจืžื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืืฉื ื›ืืœื”.
02:06
But I decided not to have this treatment.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
02:08
And I went to his deputy and asked him, "What was going on?
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ื•ืคื ื™ืชื™ ืืœ ืกื’ื ื• ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื•, "ืžื” ืงืจื” ืคื”?
02:10
Where was this guilt trip coming from?"
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ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืฉื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื™?"
02:12
And he explained that they have done this procedure on two patients already,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
02:16
and they need the third patient for a paper they were writing.
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžืืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื.
02:19
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:21
Now you probably think that this guy's a schmuck.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ื‘ื˜ื— ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉืžื•ืง.
02:23
Right, that's what he seems like.
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ื›ืŸ, ื›ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื”.
02:25
But let me give you a different perspective on the same story.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
02:28
A few years ago, I was running some of my own experiments in the lab.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืฆืขืชื™ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
02:31
And when we run experiments,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื,
02:33
we usually hope that one group will behave differently than another.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“"ื› ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืช ืชืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืื—ืจืช.
02:36
So we had one group that I hoped their performance would be very high,
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ืื– ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืช ืฉืฆื™ืคื™ืชื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“,
02:39
another group that I thought their performance would be very low,
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
02:42
and when I got the results, that's what we got --
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ื•ื›ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” --
02:44
I was very happy -- aside from one person.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืจื•ืฆื” ืžืื•ื“ -- ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“.
02:47
There was one person in the group
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ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”
02:49
that was supposed to have very high performance
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“
02:51
that was actually performing terribly.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืื™ื•ืžื™ื.
02:53
And he pulled the whole mean down,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืœืžื˜ื”,
02:55
destroying my statistical significance of the test.
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ื•ื”ืจืก ืืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™.
02:59
So I looked carefully at this guy.
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ืื– ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืงืคื“ื ื•ืช.
03:01
He was 20-some years older than anybody else in the sample.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›20 ืฉื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืžื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื“ื’ื™ืžื”.
03:04
And I remembered that the old and drunken guy
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ื•ื ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ื‘ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื–ืงืŸ
03:06
came one day to the lab
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ืฉื‘ื ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื”
03:08
wanting to make some easy cash
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ื•ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืงืฆืช ื›ืกืฃ ืงืœ
03:10
and this was the guy.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืชื• ืื™ืฉ.
03:12
"Fantastic!" I thought. "Let's throw him out.
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"ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™!" ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™. "ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™
03:14
Who would ever include a drunken guy in a sample?"
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ืžื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™?"
03:17
But a couple of days later,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื,
03:19
we thought about it with my students,
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ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ืขื ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™,
03:21
and we said, "What would have happened if this drunken guy was not in that condition?
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ื•ืืžืจื ื•, "ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื ื”ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
03:24
What would have happened if he was in the other group?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”?
03:26
Would we have thrown him out then?"
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืขื™ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืื–?"
03:28
We probably wouldn't have looked at the data at all,
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ื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื,
03:30
and if we did look at the data,
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ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื,
03:32
we'd probably have said, "Fantastic! What a smart guy who is performing this low,"
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ื‘ื˜ื— ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™! ืื™ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื—ื›ื ืขื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื›"ื› ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื,"
03:35
because he would have pulled the mean of the group lower,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืš ืืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:37
giving us even stronger statistical results than we could.
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ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื•ืช ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:41
So we decided not to throw the guy out and to rerun the experiment.
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ืื– ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœื ืœื”ืขื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืจื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
03:44
But you know, these stories,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
03:47
and lots of other experiments that we've done on conflicts of interest,
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืจื›ื ื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื,
03:50
basically kind of bring two points
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ืžื—ื“ื“ื™ื ืืฆืœื™
03:52
to the foreground for me.
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ืฉืชื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช.
03:54
The first one is that in life we encounter many people
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื
03:57
who, in some way or another,
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ืืฉืจ, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช,
04:00
try to tattoo our faces.
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ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืงืขืงืข ืืช ืคื ื™ื ื•.
04:02
They just have the incentives that get them to be blinded to reality
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช
04:05
and give us advice that is inherently biased.
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ื•ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ืขืฆื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืจื ื˜ื™.
04:08
And I'm sure that it's something that we all recognize,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื–ื”ื™ื,
04:10
and we see that it happens.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”.
04:12
Maybe we don't recognize it every time,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ื–ืืช ืชืžื™ื“,
04:14
but we understand that it happens.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”.
04:16
The most difficult thing, of course, is to recognize
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœื–ื”ื•ืช
04:18
that sometimes we too
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ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื’ื ืื ื—ื ื•
04:20
are blinded by our own incentives.
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ืžืชืขื•ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
04:22
And that's a much, much more difficult lesson to take into account.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœืงื— ืฉืงืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ.
04:25
Because we don't see how conflicts of interest work on us.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื™ืš ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื•.
04:29
When I was doing these experiments,
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ื›ืฉืขืจื›ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
04:31
in my mind, I was helping science.
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ื‘ืžื•ื—ื™, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืžื“ืข.
04:33
I was eliminating the data
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
04:35
to get the true pattern of the data to shine through.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืœื‘ืœื•ื˜.
04:37
I wasn't doing something bad.
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ืœื ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ืจืข.
04:39
In my mind, I was actually a knight
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ื‘ืžื•ื—ื™, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ืื‘ื™ืจ
04:41
trying to help science move along.
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ื”ืžื ืกื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื“ืข ืœื”ืชืงื“ื.
04:43
But this was not the case.
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ืืš ืœื ื›ืš ื”ื™ื”.
04:45
I was actually interfering with the process with lots of good intentions.
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ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืคืจืขืชื™ ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
04:48
And I think the real challenge is to figure out
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
04:50
where are the cases in our lives
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ืื™ืคื” ื™ืฉ ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•
04:52
where conflicts of interest work on us,
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ืฉื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื•,
04:54
and try not to trust our own intuition to overcome it,
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ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื,
04:57
but to try to do things
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ืืœื ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
04:59
that prevent us from falling prey to these behaviors,
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ืืฉืจ ื™ืžื ืขื• ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืžืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื•,
05:01
because we can create lots of undesirable circumstances.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.
05:05
I do want to leave you with one positive thought.
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ืื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื›ื ืขื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ืช.
05:07
I mean, this is all very depressing, right --
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื“ื›ื --
05:09
people have conflicts of interest, we don't see it, and so on.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื, ื•ื›ื•'.
05:12
The positive perspective, I think, of all of this
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ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื”
05:14
is that, if we do understand when we go wrong,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื˜ื•ืขื™ื
05:17
if we understand the deep mechanisms
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ืื ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื
05:19
of why we fail and where we fail,
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ืฉืœ ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื›ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืื™ืคื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื›ืฉืœื™ื,
05:21
we can actually hope to fix things.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืงื•ื•ืช ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
05:23
And that, I think, is the hope. Thank you very much.
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ื•ื–ืืช, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
05:25
(Applause)
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(ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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