Beware conflicts of interest | Dan Ariely

142,482 views ใƒป 2011-08-29

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Bianca Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Sujin Byeon
00:16
So, I was in the hospital for a long time.
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์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋žœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ๋ณ‘์›์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:19
And a few years after I left, I went back,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋– ๋‚œ ์ง€ ๋ช‡๋…„ ํ›„ ์ „ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”๊ณ ,
00:22
and the chairman of the burn department was very excited to see me --
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ํ™”์ƒ ๋ถ€์„œ์˜ ํšŒ์žฅ์€ ์ ˆ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๊ธฐ๋ปํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
00:25
said, "Dan, I have a fantastic new treatment for you."
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โ€œ๋Œ„, ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์•˜๋‹ค๋„ค.โ€
00:28
I was very excited. I walked with him to his office.
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์ €๋„ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ํฅ๋ถ„๋˜, ๊ทธ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค๋กœ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
And he explained to me that, when I shave,
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉด๋„๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ,
00:33
I have little black dots on the left side of my face where the hair is,
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์ œ ์–ผ๊ตด์˜ ์™ผํŽธ์— ํ„ธ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ๊ฒ€์€ ์ ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
00:36
but on the right side of my face
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์˜ค๋ฅธํŽธ์€
00:38
I was badly burned so I have no hair,
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์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™”์ƒ์„ ์ž…์–ด, ํ„ธ์ด ์—†์–ด์ ธ
00:40
and this creates lack of symmetry.
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๋Œ€์นญ์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
And what's the brilliant idea he had?
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๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
00:44
He was going to tattoo little black dots
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ œ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์–ผ๊ตด์— ์ž‘๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์€
00:46
on the right side of my face
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๋ฌธ์‹ ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด
00:49
and make me look very symmetric.
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๋Œ€์นญ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ž๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:51
It sounded interesting. He asked me to go and shave.
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๊ฝค๋‚˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฉด๋„๋ฅผ ๊ถŒํ–ˆ์ฃ .
00:54
Let me tell you, this was a strange way to shave,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํŠน์ดํ•œ ๋ฉด๋„๋ฒ•์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
00:56
because I thought about it
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์—
00:58
and I realized that the way I was shaving then
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์ด์ œ๊ป ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉด๋„๋ฅผ ํ•ด์™”๋˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด
01:00
would be the way I would shave for the rest of my life --
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ํ‰์ƒ๋™์•ˆ ํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹คโ€”
01:02
because I had to keep the width the same.
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๊ฐ€๋กœํญ์„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ๋งž์ถฐ์•ผ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
01:04
When I got back to his office,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”์„ ๋•Œ,
01:06
I wasn't really sure.
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์ „ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹คํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
I said, "Can I see some evidence for this?"
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์ฃ , โ€œ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ข€ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?โ€
01:10
So he showed me some pictures
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ œ๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์€ ์ ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”
01:12
of little cheeks with little black dots --
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๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋บจ ์‚ฌ์ง„๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
01:14
not very informative.
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๋ณ„๋กœ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์ง„ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
I said, "What happens when I grow older and my hair becomes white?
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, โ€œ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๊ณ  ํ„ธ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜์–˜์ง€๋ฉด
01:18
What would happen then?"
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์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?โ€
01:20
"Oh, don't worry about it," he said.
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โ€œ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.โ€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
"We have lasers; we can whiten it out."
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โ€œ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋กœ ํ•˜์–—๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
01:25
But I was still concerned,
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์ „ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ฑฑ์ •์ด ๋˜์–ด ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
01:27
so I said, "You know what, I'm not going to do it."
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โ€œํšŒ์žฅ๋‹˜, ์ „ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
01:30
And then came one of the biggest guilt trips of my life.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์ผ์€ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ํฐ ์ฃ„์ฑ…๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
This is coming from a Jewish guy, all right, so that means a lot.
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์ด๊ฑด ์œ ํƒœ์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜จ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ˆ, ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๋งŽ์€ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:37
(Laughter)
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(ํ•˜ํ•˜)
01:39
And he said, "Dan, what's wrong with you?
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ โ€œ๋Œ„, ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
01:42
Do you enjoy looking non-symmetric?
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๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฑฐ์—์š”?
01:44
Do you have some kind of perverted pleasure from this?
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์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ์ด์ƒํ•œ ๊ธฐ์จ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ผ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
01:49
Do women feel pity for you
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์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ๋ถˆ์Œํžˆ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ
01:51
and have sex with you more frequently?"
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๋” ์ž์ฃผ ์„น์Šค๋ผ๋„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?โ€
01:54
None of those happened.
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์ด ์ค‘ ์•„๋ฌด์ผ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
And this was very surprising to me,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ ˆ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๋†€๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
02:00
because I've gone through many treatments --
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด์™”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ€“
02:02
there were many treatments I decided not to do --
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์ „ ๋งŽ์€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  โ€“
02:04
and I never got this guilt trip to this extent.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ์ฃ„์ฑ…๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ์ง„ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
02:06
But I decided not to have this treatment.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ „ ์ด ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
And I went to his deputy and asked him, "What was going on?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ถ€์žฅ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, โ€œ๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ฌด์Šจ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
02:10
Where was this guilt trip coming from?"
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์ด ์ฃ„์ฑ…๊ฐ์€ ์–ด๋””์„œ ์˜ค๋Š”๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?โ€
02:12
And he explained that they have done this procedure on two patients already,
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋‘ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
02:16
and they need the third patient for a paper they were writing.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
02:19
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:21
Now you probably think that this guy's a schmuck.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์–ด์ฉœ ์ด์ž๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๊ตฐ์š”.
02:23
Right, that's what he seems like.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
But let me give you a different perspective on the same story.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
02:28
A few years ago, I was running some of my own experiments in the lab.
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๋ช‡๋…„์ „, ์ €๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ์ €๋งŒ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
And when we run experiments,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ,
02:33
we usually hope that one group will behave differently than another.
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๋ณดํ†ต ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธธ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜์ฃ .
02:36
So we had one group that I hoped their performance would be very high,
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์ €ํฐ ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ๋†’์€ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ธธ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
02:39
another group that I thought their performance would be very low,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ธธ ์›ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:42
and when I got the results, that's what we got --
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œโ€”
02:44
I was very happy -- aside from one person.
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์ „ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๊ธฐ๋ปค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹คโ€” ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋งŒ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
02:47
There was one person in the group
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๋†’์€ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋žฌ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜
02:49
that was supposed to have very high performance
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ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค
02:51
that was actually performing terribly.
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ํ˜•ํŽธ์—†๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
And he pulled the whole mean down,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ํ‰๊ท ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ ค,
02:55
destroying my statistical significance of the test.
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์ œ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๋ง๊ฐ€๋œจ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
So I looked carefully at this guy.
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์ „ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์ฃผ์‹œํ–ˆ์ฃ .
03:01
He was 20-some years older than anybody else in the sample.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค 20๋…„ ์ •๋„๋‚˜์ด๋“  ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
And I remembered that the old and drunken guy
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „ ์–ด๋Š๋‚  ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค๋กœ ์™€
03:06
came one day to the lab
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๋ˆ์„ ๋ฒŒ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ,
03:08
wanting to make some easy cash
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๋‚˜์ด๋“ค๊ณ  ์ˆ ์ทจํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
03:10
and this was the guy.
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๊ทธ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด๋ƒˆ์ฃ .
03:12
"Fantastic!" I thought. "Let's throw him out.
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โ€œ๋ฉ‹์ง€๊ตฐ!โ€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, โ€œ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋นผ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ž.
03:14
Who would ever include a drunken guy in a sample?"
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์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์— ์ˆ ์ทจํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋„ฃ๊ฒ ์–ด?โ€
03:17
But a couple of days later,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฉฐ์น  ํ›„,
03:19
we thought about it with my students,
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์ „ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ ํ›„ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
03:21
and we said, "What would have happened if this drunken guy was not in that condition?
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โ€œ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด ์ˆ ์ทจํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋• ์„๊นŒ?
03:24
What would have happened if he was in the other group?
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฌ์„๊นŒ?
03:26
Would we have thrown him out then?"
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ๋นผ๋ฒ„๋ ธ์„๊นŒ?โ€
03:28
We probably wouldn't have looked at the data at all,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ €ํฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ํ•„์š”์กฐ์ฐจ ์—†๊ฒŒ๋ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ,
03:30
and if we did look at the data,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ๋ดค๋‹ค๋ฉด,
03:32
we'd probably have said, "Fantastic! What a smart guy who is performing this low,"
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, โ€œ๋ฉ‹์ง€๊ตฐ! ์ •๋ง ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‹ค์ ์„ ๋‚ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๊ตฐ.โ€
03:35
because he would have pulled the mean of the group lower,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ ค
03:37
giving us even stronger statistical results than we could.
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๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์คฌ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
03:41
So we decided not to throw the guy out and to rerun the experiment.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋นผ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์žฌ๊ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
But you know, these stories,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ,
03:47
and lots of other experiments that we've done on conflicts of interest,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์˜จ, ์ดํ•ด์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ,
03:50
basically kind of bring two points
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๋งŽ์€ ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹คํ—˜๋“ค์€ ์ œ๊ฒŒ
03:52
to the foreground for me.
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๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ํฌ์ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ˆˆ์น˜์ฑ„๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
The first one is that in life we encounter many people
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ๋งˆ์ฃผ์น˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€,
03:57
who, in some way or another,
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์–ด๋–ค ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋“  ์ €ํฌ์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์—
04:00
try to tattoo our faces.
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ํƒ€ํˆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
They just have the incentives that get them to be blinded to reality
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ์ง์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
04:05
and give us advice that is inherently biased.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์„ ์ฒœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŽธํŒŒ์ ์ธ ์ถฉ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
And I'm sure that it's something that we all recognize,
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์ „ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ,
04:10
and we see that it happens.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š”์ง€ ๋ˆˆ์น˜์ฑˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
Maybe we don't recognize it every time,
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
04:14
but we understand that it happens.
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๋ณดํ†ต์€ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ๋งˆ๋ จ์ด์ฃ .
04:16
The most difficult thing, of course, is to recognize
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒƒ์€
04:18
that sometimes we too
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
04:20
are blinded by our own incentives.
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๋ˆˆ์ด ๋ฉ€ ๋•Œ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
And that's a much, much more difficult lesson to take into account.
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์ด๋Ÿด ๋•, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ธด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:25
Because we don't see how conflicts of interest work on us.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ดํ•ด์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
04:29
When I was doing these experiments,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
04:31
in my mind, I was helping science.
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์ „ ์†์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผํ•™์„ ๋•๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:33
I was eliminating the data
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์ „ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ญ์ œํ•ด,
04:35
to get the true pattern of the data to shine through.
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๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง„์‹ค๋œ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ ๋น›์„ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:37
I wasn't doing something bad.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋‚˜์œ์ผ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
In my mind, I was actually a knight
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์ „ ์†์œผ๋กœ, ๊ณผํ•™์ด ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์›€์ง์ด๋„๋ก
04:41
trying to help science move along.
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๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋•๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
But this was not the case.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฒˆ์—” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
I was actually interfering with the process with lots of good intentions.
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์ „ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋งŽ์€, ์ข‹์€ ์˜๋„๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:48
And I think the real challenge is to figure out
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๋„์ „์€
04:50
where are the cases in our lives
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ถ์— ์ดํ•ด์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ์ด
04:52
where conflicts of interest work on us,
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์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋””์„œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด,
04:54
and try not to trust our own intuition to overcome it,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง๊ฐ์ด ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๋„๋ก ์˜์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ ,
04:57
but to try to do things
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ
04:59
that prevent us from falling prey to these behaviors,
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ํฌ์ƒ์–‘์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
because we can create lots of undesirable circumstances.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
05:05
I do want to leave you with one positive thought.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๊ตฐ์š”.
05:07
I mean, this is all very depressing, right --
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์ œ ๋ง์€, ์ด ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒŒ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์•”์šธํ•˜์ฃ  โ€“
05:09
people have conflicts of interest, we don't see it, and so on.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ดํ•ด์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ.
05:12
The positive perspective, I think, of all of this
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์ด ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์€,
05:14
is that, if we do understand when we go wrong,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ธธ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ ,
05:17
if we understand the deep mechanisms
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์–ด์งธ์„œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋””์„œ
05:19
of why we fail and where we fail,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊นŠ์ด ์ดํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
05:21
we can actually hope to fix things.
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์ด ์ž˜๋ชป์„ ๊ณ ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:23
And that, I think, is the hope. Thank you very much.
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํฌ๋ง์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:25
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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