Carolyn Porco: Could a Saturn moon harbor life?

48,952 views ใƒป 2009-05-21

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Sigal Tifferet ืžื‘ืงืจ: Shaike Katz
00:18
Two years ago here at TED
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ื›ืืŸ ื‘ TED,
00:20
I reported that we had discovered
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ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ืชื™ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•
00:22
at Saturn, with the Cassini Spacecraft,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ืชืื™, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกืคื™ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ืงืกื™ื ื™,
00:25
an anomalously warm and geologically active region
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ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื—ื ื•ืคืขื™ืœ ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืจื™ื’
00:28
at the southern tip of the small Saturnine moon
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ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืจื— ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ
00:31
Enceladus, seen here.
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ืื ืกืœื“ื•ืก, ืื•ืชื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
00:33
This region seen here for the first time
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ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ืฆืคื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”
00:35
in the Cassini image taken in 2005. This is the south polar region,
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ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืงืืกื™ื ื™ ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื” ื‘-2005. ื–ื”ื• ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™.
00:40
with the famous tiger-stripe fractures crossing the south pole.
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ืขื ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™.
00:43
And seen just recently in late 2008,
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ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 2008,
00:47
here is that region again,
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘,
00:49
now half in darkness because the southern hemisphere
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื›ื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ืžื™ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช
00:52
is experiencing the onset of August
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ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜
00:55
and eventually winter.
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ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ืจืฃ.
00:57
And I also reported that we'd made this mind-blowing discovery --
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ื•ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ืชื™ ื’ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื’ื™ืœื ื• ืชื’ืœื™ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” --
01:00
this once-in-a-lifetime discovery
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ืชื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคืขื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื
01:02
of towering jets
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ืฉืœ ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ืชืžืจื™ื
01:04
erupting from those fractures at the south pole,
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ื”ืžืชืคืจืฆื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™,
01:07
consisting of tiny water ice crystals
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ื•ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืงืจื— ืžื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื
01:09
accompanied by water vapor
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ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืื“ื™ ืžื™ื
01:12
and simple organic compounds like carbon dioxide and methane.
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ื•ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• CO2 ื•ืžืชืืŸ.
01:16
And at that time two years ago
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื
01:18
I mentioned that we were speculating
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ืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืขืจื™ื
01:20
that these jets might in fact be geysers,
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ืฉื”ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื’ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื,
01:22
and erupting from pockets
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ื•ืฉื”ื ืžืชืคืจืฆื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื™ืกื™ื
01:24
or chambers of liquid water underneath the surface,
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ืื• ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
01:26
but we weren't really sure.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื.
01:28
However, the implications of those results --
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ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืืœื”
01:31
of a possible environment within this moon
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ืขืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื–ื”
01:34
that could support prebiotic chemistry,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืคืจื”-ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช,
01:36
and perhaps life itself --
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืฆืžื,
01:39
were so exciting that, in the intervening two years,
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ื”ื™ื• ื›"ื› ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ
01:41
we have focused more on Enceladus.
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ื”ืชืžืงื“ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืื ืกืœื“ื•ืก.
01:43
We've flown the Cassini Spacecraft
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ื”ื˜ืกื ื• ืืช ืกืคื™ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ืงืกื™ื ื™
01:46
by this moon now several times,
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ืจื— ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืขื“ ื›ื”.
01:48
flying closer and deeper into these jets,
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ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœ ื”ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ื,
01:51
into the denser regions of these jets,
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ืœืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ื,
01:53
so that now we have come away with some
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืขืช ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
01:55
very precise compositional measurements.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื•ืช.
01:57
And we have found
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ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื
01:59
that the organic compounds coming from this moon
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ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื–ื”
02:02
are in fact more complex than we previously reported.
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืžื” ืฉื“ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
02:05
While they're not amino acids,
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ื”ื ืืžื ื ืœื ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื•,
02:07
we're now finding things like
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื•
02:09
propane and benzene,
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ืคืจื•ืคืืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื–ื™ืŸ,
02:11
hydrogen cyanide, and formaldehyde.
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ืžื™ืžืŸ ืฆื™ืื ื™ื“ื™ ื•ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืŸ.
02:13
And the tiny water crystals here
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ื•ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:16
now look for all the world
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ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืขืช ืœื›ื•ืœื
02:18
like they are frozen droplets of salty water,
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ื›ืžื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืงืคื•ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืžืœื•ื—ื™ื.
02:21
which is a discovery that suggests
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ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื–ื• ืžืจืžื–ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš
02:23
that not only do the jets come from
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ืฉืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื
02:25
pockets of liquid water,
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ืžื›ื™ืกื™ ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื,
02:27
but that that liquid water is in contact with rock.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืฉื”ืžื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ืกืœืข.
02:30
And that is a circumstance
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฆื‘
02:32
that could supply the chemical energy
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืช
02:34
and the chemical compounds needed to sustain life.
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ื•ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:37
So we are very encouraged by these results.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
02:40
And we are much more confident now than we were two years ago
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื, ืžืืฉืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื
02:43
that we might indeed
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืืžืช
02:45
have on this moon, under the south pole,
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ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ืจื— ื”ื–ื”, ืžืชื—ืช ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™,
02:48
an environment or a zone that is hospitable to living organisms.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืื• ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ ืœืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:52
Whether or not there are living organisms there, of course,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื, ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ
02:55
is an entirely different matter.
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ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™,
02:57
And that will have to await the arrival,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืžืชื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืœื—ื–ืจืชื” ืฉืœ
02:59
back at Enceladus,
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ืกืคื™ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ืœืื ืกืœื“ื•ืก,
03:02
of the spacecrafts, hopefully some time in the near future,
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ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘, ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื”,
03:05
specifically equipped to address that particular question.
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ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื“ืช ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช.
03:09
But in the meantime I invite you to imagine the day
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืื ื™ ืžื–ืžื™ื ื” ืืชื›ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”
03:12
when we might journey to the Saturnine system,
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ื‘ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืข ืืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื‘ืชืื™,
03:15
and visit the Enceladus interplanetary geyser park,
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ื•ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืคืืจืง ืื ืกืœื“ื•ืก, ืคืืจืง ื”ื’ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™,
03:19
just because we can.
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ืจืง ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™.
03:21
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
03:23
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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