On being wrong | Kathryn Schulz

714,997 views ใƒป 2011-04-26

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Rafi Taglicht ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
So it's 1995,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื 1995,
00:18
I'm in college,
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืงื•ืœื’',
00:20
and a friend and I go on a road trip
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ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœืžืกืข ื“ืจื›ื™ื
00:23
from Providence, Rhode Island
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ืžืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื“ื ืก, ืจื•ื“ ืื™ื™ืœื ื“
00:25
to Portland, Oregon.
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ืœืคื•ืจื˜ืœื ื“, ืื•ืจื’ื•ืŸ.
00:27
And you know, we're young and unemployed,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœืœื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
00:30
so we do the whole thing on back roads
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฆื“ื“ื™ื•ืช
00:32
through state parks
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ื“ืจืš ืคืืจืงื™ื
00:34
and national forests --
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ื•ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื --
00:37
basically the longest route we can possibly take.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
00:41
And somewhere in the middle of South Dakota,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื“ืจื•ื ื“ืงื•ื˜ื”,
00:44
I turn to my friend
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ืื ื™ ืคื•ื ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจืชื™
00:47
and I ask her a question
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ื•ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœืช ืื•ืชื” ืฉืืœื”
00:49
that's been bothering me
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ืฉื”ืฆื™ืงื” ืœื™
00:51
for 2,000 miles.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 2,000 ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื.
00:55
"What's up with the Chinese character I keep seeing by the side of the road?"
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"ืžื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ืกื™ื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš?"
01:02
My friend looks at me totally blankly.
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ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื” ืขืœื™ ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืกืชื•ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
01:06
There's actually a gentleman in the front row
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
01:08
who's doing a perfect imitation of her look.
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ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื”.
01:11
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:14
And I'm like, "You know,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช, "ืืช ื™ื•ื“ืขืช,
01:16
all the signs we keep seeing
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ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
01:18
with the Chinese character on them."
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ืขื ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ืกื™ื ื™ ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื”ื."
01:22
She just stares at me for a few moments,
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืขืฆืช ื‘ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”,
01:25
and then she cracks up,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆืช ืžืฆื—ื•ืง,
01:28
because she figures out what I'm talking about.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ืžื” ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจืช.
01:30
And what I'm talking about is this.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ื–ื”.
01:33
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:39
Right, the famous Chinese character for picnic area.
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ื›ืŸ, ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื–ื•ืจ ืœืคื™ืงื ื™ืง.
01:43
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:45
I've spent the last five years of my life
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ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™
01:49
thinking about situations
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ื
01:51
exactly like this --
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ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง --
01:54
why we sometimes misunderstand
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
01:56
the signs around us,
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ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•,
01:58
and how we behave when that happens,
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”,
02:01
and what all of this can tell us about human nature.
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ื•ืžื” ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืืžืจ ืœื ื• ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื.
02:05
In other words, as you heard Chris say,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฉืžืขืชื ืืช ื›ืจื™ืก ืื•ืžืจ,
02:07
I've spent the last five years
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ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
02:09
thinking about being wrong.
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ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช.
02:12
This might strike you as a strange career move,
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ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื›ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืžื•ื–ืจื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื”,
02:15
but it actually has one great advantage:
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ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ:
02:18
no job competition.
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ืื™ืŸ ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
02:20
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:22
In fact, most of us do everything we can
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ
02:25
to avoid thinking about being wrong,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื• ื˜ื•ืขื™ื,
02:28
or at least to avoid thinking about the possibility
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ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช
02:30
that we ourselves are wrong.
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ืฉืื ื• ืขืฆืžื ื• ื˜ื•ืขื™ื.
02:32
We get it in the abstract.
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ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืคืฉื˜.
02:34
We all know everybody in this room makes mistakes.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช.
02:37
The human species, in general, is fallible -- okay fine.
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ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื’ื•ืช -- ืื•ืงื™, ื™ื•ืคื™.
02:41
But when it comes down to me, right now,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ ื‘ืจื’ืข ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ,
02:44
to all the beliefs I hold,
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ืœื›ืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื”ื,
02:46
here in the present tense,
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ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื•ื”,
02:49
suddenly all of this abstract appreciation of fallibility
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ืคืชืื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉื’ื•ืช
02:53
goes out the window --
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ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ --
02:56
and I can't actually think of anything I'm wrong about.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื•ื’ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ื•.
03:00
And the thing is, the present tense is where we live.
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ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืฉื”ื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:03
We go to meetings in the present tense;
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ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื•ื”,
03:06
we go on family vacations in the present tense;
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื•ื”.
03:08
we go to the polls and vote in the present tense.
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ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืงืœืคื™ ื•ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื•ื”.
03:12
So effectively, we all kind of wind up traveling through life,
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ื›ืš ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•,
03:15
trapped in this little bubble
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ื›ืœื•ืื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืขื” ืงื˜ื ื”
03:17
of feeling very right about everything.
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ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
03:21
I think this is a problem.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื”.
03:23
I think it's a problem for each of us as individuals,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื,
03:26
in our personal and professional lives,
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื,
03:29
and I think it's a problem for all of us collectively as a culture.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื—ื“ ื›ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
03:32
So what I want to do today
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ื›ืš ืฉืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื
03:34
is, first of all, talk about why we get stuck
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ื”ื•ื, ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืชืงื•ืขื™ื
03:37
inside this feeling of being right.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื.
03:39
And second, why it's such a problem.
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ืืช ื›ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื”.
03:42
And finally, I want to convince you
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื›ื
03:44
that it is possible
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ืฉื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™
03:46
to step outside of that feeling
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ืœืฆืืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื–ื•,
03:48
and that if you can do so,
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ื•ืฉืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
03:50
it is the single greatest
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ื–ื• ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:52
moral, intellectual and creative leap you can make.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช, ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
03:57
So why do we get stuck
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ืื ื›ืš ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ื ืชืงืขื™ื
03:59
in this feeling of being right?
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื–ื• ืฉืื ื• ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื?
04:01
One reason, actually, has to do with a feeling of being wrong.
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ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช.
04:04
So let me ask you guys something --
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ืื– ื—ื‘ืจื” ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืชื›ื ืžืฉื”ื• --
04:06
or actually, let me ask you guys something, because you're right here:
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ืื• ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืชื›ื ืžืฉื”ื•, ื›ื™ ืืชื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื›ืืŸ:
04:10
How does it feel -- emotionally --
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ืžื” ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” -- ืจื’ืฉื™ืช --
04:13
how does it feel to be wrong?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืœื˜ืขื•ืช?
04:16
Dreadful. Thumbs down.
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ื ื•ืจื. ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ.
04:19
Embarrassing. Okay, wonderful, great.
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ืžื‘ื™ืš. ืื•ืงื™, ื ืคืœื, ื™ื•ืคื™.
04:21
Dreadful, thumbs down, embarrassing --
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ื ื•ืจื, ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ, ืžื‘ื™ืš --
04:23
thank you, these are great answers,
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ืชื•ื“ื”, ืืœื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช,
04:26
but they're answers to a different question.
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ืืš ืืœื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื” ืื—ืจืช
04:29
You guys are answering the question:
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ืืชื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืืชื ืขื ื™ืชื ืœืฉืืœื”:
04:31
How does it feel to realize you're wrong?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืืชื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื?
04:34
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:38
Realizing you're wrong can feel like all of that and a lot of other things, right?
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ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืื ื• ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืš ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
04:41
I mean it can be devastating, it can be revelatory,
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™, ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช,
04:44
it can actually be quite funny,
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ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื—ื™ืง,
04:46
like my stupid Chinese character mistake.
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ื›ืžื• ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ ืฉืœื™.
04:49
But just being wrong
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ืืš ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื˜ืขื•ืช
04:52
doesn't feel like anything.
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ืื™ื ื• ื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื•ื ื”ืจื’ืฉื”.
04:54
I'll give you an analogy.
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ืื ื™ ืืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
04:57
Do you remember that Loony Tunes cartoon
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ื”ืื ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืจืช
04:59
where there's this pathetic coyote
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ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื™ื•ื˜ ื”ืคืชื˜ื™
05:01
who's always chasing and never catching a roadrunner?
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ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืืš ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชื•ืคืก ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ?
05:03
In pretty much every episode of this cartoon,
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืจืง ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ ืžืฆื•ื™ืจ ื–ื”,
05:06
there's a moment where the coyote is chasing the roadrunner
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ื™ืฉ ืจื’ืข ื‘ื• ื”ืงื•ื™ื•ื˜ ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ
05:08
and the roadrunner runs off a cliff,
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ื•ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืจืฆื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฆื•ืง,
05:10
which is fine -- he's a bird, he can fly.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื”ื™ื ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื•ืฃ.
05:13
But the thing is, the coyote runs off the cliff right after him.
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ืืš ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื–ื”, ื”ืงื•ื™ื•ื˜ ืจืฅ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฆื•ืง ืžื™ื“ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ.
05:17
And what's funny --
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื—ื™ืง --
05:19
at least if you're six years old --
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืฉืืชื ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืฉ --
05:21
is that the coyote's totally fine too.
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ืงื•ื™ื•ื˜ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ.
05:23
He just keeps running --
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ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืจื•ืฅ --
05:25
right up until the moment that he looks down
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ืžืžืฉ ืขื“ ืœืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืžื˜ื”
05:27
and realizes that he's in mid-air.
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ื•ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ.
05:30
That's when he falls.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืคืœ.
05:34
When we're wrong about something --
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฉื”ื• --
05:36
not when we realize it, but before that --
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ืœื ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื–ืืช, ืืœื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ --
05:39
we're like that coyote
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ืื ื• ื›ืžื• ืื•ืชื• ืงื•ื™ื•ื˜
05:42
after he's gone off the cliff and before he looks down.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืืช ืงืฆื” ื”ืฆื•ืง ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืžื˜ื”.
05:46
You know, we're already wrong,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ืขื™ื,
05:49
we're already in trouble,
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ืื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช,
05:51
but we feel like we're on solid ground.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืœ ืงืจืงืข ืžื•ืฆืงื”.
05:55
So I should actually correct something I said a moment ago.
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ื›ืš ืฉืขืœื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืชืงืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืจื’ืข.
05:58
It does feel like something to be wrong;
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื›ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื›ืฉืื ื• ื˜ื•ืขื™ื:
06:01
it feels like being right.
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ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื.
06:04
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:07
So this is one reason, a structural reason,
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ืื ื›ืš ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช, ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื‘ื ื™ืช,
06:10
why we get stuck inside this feeling of rightness.
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืชืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉืื ื• ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื.
06:12
I call this error blindness.
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ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื›ืš ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช.
06:14
Most of the time,
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ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
06:16
we don't have any kind of internal cue
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืกืžืŸ ืคื ื™ืžื™
06:19
to let us know that we're wrong about something,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ื“ืข ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉืื ื• ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื”,
06:21
until it's too late.
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ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™.
06:24
But there's a second reason that we get stuck inside this feeling as well --
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ืืš ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฉื ื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ื ืชืงืขื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• --
06:27
and this one is cultural.
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ื•ื”ืื—ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช.
06:30
Think back for a moment to elementary school.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืœืจื’ืข ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™.
06:33
You're sitting there in class,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”,
06:35
and your teacher is handing back quiz papers,
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ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื” ื“ืคื™ ืžื‘ื“ืง,
06:38
and one of them looks like this.
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ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื ืจืื” ื›ืš.
06:40
This is not mine, by the way.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฉืœื™, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘.
06:42
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:44
So there you are in grade school,
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืืชื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™,
06:47
and you know exactly what to think
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
06:49
about the kid who got this paper.
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ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื•.
06:52
It's the dumb kid, the troublemaker,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื˜ื™ืคืฉ, ืฉืžืกืชื‘ืš ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช,
06:55
the one who never does his homework.
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ื–ื” ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช.
06:58
So by the time you are nine years old,
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ื›ืš ืฉืขื“ ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื ืœื’ื™ืœ 9,
07:01
you've already learned, first of all,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ืชื, ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ,
07:03
that people who get stuff wrong
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช
07:05
are lazy, irresponsible dimwits --
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ื”ื ืขืฆืœื ื™ื, ืจืคื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื—ืกืจื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช --
07:08
and second of all,
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืช,
07:10
that the way to succeed in life
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ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื
07:12
is to never make any mistakes.
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ื”ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืœืฉื’ื•ืช.
07:16
We learn these really bad lessons really well.
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ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืงื—ื™ื ืจืขื™ื ืืœื• ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘.
07:21
And a lot of us --
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ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• --
07:23
and I suspect, especially a lot of us in this room --
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื—ืฉื“, ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื–ื” --
07:27
deal with them by just becoming
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ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืื™ืชื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ื›ื”
07:29
perfect little A students,
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ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื,
07:31
perfectionists, over-achievers.
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ืคืจืคืงื˜ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื™ื ืžื“ื™,
07:34
Right,
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
07:36
Mr. CFO, astrophysicist, ultra-marathoner?
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ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื ื›"ืœ, ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ืกื™ืงืื™, ืจืฅ ื”ืื•ืœื˜ืจืืžืจืชื•ืŸ?
07:40
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:47
You're all CFO, astrophysicists, ultra-marathoners, it turns out.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ืžื ื›"ืœื™ื,ืืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ืกื™ืงืื™ื, ืจืฆื™ ืื•ืœื˜ืจืืžืจืชื•ืŸ.
07:51
Okay, so fine.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื– ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
07:53
Except that then we freak out
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ื–ื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžื”ืคืกื™ื
07:56
at the possibility that we've gotten something wrong.
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ืžื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื˜ืขื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื”.
07:58
Because according to this,
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ื”,
08:01
getting something wrong
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ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื”ื•
08:03
means there's something wrong with us.
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ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืื™ืชื ื•.
08:06
So we just insist that we're right,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื,
08:08
because it makes us feel smart and responsible
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ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ืื—ืจืื™ื™ื
08:10
and virtuous and safe.
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ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื.
08:14
So let me tell you a story.
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ืื ื›ืš ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
08:16
A couple of years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื,
08:18
a woman comes into Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center for a surgery.
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ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ
08:21
Beth Israel's in Boston.
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ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ.
08:23
It's the teaching hospital for Harvard --
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ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“ --
08:25
one of the best hospitals in the country.
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ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ.
08:27
So this woman comes in and she's taken into the operating room.
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ืื– ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ื ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืœืงื—ืช ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื.
08:30
She's anesthetized, the surgeon does his thing --
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ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืจื“ืžืช, ื”ืžื ืชื— ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ืฉืœื• --
08:32
stitches her back up, sends her out to the recovery room.
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ืชื•ืคืจ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”, ืฉื•ืœื— ืื•ืชื” ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื•ืช.
08:35
Everything seems to have gone fine.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
08:38
And she wakes up, and she looks down at herself,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื” ืœืžื˜ื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื”,
08:41
and she says, "Why is the wrong side of my body in bandages?"
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช, "ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื™ ื—ื‘ื•ืฉ?"
08:45
Well the wrong side of her body is in bandages
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื” ื—ื‘ื•ืฉ
08:48
because the surgeon has performed a major operation
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ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื ืชื— ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™
08:50
on her left leg instead of her right one.
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ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช.
08:54
When the vice president for health care quality at Beth Israel
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ
08:57
spoke about this incident,
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืชืงืจื™ืช ื–ื•,
09:00
he said something very interesting.
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
09:03
He said, "For whatever reason,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™,
09:06
the surgeon simply felt
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ื”ืžื ืชื— ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ืฉ
09:08
that he was on the correct side of the patient."
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช."
09:10
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:15
The point of this story
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
09:17
is that trusting too much in the feeling
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ื”ื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื”
09:20
of being on the correct side of anything
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ืฉืื ื• ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื”
09:23
can be very dangerous.
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ืžืื•ื“.
09:26
This internal sense of rightness
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ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช
09:29
that we all experience so often
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ื‘ื” ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืชื ืกื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื ื›ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช
09:31
is not a reliable guide
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ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืจืช ื“ืจืš ืžื”ื™ืžื ื”
09:33
to what is actually going on in the external world.
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ืœืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
09:36
And when we act like it is,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ,
09:38
and we stop entertaining the possibility that we could be wrong,
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืขืฉืข ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื˜ืขื•ืช,
09:42
well that's when we end up doing things
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืื– ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
09:44
like dumping 200 million gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico,
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืคื•ืš 750 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ื ืคื˜ ืœืžืคืจืฅ ืžืงืกื™ืงื•,
09:48
or torpedoing the global economy.
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ืื• ืžื˜ืจืคื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
09:52
So this is a huge practical problem.
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ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
09:55
But it's also a huge social problem.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื’ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
09:58
Think for a moment about what it means to feel right.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืจื’ืข ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ื“ืง.
10:02
It means that you think that your beliefs
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืš
10:04
just perfectly reflect reality.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
10:07
And when you feel that way,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ื—ืฉ ื›ืš,
10:09
you've got a problem to solve,
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ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ,
10:11
which is, how are you going to explain
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ื•ื”ื™ื, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชืกื‘ื™ืจ
10:13
all of those people who disagree with you?
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ืืช ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ืชืš?
10:16
It turns out, most of us explain those people the same way,
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื• ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื“ื•ืžื”,
10:19
by resorting to a series of unfortunate assumptions.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืžืœืœื•ืช.
10:23
The first thing we usually do when someone disagrees with us
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ื ืื™ืชื ื•
10:26
is we just assume they're ignorant.
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ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ืจ.
10:29
They don't have access to the same information that we do,
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืื•ืชื• ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•,
10:31
and when we generously share that information with them,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื—ืœื•ืง ืขื™ืžื• ื‘ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”,
10:34
they're going to see the light and come on over to our team.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื•ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฆื“ ืฉืœื ื•.
10:37
When that doesn't work,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“,
10:40
when it turns out those people have all the same facts that we do
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืœืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
10:42
and they still disagree with us,
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ื•ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ืชื ื•,
10:44
then we move on to a second assumption,
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ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื ื™ื”,
10:46
which is that they're idiots.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ื.
10:48
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:50
They have all the right pieces of the puzzle,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืคืื–ืœ,
10:52
and they are too moronic to put them together correctly.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžืคื’ืจื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืจืฃ ืื•ืชื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
10:55
And when that doesn't work,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“,
10:57
when it turns out that people who disagree with us
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ืชื ื•
11:00
have all the same facts we do
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ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช
11:02
and are actually pretty smart,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™,
11:05
then we move on to a third assumption:
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ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช:
11:08
they know the truth,
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืืžืช,
11:11
and they are deliberately distorting it
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ื•ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื ืžืขื•ื•ืชื™ื ืื•ืชื”
11:13
for their own malevolent purposes.
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ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื“ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
11:17
So this is a catastrophe.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืืกื•ืŸ.
11:19
This attachment to our own rightness
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ื”ื”ื™ืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฆื“ืงืชื ื•
11:22
keeps us from preventing mistakes
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ืขื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืขื“ื ื• ืžืœืžื ื•ืข ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช
11:24
when we absolutely need to
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช
11:26
and causes us to treat each other terribly.
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ื•ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื”ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื•ืจืื™.
11:30
But to me, what's most baffling
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœ
11:32
and most tragic about this
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ืจืื’ื™ ื‘ื–ื”
11:35
is that it misses the whole point of being human.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื” ืžืคืกืคืก ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™.
11:39
It's like we want to imagine
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ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ
11:41
that our minds are just these perfectly translucent windows
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ืฉื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืฉืงื•ืฃ ืžื•ืฉืœื
11:44
and we just gaze out of them
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ื•ืื ื• ืจืง ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื“ืจื›ื”
11:46
and describe the world as it unfolds.
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ื•ืžืชืืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื’ืœื”.
11:49
And we want everybody else to gaze out of the same window
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ื•ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื“ืจืš ืื•ืชื• ื—ืœื•ืŸ
11:51
and see the exact same thing.
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ื•ื™ืจืื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง.
11:53
That is not true,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืืžื™ืชื™,
11:55
and if it were, life would be incredibly boring.
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ื•ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ืชื”, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืขืžืžื™ื ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื“.
11:58
The miracle of your mind
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ื”ื ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื ื•
12:01
isn't that you can see the world as it is.
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ืื™ื ื• ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื.
12:05
It's that you can see the world as it isn't.
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ืืœื ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื™ื ื ื•.
12:09
We can remember the past,
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ืื ื• ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ,
12:11
and we can think about the future,
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“,
12:14
and we can imagine what it's like
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื”
12:16
to be some other person in some other place.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
12:19
And we all do this a little differently,
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื ื”,
12:21
which is why we can all look up at the same night sky
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืžืขืœื” ืœืื•ืชื• ืจืงื™ืข ืœื™ืœื™
12:23
and see this
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”
12:25
and also this
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ื•ื’ื ืืช ื–ื”
12:27
and also this.
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ื•ื’ื ืืช ื–ื”.
12:30
And yeah, it is also why we get things wrong.
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ื•ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื’ื ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื—ื ื• ื˜ื•ืขื™ื.
12:34
1,200 years before Descartes said his famous thing
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1,200 ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื“ืงืืจื˜ ืืžืจ ืืช ืืžืจืชื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช
12:36
about "I think therefore I am,"
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ืื•ื“ื•ืช "ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืžืฉืžืข ืื ื™ ืงื™ื™ื,"
12:38
this guy, St. Augustine, sat down
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ, ื™ืฉื‘
12:40
and wrote "Fallor ergo sum" --
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ื•ื›ืชื‘ "ืคืืœื•ืจ ืืจื’ื• ืกื•ื" --
12:43
"I err therefore I am."
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"ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื” ืžืฉืžืข ืื ื™ ืงื™ื™ื."
12:47
Augustine understood
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ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
12:49
that our capacity to screw up,
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ืฉื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืคืฉืœ,
12:51
it's not some kind of embarrassing defect
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ืื™ื ื” ืžื™ืŸ ืคื’ื ืžื‘ื™ืš
12:53
in the human system,
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ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
12:55
something we can eradicate or overcome.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืกืœ ืื• ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื•.
12:58
It's totally fundamental to who we are.
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ื–ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœืžื™ ืฉืื ื•.
13:01
Because, unlike God,
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ื›ื™, ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ืืœื•ื”ื™ื,
13:03
we don't really know what's going on out there.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
13:06
And unlike all of the other animals,
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
13:09
we are obsessed with trying to figure it out.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื“ื•ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื–ืืช.
13:13
To me, this obsession
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ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื”ืจื“ื™ืคื” ื”ื–ื•
13:15
is the source and root
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ
13:17
of all of our productivity and creativity.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆืจื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
13:20
Last year, for various reasons,
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ืžืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช,
13:23
I found myself listening to a lot of episodes
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ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืคืจืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
13:25
of the Public Radio show This American Life.
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ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”"ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•".
13:27
And so I'm listening and I'm listening,
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืงืฉื‘ืชื™ ื•ื”ืงืฉื‘ืชื™
13:30
and at some point, I start feeling
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ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ
13:33
like all the stories are about being wrong.
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช.
13:37
And my first thought was,
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ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ืชื”,
13:39
"I've lost it.
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"ื—ืกืจ ืœื™ ื‘ื•ืจื’.
13:41
I've become the crazy wrongness lady.
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ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืœื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื’ืขืช.
13:43
I just imagined it everywhere,"
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื“ืžื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื"
13:45
which has happened.
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืงืจื”.
13:47
But a couple of months later,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
13:49
I actually had a chance to interview Ira Glass, who's the host of the show.
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ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืจืื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืœืืก, ืžืืจื— ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
13:51
And I mentioned this to him,
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ื•ืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™ ื–ืืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื•,
13:53
and he was like, "No actually, that's true.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืœื ื‘ืขืฆื, ื–ืืช ื”ืืžืช."
13:56
In fact," he says,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ,
13:58
"as a staff, we joke
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"ื›ืฆื•ื•ืช ืื ื• ืžืชื‘ื“ื—ื™ื
14:00
that every single episode of our show
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ืฉืœื›ืœ ืคืจืง ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
14:02
has the same crypto-theme.
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ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ื ื•ืฉื ืกืžื•ื™.
14:05
And the crypto-theme is:
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืกืžื•ื™ ื”ื•ื:
14:07
'I thought this one thing was going to happen
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืœืงืจื•ืช
14:10
and something else happened instead.'
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ.
14:13
And the thing is," says Ira Glass, "we need this.
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ื•ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื," ืื•ืžืจ ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืœืืก, "ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ืš.
14:16
We need these moments
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื•
14:18
of surprise and reversal and wrongness
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ืฉืœ ื”ืคืชืขื” ื•ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ื•ืฉื’ื™ืื”
14:20
to make these stories work."
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ืขื‘ื“ื•."
14:22
And for the rest of us, audience members,
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ,
14:24
as listeners, as readers,
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ื›ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืงื•ืจืื™ื,
14:27
we eat this stuff up.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ืœืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”.
14:29
We love things like plot twists
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ืื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ืœื”
14:32
and red herrings and surprise endings.
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ื”ื˜ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ื•ืžื•ืช ืžืคืชื™ืขื•ืช.
14:35
When it comes to our stories,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
14:38
we love being wrong.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื˜ืขื•ืช.
14:41
But, you know, our stories are like this
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ืื‘ืœ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื ื›ืืœื”
14:43
because our lives are like this.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื ื›ืืœื”.
14:46
We think this one thing is going to happen
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืงืจื•ืช
14:49
and something else happens instead.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ.
14:52
George Bush thought he was going to invade Iraq,
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ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื‘ื•ืฉ ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืคืœื•ืฉ ืœืขื™ืจืง,
14:54
find a bunch of weapons of mass destruction,
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขืจืžืช ื ืฉืง ืœื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช,
14:56
liberate the people and bring democracy to the Middle East.
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ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืขื ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
15:00
And something else happened instead.
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ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืงืจื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื.
15:03
And Hosni Mubarak
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ื•ื—ื•ืกื ื™ ืžื•ื‘ืืจืง
15:05
thought he was going to be the dictator of Egypt for the rest of his life,
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ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื•,
15:07
until he got too old or too sick
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ื–ืงืŸ ืžื“ื™ ืื• ื—ื•ืœื” ืžื“ื™
15:09
and could pass the reigns of power onto his son.
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ื•ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืจืกืŸ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•.
15:12
And something else happened instead.
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ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืงืจื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื.
15:16
And maybe you thought
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื
15:18
you were going to grow up and marry your high school sweetheart
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ืฉืชื’ื“ืœื• ื•ืชืชื—ืชื ื• ืขื ืื”ื•ื‘ืชื›ื ืžื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ
15:20
and move back to your hometown and raise a bunch of kids together.
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ื•ืชื—ื–ืจื• ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื›ื ื•ืชื’ื“ืœื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื“.
15:24
And something else happened instead.
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ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืงืจื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื.
15:27
And I have to tell you
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื
15:29
that I thought I was writing an incredibly nerdy book
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ืฉืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืกืคืจ ื—ื ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ืชื™ืืžืŸ
15:31
about a subject everybody hates
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ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืฉื•ื ืื™ื
15:33
for an audience that would never materialize.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื”ืœ ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืชืžืžืฉ
15:36
And something else happened instead.
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ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืงืจื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื.
15:38
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:40
I mean, this is life.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช, ืืœื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
15:42
For good and for ill,
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ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืœืจืข,
15:44
we generate these incredible stories
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ืื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืฉืœื ื™ืืžื ื•
15:47
about the world around us,
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ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•,
15:49
and then the world turns around and astonishes us.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•.
15:55
No offense, but this entire conference
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืขืœื™ื‘, ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื ืก ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื•
15:58
is an unbelievable monument
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ื”ื•ื ืื ื“ืจื˜ื” ืฉืœื ืชื™ืืžืŸ
16:00
to our capacity to get stuff wrong.
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ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช.
16:02
We just spent an entire week
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ืจืง ืกื™ื™ืžื ื• ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœื
16:04
talking about innovations and advancements
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ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช
16:06
and improvements,
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ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื,
16:08
but you know why we need all of those innovations
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื
16:11
and advancements and improvements?
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื?
16:13
Because half the stuff
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ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
16:15
that's the most mind-boggling and world-altering --
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ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ --
16:18
TED 1998 --
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TED 1998 --
16:20
eh.
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ืื”.
16:22
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:26
Didn't really work out that way, did it?
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ืœื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš, ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
16:28
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:30
Where's my jet pack, Chris?
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ืื™ืคื” ื”ืชืจืžื™ืœ ื”ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื™ ื›ืจื™ืก?
16:33
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:37
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
16:42
So here we are again.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืคื”.
16:45
And that's how it goes.
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ื•ื›ืš ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”.
16:47
We come up with another idea.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืื™ื ืขื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ.
16:49
We tell another story.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ.
16:52
We hold another conference.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื›ื ืก.
16:55
The theme of this one,
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื–ื”,
16:57
as you guys have now heard seven million times,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฉืžืขืชื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืข ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคืขืžื™ื,
16:59
is the rediscovery of wonder.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื™ืื”.
17:01
And to me,
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจื™,
17:03
if you really want to rediscover wonder,
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ืื ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื›ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคืœื™ืื”,
17:06
you need to step outside
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ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžืชื•ืš
17:08
of that tiny, terrified space of rightness
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ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืคื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื
17:14
and look around at each other
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืืœ ื”ืฉื ื™
17:17
and look out at the vastness
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืขืฆื•ื
17:20
and complexity and mystery
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ื‘ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื™ืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ
17:23
of the universe
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ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
17:26
and be able to say,
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ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“,
17:29
"Wow, I don't know.
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" ื•ื•ืื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข.
17:33
Maybe I'm wrong."
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ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื”."
17:35
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
17:37
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
17:40
Thank you guys.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื.
17:42
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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