Damian Palin: Mining minerals from seawater

58,403 views ใƒป 2012-06-07

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Timothy Covell Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Orr Schlesinger ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
I collaborate with bacteria.
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ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
00:17
And I'm about to show you
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื
00:18
some stop-motion footage that I made recently
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ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
00:20
where you'll see bacteria accumulating minerals
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื• ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฆื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื
00:23
from their environment
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ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื
00:24
over the period of an hour.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขื”.
00:26
So what you're seeing here
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ
00:27
is the bacteria metabolizing,
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ืืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
00:30
and as they do so
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช
00:31
they create an electrical charge.
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœื™.
00:32
And this attracts metals
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉืš ืžืชื›ื•ืช
00:35
from their local environment.
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ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง.
00:37
And these metals accumulate as minerals
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ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื™ื
00:40
on the surface of the bacteria.
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
00:42
One of the most pervasive problems
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ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:44
in the world today for people
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื›ื™ื•ื
00:46
is inadequate access
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช
00:47
to clean drinking water.
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ืœืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื ืงื™ื™ื,
00:49
And the desalination process
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ื•ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชืคืœื”
00:50
is one where we take out salts.
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ื”ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ืžื”ืžื™ื.
00:52
We can use it for drinking and agriculture.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื ืžื•ืชืคืœื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื•ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
00:55
Removing the salts from water --
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ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ืžื”ืžื™ื,
00:57
particularly seawater --
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื™ ื™ื,
00:58
through reverse osmosis
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืื•ืกืžื•ื–ื” ื”ืคื•ื›ื”
01:00
is a critical technique
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ื”ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช
01:01
for countries who do not have access to clean drinking water
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื ืงื™ื™ื
01:04
around the globe.
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ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
01:05
So seawater reverse osmosis
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ืื•ืกืžื•ื–ื” ื”ืคื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ ื™ื
01:07
is a membrane-filtration technology.
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ื”ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืžื‘ืจื ื”.
01:09
We take the water from the sea
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ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ืžื”ื™ื
01:12
and we apply pressure.
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ื•ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื—ืฅ.
01:13
And this pressure forces the seawater
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ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื•ื—ืฃ ืืช ืžื™ ื”ื™ื
01:16
through a membrane.
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ื“ืจืš ืžืžื‘ืจื ื”.
01:17
This takes energy,
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
01:19
producing clean water.
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ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื.
01:21
But we're also left with a concentrated salt solution, or brine.
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ืื•ืœื ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ืกืช ืžืœื— ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช, ืื• ืชืžืœื—ืช.
01:25
But the process is very expensive
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืงืจ
01:26
and it's cost-prohibitive for many countries around the globe.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:29
And also, the brine that's produced
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืชืžืœื—ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจืช
01:31
is oftentimes just pumped back out into the sea.
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ื ืฉืื‘ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืคืขืžื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื™ื.
01:34
And this is detrimental to the local ecology
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืคื•ื’ืข ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™
01:36
of the sea area that it's pumped back out into.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ ืืœื™ื• ืžื•ื–ืจืžืช ื”ืชืžืœื—ืช.
01:39
So I work in Singapore at the moment,
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืขืช ื‘ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ,
01:41
and this is a place that's really a leading place
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื
01:43
for desalination technology.
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ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืœื”.
01:45
And Singapore proposes by 2060
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ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2060
01:48
to produce [900] million liters per day
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ื”ื™ื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื™ืง 900 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื
01:51
of desalinated water.
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืžื•ืชืคืœื™ื.
01:53
But this will produce an equally massive amount
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ืช
01:56
of desalination brine.
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ืฉืœ ืชืžืœื—ืช.
01:58
And this is where my collaboration with bacteria comes into play.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœื™ ืขื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
02:01
So what we're doing at the moment
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข
02:03
is we're accumulating metals
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ื”ื•ื ืœืกืคื•ื— ืžืชื›ื•ืช
02:06
like calcium, potassium and magnesium
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ื›ืžื• ืกื™ื“ืŸ, ืืฉืœื’ืŸ ื•ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื
02:08
from out of desalination brine.
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ืžื”ืชืžืœื—ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชืคืœื”.
02:10
And this, in terms of magnesium
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ืจืง ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืฉืžื•ืคืง
02:12
and the amount of water that I just mentioned,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื,
02:15
equates to a $4.5 billion
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ืฉื•ื•ื” 4.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
02:18
mining industry for Singapore --
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ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื›ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ,
02:20
a place that doesn't have any natural resources.
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ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื˜ื‘ืข.
02:23
So I'd like you to image a mining industry
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื›ืจื™ื™ื”
02:25
in a way that one hasn't existed before;
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:28
imagine a mining industry
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื›ืจื™ื”
02:30
that doesn't mean defiling the Earth;
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ืฉื‘ื” ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืจื•ืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื”.
02:32
imagine bacteria helping us do this
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื–ื”
02:34
by accumulating and precipitating
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืงื•ืข ื•ืฆื‘ื™ืจื”
02:38
and sedimenting minerals
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื
02:40
out of desalination brine.
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ืžื”ืชืžืœื—ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชืคืœื”.
02:42
And what you can see here
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ
02:43
is the beginning of an industry in a test tube,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื‘ื—ื ื”,
02:46
a mining industry that is in harmony with nature.
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ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืขื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
02:49
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
02:50
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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