How the COVID-19 vaccines were created so quickly - Kaitlyn Sadtler and Elizabeth Wayne

1,207,047 views

2021-08-17 ใƒป TED-Ed


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How the COVID-19 vaccines were created so quickly - Kaitlyn Sadtler and Elizabeth Wayne

1,207,047 views ใƒป 2021-08-17

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
In the 20th century, most vaccines took well over a decade
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืžืขืœ ืขืฉื•ืจ
00:11
to research, test, and produce.
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ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ, ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ.
00:14
But the vaccines for COVID-19 cleared the threshold for emergency use
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืœ COVID-19 (ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”)
ืื•ืฉืจื• ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ืจื•ื ืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืž 11 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
00:19
in less than 11 months.
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00:21
The secret behind this speed is a medical technology
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ื”ืกื•ื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช
00:24
thatโ€™s been developing for decades:
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ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื:
00:27
the mRNA vaccine.
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ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ mRNA.
00:29
This new treatment uses our bodyโ€™s existing cellular machinery
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ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชืื™ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
00:33
to trigger an immune response,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
00:35
protecting us from viruses without ever experiencing an infection.
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ืฉืžื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื‘ืœื™ ืœื—ืœื•ืช.
00:40
And in the future, this approach might be able to treat new diseases
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ื•ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืชืฆืœื™ื— ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
00:44
almost as quickly as they emerge.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช.
00:47
So how do these revolutionary vaccines work?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื?
00:51
The key ingredient is in the name.
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ื”ืžืคืชื— ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉืžื.
00:54
mRNA, or messenger ribonucleic acid, is a naturally occurring molecule
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mRNA, ืื• ืฉืœื™ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืงืœืื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™
01:00
that encodes the instructions for producing proteins.
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ืฉืžืงื•ื“ื“ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื.
01:03
When our cells process mRNA, a part of the cell called the ribosome
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ื›ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื mRNA, ืื™ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื ืฉื ืงืจื ืจื™ื‘ื•ื–ื•ื,
01:08
translates and follows these instructions to build the encoded protein.
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ืžืชืจื’ื ื•ืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื“ื“.
01:12
The mRNA in these vaccines works in exactly the same way,
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ื” mRNA ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ื“ืจืš,
01:16
but scientists use the molecule to safely introduce our body to a virus.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”.
01:21
First, researchers encode trillions of mRNA molecules with the instructions
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื—ื•ืงืจื•ืช ืžืงื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช mRNA ืขื ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช
01:26
for a specific viral protein.
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ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
01:28
This part of the virus is harmless by itself,
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ืœื‘ื“ื•, ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืœื ืžื–ื™ืง,
01:31
but helpful for training our bodyโ€™s immune response.
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ื•ืจืง ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืืžืŸ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•.
01:34
Then, they inject those molecules into a nanoparticle
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ืื– ื”ืŸ ืžื–ืจื™ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืœื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืง
01:37
roughly 1,000 times smaller than the average cell.
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ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ 1000 ืžืชื ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
01:41
This nanoparticle is made of lipids,
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ื”ื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื”ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื™ืคื™ื“ื™ื,
01:43
the same type of fatty material that forms the membrane around our cells.
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ืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื•ืžื ื™ ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
01:48
But these lipids have been specially engineered
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืœื™ืคื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ื“ืกื•
01:51
to protect the mRNA on its journey through the body
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื” mRNA ื‘ืžืกืขื• ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื•
01:54
and assist its entry into the cell.
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ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืœืชื.
01:56
Lastly, the final ingredients are added: sugars and salt
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื: ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ื•ืžืœื—,
02:01
to help keep the nanoparticles intact until they reach their destination.
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ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืขื“ ืœื”ื’ืขืชื ืœื™ืขื“.
02:05
Before use, the vaccine is kept at a temperature of -20 to -80 degrees Celsius
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ, ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ืฉืžืจ ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 20- ืขื“ 80- ืžืขืœื•ืช,
02:11
to ensure none of the components break down.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื• ืœื ื™ืชืคืจืง.
02:14
Once injected, the nanoparticles disperse and encounter cells.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื–ืจืงื™ื, ื”ื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืžืชืคื–ืจื™ื ื•ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ื.
02:18
The lipid coating on each nanoparticle fuses with the lipid membrane of a cell
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ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ืœื™ืคื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืžืชืื—ื” ืขื ื”ืœื™ืคื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ืชื,
02:23
and releases the mRNA to do its work.
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ื•ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืืช ื”mRNA ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•.
02:25
At this point, we should note that while the vaccine is delivering
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ื›ืืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ
02:29
viral genetic material into our cells,
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ ืœืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
02:31
itโ€™s impossible for this material to alter our DNA.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ื” DNA ืฉืœื ื•.
02:36
mRNA is a short-lived molecule
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mRNA ื–ื• ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืฉื—ื™ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ,
02:38
that would need additional enzymes and chemical signals to even access our DNA,
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ืฉืชื–ื“ืงืง ืœืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืื•ืชื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืฉืช ืœ DNA ืฉืœื ื•,
02:44
let alone change it.
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ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื•.
02:46
And none of these DNA altering components are present in mRNA vaccines.
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ื•ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ mRNA.
02:52
Once inside the cell, the ribosome translates the mRNAโ€™s instructions
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื, ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื–ื•ื ืžืชืจื’ื ืืช ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื” mRNA
02:57
and begins assembling the viral protein.
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ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืจืืœื™.
03:00
In COVID-19 vaccines, that protein is one of the spikes typically found
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ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ COVID-19, ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืงื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ืžืฆืื™ื
03:04
on the virusโ€™s surface.
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก.
03:06
Without the rest of the virus this lone spike is not infectious,
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ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืืจ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืงื•ืฅ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžื—ืœื”,
03:10
but it does trigger our immune response.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื›ืŸ ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
03:14
Activating the immune system can be taxing on the body,
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ื”ืคืขืœืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
03:17
resulting in brief fatigue, fever, and muscle soreness in some people.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช, ื—ื•ื, ื•ื›ืื‘ื™ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืืฆืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
03:21
But this doesnโ€™t mean the recipient is sickโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืžื—ื•ืกื ืช ื—ื•ืœื” --
03:24
it means the vaccine is working.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“.
03:27
The body is producing antibodies to fight that viral protein,
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื’ื™ืคื™,
03:30
that will then stick around to defend against future COVID-19 infections.
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ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ COVID-19.
03:35
And since this particular protein is likely to be found in most COVID variants,
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื–ื ื™ COVID,
03:39
these antibodies should reduce the threat of catching new strains.
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ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื–ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
03:44
This approach offers significant advantages over previous vaccines.
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ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื.
03:48
Traditional vaccines contain weakened versions of live viruses
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ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื
03:51
or amputated sections of a virus,
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ืื• ืžืงื˜ืขื™ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก,
03:54
both of which required time intensive research to prepare
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉ ืžื—ืงืจ ืืจื•ืš ื•ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™
03:57
and unique chemical treatments to safely inject.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืœื”ื–ืจืงื”.
04:01
But mRNA vaccines donโ€™t actually contain any viral particles,
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ mRNA ืœื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืฃ ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืžื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก,
04:05
so they donโ€™t have to be built from scratch to safely adjust each virus.
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ืื– ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืžืืคืก ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก.
04:10
In fact, every mRNA vaccine could have roughly the same list of ingredients.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื›ืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ mRNA ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื.
04:16
Imagine a reliable, robustly tested vaccine that can treat any disease
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื ื‘ื“ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ืœื”
04:22
by swapping out a single component.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื‘ื•ื“ื“.
04:25
To treat a new illness, researchers would identify the right viral protein,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื™ื–ื”ื• ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ ื”ืžืชืื™ื
04:29
encode it into mRNA,
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ื™ืงื•ื“ื“ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœ mRNA,
04:32
and then swap that mRNA into the existing vaccine platform.
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ื•ืื– ื™ื—ืœื™ืคื• ืืช ื” mRNA ืœืชื•ืš ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
04:36
This could make it possible to develop new vaccines in weeks,
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ื–ื” ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืชื— ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
04:40
giving humanity a flexible new tool in the never-ending fight against disease.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ืชืŸ ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื’ืžื™ืฉ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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