How the COVID-19 vaccines were created so quickly - Kaitlyn Sadtler and Elizabeth Wayne

1,185,115 views ・ 2021-08-17

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Grace Choi κ²€ν† : JY Kang
00:07
In the 20th century, most vaccines took well over a decade
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20세기에, 거의 λͺ¨λ“  백신듀은 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 데 10년은 쑱히 κ±Έλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:11
to research, test, and produce.
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μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κ³ , ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈν•˜κ³ , μƒμ‚°ν•˜κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ 말이죠.
00:14
But the vaccines for COVID-19 cleared the threshold for emergency use
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ½”λ‘œλ‚˜ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ 백신은 κΈ΄κΈ‰μ‚¬μš© μŠΉμΈκΉŒμ§€
00:19
in less than 11 months.
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11κ°œμ›”λ„ 채 걸리지 μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:21
The secret behind this speed is a medical technology
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 빨리 λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ 비결은
00:24
that’s been developing for decades:
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μˆ˜μ‹­ 년에 걸쳐 λ°œμ „λ˜κ³  있던 ν•œ μ˜ν•™ 기술 λ•λΆ„μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
00:27
the mRNA vaccine.
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λ°”λ‘œ mRNA λ°±μ‹  μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:29
This new treatment uses our body’s existing cellular machinery
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이 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ€ 우리 λͺΈμ˜ 세포 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ
00:33
to trigger an immune response,
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λ©΄μ—­ λ°˜μ‘μ„ μž‘λ™μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:35
protecting us from viruses without ever experiencing an infection.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 감염될 ν•„μš”μ—†μ΄ 우리λ₯Ό λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ§€ν‚€λŠ” 것이죠.
00:40
And in the future, this approach might be able to treat new diseases
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λ―Έλž˜μ—λŠ” 이 λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 병듀을 μΉ˜λ£Œν•  수 있게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:44
almost as quickly as they emerge.
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λ³‘μ˜ μΆœν˜„κ³Ό 거의 λ™μ‹œμ— 말이죠.
00:47
So how do these revolutionary vaccines work?
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λ„λŒ€μ²΄ 이 획기적인 백신은 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
00:51
The key ingredient is in the name.
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κ·Έ 핡심 재료λ₯Ό μ΄λ¦„μ—μ„œ μ•Œ 수 있죠.
00:54
mRNA, or messenger ribonucleic acid, is a naturally occurring molecule
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mRNA, 즉 λ©”μ‹ μ € 리보핡산은 μžμ—°μ μœΌλ‘œ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” λΆ„μžλ‘œμ„œ
01:00
that encodes the instructions for producing proteins.
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λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ 합성에 ν•„μš”ν•œ μ„€λͺ…μ„œλ₯Ό μ•”ν˜Έν™”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:03
When our cells process mRNA, a part of the cell called the ribosome
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우리 세포가 mRNAλ₯Ό μ²˜λ¦¬ν•  λ•Œ
세포 μ•ˆμ˜ λ¦¬λ³΄μ†œμ΄λΌλŠ” 뢀뢄이
01:08
translates and follows these instructions to build the encoded protein.
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μ„€λͺ…μ„œλ₯Ό λ²ˆμ—­ν•˜κ³  그에 따라 μ•”ν˜Έν™”λ˜μ–΄ 있던 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“€μ£ .
01:12
The mRNA in these vaccines works in exactly the same way,
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백신에 λ“€μ–΄μžˆλŠ” mRNA도 λ˜‘κ°™μ€ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ μž‘λ™ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:16
but scientists use the molecule to safely introduce our body to a virus.
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ mRNA λΆ„μžλ₯Ό 톡해
우리 λͺΈμ΄ μ•ˆμ „ν•˜κ²Œ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ₯Ό μ ‘ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜μ£ .
01:21
First, researchers encode trillions of mRNA molecules with the instructions
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λ¨Όμ €, 연ꡬ원듀은 1μ‘° 개의 mRNA λΆ„μžμ—
νŠΉμ • λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ˜ μ„€λͺ…μ„œλ₯Ό μ•”ν˜Έν™”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:26
for a specific viral protein.
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01:28
This part of the virus is harmless by itself,
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이 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ 쑰각은 ν˜Όμžμ„œλŠ” λ¬΄ν•΄ν•˜μ£ .
01:31
but helpful for training our body’s immune response.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 우리 λͺΈμ—κ²Œ λ©΄μ—­λ°˜μ‘μ„ ν›ˆλ ¨ν•˜κΈ°μ—λŠ” μΆ©λΆ„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:34
Then, they inject those molecules into a nanoparticle
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κ·Έ λ‹€μŒμ—” 이 mRNA λΆ„μžλ₯Ό λ‚˜λ…Έ μž…μž μ•ˆμ— μ£Όμž…ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
roughly 1,000 times smaller than the average cell.
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이 λ‚˜λ…Έ μž…μžλŠ” 보톡 세포보닀 1,000 λ°° μž‘μ€ ν¬κΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:41
This nanoparticle is made of lipids,
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이 λ‚˜λ…Έ μž…μžλŠ” μ§€λ°©μ§ˆλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ‘ŒλŠ”λ°
01:43
the same type of fatty material that forms the membrane around our cells.
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우리 μ„Έν¬μ˜ 세포막을 ν˜•μ„±ν•˜λŠ” μ§€λ°©μ§ˆκ³Ό λ™μΌν•œ λ¬Όμ§ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:48
But these lipids have been specially engineered
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 μ§€λ°©μ§ˆλ“€μ€ νŠΉλ³„νžˆ μ œμž‘λ˜μ–΄
01:51
to protect the mRNA on its journey through the body
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mRNAκ°€ 세포 μ•ˆκΉŒμ§€ μ•ˆμ „ν•˜κ²Œ 도착할 수 μžˆλ„λ‘
01:54
and assist its entry into the cell.
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λ³΄ν˜Έλ§‰μ˜ 역할을 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:56
Lastly, the final ingredients are added: sugars and salt
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ, μ΅œμ’… μž¬λ£Œκ°€ λ”ν•΄μ§€λŠ”λ°, λ°”λ‘œ 섀탕과 μ†ŒκΈˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:01
to help keep the nanoparticles intact until they reach their destination.
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λ‚˜λ…Έ μž…μžλ“€μ΄ λͺ©μ μ§€μ— 도착할 λ•ŒκΉŒμ§€ μ˜¨μ „ν•˜κ²Œ λ³΄ν˜Έν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œμ§€μš”.
02:05
Before use, the vaccine is kept at a temperature of -20 to -80 degrees Celsius
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λ°±μ‹  μ‚¬μš© μ „μ—λŠ” 섭씨 -20μ—μ„œ -80λ„μ˜ μ˜¨λ„λ‘œ λ³΄κ΄€ν•΄μ„œ
02:11
to ensure none of the components break down.
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ꡬ성 μš”μ†Œκ°€ νŒŒκ΄΄λ˜μ§€ μ•Šλ„λ‘ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:14
Once injected, the nanoparticles disperse and encounter cells.
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λ‚˜λ…Έ λΆ„μžλ“€μ€ λͺΈμ— μ£Όμž…λ˜μžλ§ˆμž μ—¬κΈ°μ €κΈ° ν©μ–΄μ Έμ„œ 세포와 λ§Œλ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:18
The lipid coating on each nanoparticle fuses with the lipid membrane of a cell
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λ‚˜λ…Έ λΆ„μžλ₯Ό 감싸고 μžˆλŠ” μ§€λ°©μ§ˆλ“€μ€ 세포λ₯Ό 감싸고 μžˆλŠ” μ§€λ°©μ§ˆκ³Ό μœ΅ν•©λ˜κ³ 
02:23
and releases the mRNA to do its work.
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mRNAλ₯Ό ν’€μ–΄μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:25
At this point, we should note that while the vaccine is delivering
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이 μ‹œμ μ—μ„œ μ•Œμ•„λ‘μ–΄μ•Ό ν•  것은
백신이 우리 λͺΈμ† 세포에 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ μœ μ „ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ νΌλœ¨λ¦¬λ”λΌλ„
02:29
viral genetic material into our cells,
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02:31
it’s impossible for this material to alter our DNA.
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이 물질이 우리 DNAλ₯Ό λ°”κΎΈλŠ” 건 λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
mRNA is a short-lived molecule
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mRNAλŠ” 수λͺ…이 짧은 λΆ„μžλ‘œμ„œ
02:38
that would need additional enzymes and chemical signals to even access our DNA,
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단지 DNA와 κ²°ν•©λ§Œ ν•˜λ € 해도 좔가적인 νš¨μ†Œμ™€ ν™”ν•™μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ ν•„μš”ν•œλ°
02:44
let alone change it.
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λ°”κΎΈλŠ” 건 λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:46
And none of these DNA altering components are present in mRNA vaccines.
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그리고 DNA λ³€ν˜•μ— ν•„μš”ν•œ 이듀 μš”μ†Œλ“€μ€
mRNA 백신에 ν•˜λ‚˜λ„ λ“€μ–΄μžˆμ§€ μ•Šμ£ .
02:52
Once inside the cell, the ribosome translates the mRNA’s instructions
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mRNAκ°€ 세포 μ•ˆμ— λ“€μ–΄κ°€κ²Œ 되면 λ¦¬λ³΄μ†œμ€ κ·Έ μ„€λͺ…μ„œλ₯Ό 해독해
02:57
and begins assembling the viral protein.
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λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ μ‘°λ¦½ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:00
In COVID-19 vaccines, that protein is one of the spikes typically found
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μ½”λ‘œλ‚˜ λ°±μ‹ μ˜ 경우, κ·Έ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ€
λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€κ°€ 가진 νŠΉμ§•μΈ ν‘œλ©΄μ˜ 슀파이크 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:04
on the virus’s surface.
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03:06
Without the rest of the virus this lone spike is not infectious,
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λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ 뢀뢄은 없이 μŠ€νŒŒμ΄ν¬λ§ŒμœΌλ‘œλŠ” 전염성이 μ—†μ§€λ§Œ
03:10
but it does trigger our immune response.
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우리의 λ©΄μ—­ λ°˜μ‘μ„ μ΄‰λ°œμ‹œν‚€κΈ°μ—λŠ” μΆ©λΆ„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:14
Activating the immune system can be taxing on the body,
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λ©΄μ—­ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ μž‘λ™μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 건 우리 λͺΈμ— 큰 뢀담을 쀄 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:17
resulting in brief fatigue, fever, and muscle soreness in some people.
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그둜 인해 짧은 ν”Όλ‘œκ°, λ°œμ—΄, κ·Όμœ‘ν†΅μ„ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ„ 있죠.
03:21
But this doesn’t mean the recipient is sickβ€”
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이건 μ ‘μ’…μžκ°€ 병에 κ±Έλ¦° 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
03:24
it means the vaccine is working.
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백신이 μž‘λ™ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” λœ»μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:27
The body is producing antibodies to fight that viral protein,
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λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ— λŒ€ν•­ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 우리 λͺΈμ΄ 항체λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
03:30
that will then stick around to defend against future COVID-19 infections.
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μ½”λ‘œλ‚˜19에 걸리지 μ•Šλ„λ‘ κ·Έ 항체가 우리λ₯Ό μ§€μΌœμ€„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:35
And since this particular protein is likely to be found in most COVID variants,
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그리고 κ·Έ νŠΉμ • λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ€ 거의 λͺ¨λ“  μ½”λ‘œλ‚˜ λ³€μ΄μ—μ„œ λ°œκ²¬λ˜λ―€λ‘œ
03:39
these antibodies should reduce the threat of catching new strains.
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이 항체듀은 λ‹€λ₯Έ 변쒅에 감염될 μœ„ν—˜λ„ 쀄여 μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:44
This approach offers significant advantages over previous vaccines.
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이런 μ ‘κ·Ό 방식은 기쑴의 백신듀보닀 훨씬 λ§Žμ€ μž₯점을 κ°€μ Έλ‹€ μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:48
Traditional vaccines contain weakened versions of live viruses
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전톡적인 백신은 병원성을 μ•½ν™”μ‹œν‚¨ μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ₯Ό λ„£κ±°λ‚˜
03:51
or amputated sections of a virus,
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λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ˜ 일뢀λ₯Ό μž˜λΌμ„œ 넣기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:54
both of which required time intensive research to prepare
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두 경우 λͺ¨λ‘ 였랜 연ꡬ가 ν•„μš”ν•˜κ³ 
03:57
and unique chemical treatments to safely inject.
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μ•ˆμ „ν•˜κ²Œ μ£Όμž…ν•˜λ €λ©΄ νŠΉλ³„ν•œ 화학적 μ²˜μΉ˜κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•œ 반면
04:01
But mRNA vaccines don’t actually contain any viral particles,
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mRNA 백신은 μ–΄λ–€ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ μž…μžλ„ λ“€μ–΄μžˆμ§€ μ•ŠκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
04:05
so they don’t have to be built from scratch to safely adjust each virus.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ— λŒ€μ‘ν•˜λŠ” 백신을 μ²˜μŒλΆ€ν„° λ‹€μ‹œ λ§Œλ“€ ν•„μš”κ°€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:10
In fact, every mRNA vaccine could have roughly the same list of ingredients.
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사싀 λͺ¨λ“  mRNA 백신은 거의 λ˜‘κ°™μ€ 재료둜 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:16
Imagine a reliable, robustly tested vaccine that can treat any disease
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μ‹ λ’°ν•  수 있고 μ—„κ²©ν•œ 검증을 거친 λ°±μ‹ μœΌλ‘œ
ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μš”μ†Œλ§Œ λ°”κΎΈλ©΄ λͺ¨λ“  μ§ˆλ³‘μ„ μΉ˜λ£Œν•  수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒμƒν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
04:22
by swapping out a single component.
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04:25
To treat a new illness, researchers would identify the right viral protein,
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ§ˆλ³‘μ„ μΉ˜λ£Œν•  λ•ŒλŠ” μ •ν™•ν•œ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ μ°Ύμ•„λ‚΄μ„œ
04:29
encode it into mRNA,
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mRNA에 μ•”ν˜Έν™”ν•œ λ’€,
04:32
and then swap that mRNA into the existing vaccine platform.
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기쑴의 λ°±μ‹  틀에 mRNAλ₯Ό κ΅μ²΄ν•˜κΈ°λ§Œ ν•˜λ©΄ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:36
This could make it possible to develop new vaccines in weeks,
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이 기술둜 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 백신을 λͺ‡ μ£Ό λ§Œμ— κ°œλ°œν•  수 있게 λ˜μ—ˆκ³ ,
04:40
giving humanity a flexible new tool in the never-ending fight against disease.
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인λ₯˜λŠ” μ§ˆλ³‘κ³Όμ˜ λμ—†λŠ” 싸움을 이길 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ¬˜μ±…μ„ κ°–κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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