How to grow a forest in your backyard | Shubhendu Sharma

Prevodilac: Milica Dragićević Lektor: Milenka Okuka

This is a man-made forest.

Ovu šumu je napravio čovek.

It can spread over acres and acres of area,

Može se prostirati hekatirima zemlje,

or it could fit in a small space --

a može stati i u mali prostor,

as small as your house garden.

veličine dvorišta.

Age of this forest is just two years old.

Sve ove šume stare su dve godine.

I have a forest in the backyard of my own house.

Imam šumu u svom dvorištu.

It attracts a lot of biodiversity.

Privlači veliki biodiverzitet.

(Bird call)

(Zvuk ptice)

I wake up to this every morning,

S ovim se budim svakog jutra,

like a Disney princess.

kao Diznijeva princeza.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

I am an entrepreneur

Ja sam preduzetnik

who facilitates the making of these forests professionally.

i profesionalno se bavim uzgojem ovih šuma.

We have helped factories,

Pomogli smo fabrikama,

farms,

farmama,

schools,

školama,

homes,

domaćinstvima,

resorts,

hotelima,

apartment buildings,

zgradama,

public parks

parkovima,

and even a zoo

čak i zoo-vrtu

to have one of such forests.

da imaju jednu ovakvu šumu.

A forest is not an isolated piece of land where animals live together.

Šuma nije izolovano parče zemlje na kojoj životinje zajedno žive.

A forest can be an integral part of our urban existence.

Šuma može da bude ključni deo urbanog postojanja.

A forest, for me,

Za mene je šuma

is a place so dense with trees that you just can't walk into it.

mesto s toliko puno drveća da jednostavno ne možeš kroz nju proći.

It doesn't matter how big or small they are.

Nebitno je da li su velike ili male.

Most of the world we live in today was forest.

Veliki deo Zemlje gde danas živimo bio je pod šumama.

This was before human intervention.

To je bilo pre uplitanja ljudi.

Then we built up our cities on those forests,

Onda smo izgradili gradove u tim šumama,

like São Paulo,

kao na primer Sao Paulo,

forgetting that we belong to nature as well,

zaboravljajući da i mi pripadamo prirodi

as much as 8.4 million other species on the planet.

kao i 8,4 miliona drugih vrsta na planeti.

Our habitat stopped being our natural habitat.

Naše stanište prestalo je biti naše prirodno stanište.

But not anymore for some of us.

Ali ne i za neke od nas.

A few others and I today make these forests professionally --

Nekoliko ljudi i ja danas profesionalno gajimo šume,

anywhere and everywhere.

bilo gde na svetu.

I'm an industrial engineer.

Industrijski sam inženjer.

I specialize in making cars.

Bavim se pravljenjem automobila.

In my previous job at Toyota,

Na prethodnom poslu u Tojoti

I learned how to convert natural resources into products.

naučio sam kako da pretvorim prirodne resurse u proizvod.

To give you an example,

Daću vam primer,

we would drip the sap out of a rubber tree,

uzeli bismo biljni sok brazilskog kaučukovca,

convert it into raw rubber

pretvorili bi ga u sirovi kaučuk

and make a tire out of it -- the product.

i od toga bi napravili proizvod – gumu.

But these products can never become a natural resource again.

Ali ovi proizvodi nikad neće ponovo postati prirodni resurs.

We separate the elements from nature

Odvajamo elemente iz prirode i pretvaramo ih

and convert them into an irreversible state.

u nešto što se ne može vratiti u početno stanje.

That's industrial production.

To je industrijska proizvodnja.

Nature, on the other hand, works in a totally opposite way.

S druge strane, priroda funkcioniše potpuno suprotno.

The natural system produces by bringing elements together,

Prirodni sistem proizvodi tako što spaja elemente,

atom by atom.

atom po atom.

All the natural products become a natural resource again.

Svaki prirodni proizvod može ponovo postati prirodni resurs.

This is something which I learned

To sam naučio

when I made a forest in the backyard of my own house.

kad sam zasadio šumu u svom dvorištu.

And this was the first time I worked with nature,

To je bio prvi put da sam nešto uradio zajedno s prirodom,

rather than against it.

a ne protiv nje.

Since then,

Od tad smo zasadili

we have made 75 such forests in 25 cities across the world.

75 takvih šuma u 25 gradova širom sveta.

Every time we work at a new place,

Svaki put kad radimo na novoj lokaciji

we find that every single element needed to make a forest

naučimo da se svaki element potreban za šumu

is available right around us.

nalazi svuda oko nas.

All we have to do is to bring these elements together

Ove elemente samo treba spojiti

and let nature take over.

i dopustiti da ih priroda preuzme.

To make a forest we start with soil.

Počinjemo sa zemljištem kad sadimo šumu.

We touch, feel and even taste it

Opipavamo, dodirujemo ga, čak ga i probamo

to identify what properties it lacks.

da bismo odredili koja svojstva mu fale.

If the soil is made up of small particles it becomes compact --

Zemljište koje se sastoji od sitnih supstanci jeste kompaktno,

so compact, that water cannot seep in.

toliko kompaktno da voda ne može da prodre u njega.

We mix some local biomass available around,

Pomešamo ga s domaćom biomasom dostupnoj na toj lokaciji

which can help soil become more porous.

i s njom zemljište postaje propustljivo.

Water can now seep in.

Onda može upiti vodu.

If the soil doesn't have the capacity to hold water,

Ako zemljište ne može da zadrži vodu,

we will mix some more biomass --

dodaćemo još biomase,

some water-absorbent material like peat or bagasse,

vodoupijajućeg materijala, kao što je treset ili bagas

so soil can hold this water and it stays moist.

da bi zemljište zadržalo vodu i ostalo vlažno.

To grow, plants need water, sunlight and nutrition.

Da bi rasle, biljkama je potrebna voda, sunce i hrana.

What if the soil doesn't have any nutrition in it?

Šta se desi ako zemljište nema hrane?

We don't just add nutrition directly to the soil.

Ne dodajemo hranu direktno u zemljište.

That would be the industrial way.

Tako bi se radilo u industriji.

It goes against nature.

To je protivno prirodi.

We instead add microorganisms to the soil.

Umesto toga zemljištu dodajemo mikroorganizme.

They produce the nutrients in the soil naturally.

Oni prirodno proizvode hranu u zemljištu.

They feed on the biomass we have mixed in the soil,

Hrane se biomasom, koju smo dodali zemljištu,

so all they have to do is eat and multiply.

oni je samo jedu i razmnožavaju se.

And as their number grows,

Kako njihov broj raste,

the soil starts breathing again.

zemljište počinje da diše.

It becomes alive.

Oživljava.

We survey the native tree species of the place.

Istražujemo koje biljke rastu na određenom mestu.

How do we decide what's native or not?

Kako odlučujemo šta je domaće, a šta ne?

Well, whatever existed before human intervention is native.

Sve što je nastalo pre uplitanja ljudi jeste domaće.

That's the simple rule.

To je jednostavno pravilo.

We survey a national park

Pretražujemo nacionalne parkove

to find the last remains of a natural forest.

da bismo pronašli poslednje ostatke prirodne šume.

We survey the sacred groves,

Pretražujemo svete šumarke

or sacred forests around old temples.

ili svete šume koje se nalaze oko hramova.

And if we don't find anything at all,

Ako ništa ne pronađemo,

we go to museums

odemo u muzeje

to see the seeds or wood of trees existing there a long time ago.

da bismo našli seme ili drvo koje već odavno tamo postoji.

We research old paintings, poems and literature from the place,

Pregledamo stare slike, pesme i književnost tog mesta

to identify the tree species belonging there.

da bismo odredili koje biljke tamo rastu.

Once we know our trees,

Kad saznamo za drveće,

we divide them in four different layers:

delimo ga u četiri grupe:

shrub layer, sub-tree layer, tree layer and canopy layer.

žbunje, nisko drveće, drveće i krošnje.

We fix the ratios of each layer,

Određujemo razmeru svake grupe

and then we decide the percentage of each tree species in the mix.

i onda odlučujemo o procentu svake vrste drveta u grupi.

If we are making a fruit forest,

Ako sadimo šumu s voćem,

we increase the percentage of fruit-bearing trees.

procenat drveća s plodovima je veći.

It could be a flowering forest,

Može se zasaditi šuma s cvećem,

a forest that attracts a lot of birds or bees,

šuma koja privlači puno ptica ili pčela,

or it could simply be a native, wild evergreen forest.

ali i domaća, divlja, zimzelena šuma.

We collect the seeds and germinate saplings out of them.

Sakupljamo seme i od njega dobijamo sadnice.

We make sure that trees belonging to the same layer

Ne sadimo drveće koje pripada istoj grupi

are not planted next to each other,

jedno pored drugog.

or they will fight for the same vertical space when they grow tall.

U suprotnom, kad porastu, boriće se za isto mesto na vrhu.

We plant the saplings close to each other.

Sadnice sadimo blizu jedne drugih.

On the surface, we spread a thick layer of mulch,

Debeo sloj đubriva je na površini

so when it's hot outside the soil stays moist.

tako da kad je napolju vruće zemljište bude vlažno.

When it's cold,

Kad zahladni,

frost formation happens only on the mulch,

inje se sakuplja samo na đubrivu,

so soil can still breathe while it's freezing outside.

a zemljište i dalje diše, iako je napolju ledeno.

The soil is very soft --

Zemljište je veoma mekano,

so soft, that roots can penetrate into it easily,

toliko mekano da korenje može lako da prodre kroz njega

rapidly.

za kratko vreme.

Initially, the forest doesn't seem like it's growing,

Na početku šuma kao da ne raste,

but it's growing under the surface.

ali raste ispod površine.

In the first three months,

Tokom prva tri meseca

roots reach a depth of one meter.

korenje raste u dubinu od jednog metra.

These roots form a mesh,

Korenje stvara mrežu,

tightly holding the soil.

koja čvrsto drži zemljište.

Microbes and fungi live throughout this network of roots.

Mikrobi i gljive žive na ovoj mreži od korenja.

So if some nutrition is not available in the vicinity of a tree,

Ako hrana nije dostupna u blizini drveta,

these microbes are going to get the nutrition to the tree.

ovi mikrobi dostavljaju drvetu hranu.

Whenever it rains,

Kad pada kiša,

magically,

kao magijom,

mushrooms appear overnight.

pečurke se pojave tokom noći.

And this means the soil below has a healthy fungal network.

To znači da zemljište ispod njih ima zdravu mrežu gljiva.

Once these roots are established,

Kad korenje sazri,

forest starts growing on the surface.

šuma počinje da raste na površini.

As the forest grows we keep watering it --

Dokle god ona raste, zalivamo je.

for the next two to three years, we water the forest.

Zalivamo je sledeće dve-tri godine.

We want to keep all the water and soil nutrition only for our trees,

Cilj nam je da sva voda i hranljivo zemljište budu dostupni šumi,

so we remove the weeds growing on the ground.

pa čupamo korov.

As this forest grows, it blocks the sunlight.

Kako šuma raste, ona zaustavlja svetlost.

Eventually, the forest becomes so dense

Na kraju šuma postaje toliko gusta

that sunlight can't reach the ground anymore.

da sunce ne može da dopre na zemlju.

Weeds cannot grow now, because they need sunlight as well.

Korov više ne raste jer je i njemu potrebna svetlost.

At this stage,

U ovoj fazi

every single drop of water that falls into the forest

nijedna kapljica vode koja padne u šumu

doesn't evaporate back into the atmosphere.

neće ispariti u atmosferu.

This dense forest condenses the moist air

Ove guste šume kondenzuju vlažan vazduh

and retains its moisture.

i zadržavaju vlažnost.

We gradually reduce and eventually stop watering the forest.

Postepeno smanjujemo šumu i više je ne zalivamo.

And even without watering,

Čak i bez vode

the forest floor stays moist and sometimes even dark.

zemlja u šumi je vlažna, a nekad bude i mračno.

Now, when a single leaf falls on this forest floor,

Sad, kad i jedan list padne na zemlju,

it immediately starts decaying.

odmah počinje da truli.

This decayed biomass forms humus,

Ova trula biomasa stvara humus,

which is food for the forest.

a to je hrana za šumu.

As the forest grows,

Kako šuma raste,

more leaves fall on the surface --

sve više lišća pada na zemlju,

it means more humus is produced,

a to znači da ima više humusa

it means more food so the forest can grow still bigger.

i da ima više hrane za još veći rast šume.

And this forest keeps growing exponentially.

I ova šuma nastavlja da sve brže raste.

Once established,

Kad porastu,

these forests are going to regenerate themselves again and again --

ove šume se iznova regenerišu,

probably forever.

verovatno u nedogled.

In a natural forest like this,

Za ovakvu prirodnu šumu

no management is the best management.

najbolje je da se ne uređuje.

It's a tiny jungle party.

Ona postaje jedna mala džungla.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

This forest grows as a collective.

Šuma raste kao jedna zajednica.

If the same trees --

Ako se isto drveće,

same species --

iste vrste,

would have been planted independently,

zasadi nezavisno jedno od drugog,

it wouldn't grow so fast.

šuma ne bi tako brzo rasla.

And this is how we create a 100-year-old forest

Ovako mi stvorimo šumu staru sto godina

in just 10 years.

za samo jednu deceniju.

Thank you very much.

Mnogo vam hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)