How to grow a forest in your backyard | Shubhendu Sharma

2,239,810 views ใƒป 2016-08-22

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Tal Dekkers
00:12
This is a man-made forest.
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ื–ื”ื• ื™ืขืจ ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื.
00:15
It can spread over acres and acres of area,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื“ื•ื ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื—,
00:19
or it could fit in a small space --
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ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืงื˜ืŸ --
00:22
as small as your house garden.
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ืงื˜ืŸ ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ื™ื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
00:27
Age of this forest is just two years old.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ืŸ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื.
00:31
I have a forest in the backyard of my own house.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื™ืขืจ ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืชื™.
00:35
It attracts a lot of biodiversity.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉืš ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืจื—ื‘.
00:37
(Bird call)
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(ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ)
00:42
I wake up to this every morning,
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ืื ื™ ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ืœื–ื” ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืงืจ,
00:43
like a Disney princess.
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ื›ืžื• ื ืกื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืกื ื™.
00:45
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:47
I am an entrepreneur
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ืื ื™ ื™ื–ื
00:48
who facilitates the making of these forests professionally.
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™.
00:52
We have helped factories,
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ืขื–ืจื ื• ืœืžืคืขืœื™ื,
00:54
farms,
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ืœื—ื•ื•ืช,
00:55
schools,
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ืœื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ,
00:58
homes,
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ื‘ืชื™ื,
01:00
resorts,
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ืืชืจื™ ื ื•ืคืฉ,
01:02
apartment buildings,
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช,
01:04
public parks
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ืคืืจืงื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื
01:06
and even a zoo
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช
01:08
to have one of such forests.
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ืœื”ืงื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
01:10
A forest is not an isolated piece of land where animals live together.
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ื™ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืคื™ืกื” ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื” ืฉื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืช ื™ื—ื“.
01:16
A forest can be an integral part of our urban existence.
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ื™ืขืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
01:22
A forest, for me,
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ื™ืขืจ, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™,
01:23
is a place so dense with trees that you just can't walk into it.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื“ื—ื•ืก ื‘ืขืฆื™ื ืฉืืชื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœืชื•ื›ื•.
01:27
It doesn't matter how big or small they are.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืื• ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ื.
01:31
Most of the world we live in today was forest.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ืขืจ.
01:34
This was before human intervention.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
01:36
Then we built up our cities on those forests,
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ืื– ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
01:39
like Sรฃo Paulo,
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ื›ืžื• ืกืŸ ืคืื•ืœื•,
01:40
forgetting that we belong to nature as well,
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ื•ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื˜ื‘ืข,
01:43
as much as 8.4 million other species on the planet.
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ื›ืžื• 8.4 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”.
01:48
Our habitat stopped being our natural habitat.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
01:52
But not anymore for some of us.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืขื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
01:54
A few others and I today make these forests professionally --
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ื›ืžื” ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช --
01:58
anywhere and everywhere.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
02:01
I'm an industrial engineer.
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ืื ื™ ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™.
02:03
I specialize in making cars.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
02:06
In my previous job at Toyota,
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื˜ื”,
02:08
I learned how to convert natural resources into products.
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ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืื™ืš ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ื.
02:13
To give you an example,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
02:14
we would drip the sap out of a rubber tree,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื˜ืคื˜ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืจืฃ ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ื”ื’ื•ืžื™,
02:17
convert it into raw rubber
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ืžืžื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื’ื•ืžื™ ื’ืก
02:18
and make a tire out of it -- the product.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื -- ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ.
02:21
But these products can never become a natural resource again.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืฉืื‘ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉื•ื‘.
02:25
We separate the elements from nature
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ื”ืคืจื“ื ื• ืืช ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืข
02:28
and convert them into an irreversible state.
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ื•ื”ื•ืžืจื ื• ืื•ืชื ืœืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคื™ื›ื”.
02:31
That's industrial production.
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ื–ื” ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™.
02:34
Nature, on the other hand, works in a totally opposite way.
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืคื•ื›ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
02:37
The natural system produces by bringing elements together,
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื,
02:41
atom by atom.
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ืื˜ื•ื ืื—ืจื™ ืื˜ื•ื.
02:44
All the natural products become a natural resource again.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘.
02:50
This is something which I learned
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™
02:53
when I made a forest in the backyard of my own house.
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ื›ืฉื™ืฆืจืชื™ ื™ืขืจ ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืชื™.
02:56
And this was the first time I worked with nature,
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
02:59
rather than against it.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื ื’ื“ื•.
03:01
Since then,
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ืžืื–,
03:03
we have made 75 such forests in 25 cities across the world.
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ื™ืฆืจื ื• 75 ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ 25 ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
03:09
Every time we work at a new place,
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ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ,
03:11
we find that every single element needed to make a forest
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืืœืžื ื˜ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืขืจ
03:16
is available right around us.
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ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
03:18
All we have to do is to bring these elements together
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
03:21
and let nature take over.
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ื•ืœืชืช ืœื˜ื‘ืข ืœื”ืฉืชืชืœื˜.
03:25
To make a forest we start with soil.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืขืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืขื ื”ืื“ืžื”.
03:28
We touch, feel and even taste it
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื, ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื˜ื•ืขืžื™ื ืื•ืชื”
03:30
to identify what properties it lacks.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื™ื–ื” ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืœื”.
03:33
If the soil is made up of small particles it becomes compact --
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ืื ื”ืื“ืžื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื“ื—ื•ืกื” --
03:36
so compact, that water cannot seep in.
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื“ื—ื•ืกื”, ืฉืžื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืœื—ืœ ืคื ื™ืžื”.
03:40
We mix some local biomass available around,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืžืืกื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืฉื–ืžื™ื ื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
03:44
which can help soil become more porous.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื“ืžื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืงื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืช.
03:49
Water can now seep in.
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ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื—ืœื—ืœ ืคื ื™ืžื”.
03:51
If the soil doesn't have the capacity to hold water,
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ืื ืœืื“ืžื” ืื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžื™ื,
03:55
we will mix some more biomass --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขืจื‘ื‘ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืžืืกื” --
03:57
some water-absorbent material like peat or bagasse,
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืกื•ืคื—ื™ ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื›ื‘ื•ืœ,
04:00
so soil can hold this water and it stays moist.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืื“ืžื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืœื—ื”.
04:05
To grow, plants need water, sunlight and nutrition.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžื™ื, ืื•ืจ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื.
04:11
What if the soil doesn't have any nutrition in it?
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ืžื” ืื ืœืื“ืžื” ืื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื”?
04:14
We don't just add nutrition directly to the soil.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจืง ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื“ืžื”.
04:16
That would be the industrial way.
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ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช.
04:18
It goes against nature.
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื ื’ื“ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
04:19
We instead add microorganisms to the soil.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืกืคื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื• ืืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืœืื“ืžื”.
04:22
They produce the nutrients in the soil naturally.
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ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
04:26
They feed on the biomass we have mixed in the soil,
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ื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื• ืžืืกื” ืฉืขืจื‘ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืื“ืžื”,
04:29
so all they have to do is eat and multiply.
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
04:32
And as their number grows,
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ื•ื›ืฉืžืกืคืจื ื’ื“ืœ,
04:34
the soil starts breathing again.
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ื”ืื“ืžื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื ืฉื•ื ืฉื•ื‘,
04:35
It becomes alive.
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
04:38
We survey the native tree species of the place.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืกื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื.
04:40
How do we decide what's native or not?
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ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ืžื” ืœื?
04:43
Well, whatever existed before human intervention is native.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืžื™.
04:47
That's the simple rule.
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ื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
04:49
We survey a national park
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืกื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืืจืงื™ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื
04:54
to find the last remains of a natural forest.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
04:58
We survey the sacred groves,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืกื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื•ืช,
05:01
or sacred forests around old temples.
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ืื• ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื.
05:04
And if we don't find anything at all,
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ื•ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
05:07
we go to museums
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืžื•ื–ืื•ื ื™ื
05:08
to see the seeds or wood of trees existing there a long time ago.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืจืขื™ื ืื• ืขืฅ ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ.
05:14
We research old paintings, poems and literature from the place,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื, ืคื•ืืžื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื,
05:20
to identify the tree species belonging there.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ืฉืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื.
05:23
Once we know our trees,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืขืฆื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
05:24
we divide them in four different layers:
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืืจื‘ืข ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช:
05:26
shrub layer, sub-tree layer, tree layer and canopy layer.
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ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื™ื, ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืชืช ืขืฆื™ื, ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคื”.
05:30
We fix the ratios of each layer,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฉื›ื‘ื”,
05:33
and then we decide the percentage of each tree species in the mix.
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ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื—ื•ื– ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช.
05:38
If we are making a fruit forest,
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื™ืขืจ ืคืจื•ืช,
05:40
we increase the percentage of fruit-bearing trees.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืื—ื•ื– ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ ืคืจื™,
05:43
It could be a flowering forest,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืจื—,
05:46
a forest that attracts a lot of birds or bees,
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ื™ืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืฉืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื,
05:50
or it could simply be a native, wild evergreen forest.
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ืื• ืฉื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืขืจ ื™ืจื•ืง ืขื“ ืžืงื•ืžื™.
05:55
We collect the seeds and germinate saplings out of them.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื•ืžื ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ื.
05:59
We make sure that trees belonging to the same layer
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืฉื”ืขืฆื™ื ืฉืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืื•ืชื” ืฉื›ื‘ื”
06:01
are not planted next to each other,
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ืœื ื ืฉืชืœื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืฉื ื™,
06:03
or they will fight for the same vertical space when they grow tall.
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ืื—ืจืช ื”ื ื™ืœื—ืžื• ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžืจื—ื‘ ืื ื›ื™ ื›ืฉื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื.
06:07
We plant the saplings close to each other.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืชืœื™ื ืฉืชื™ืœื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™.
06:10
On the surface, we spread a thick layer of mulch,
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคื–ืจื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื‘ื”,
06:13
so when it's hot outside the soil stays moist.
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืฉื—ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื ืฉืืจืช ืœื—ื”.
06:16
When it's cold,
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ื›ืฉืงืจ,
06:18
frost formation happens only on the mulch,
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ื”ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืจ ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื‘ื”,
06:21
so soil can still breathe while it's freezing outside.
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ืื– ื”ืื“ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืฉื•ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืงืคื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
06:25
The soil is very soft --
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ื”ืื“ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืจื›ื” --
06:28
so soft, that roots can penetrate into it easily,
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื›ื”, ืฉื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื” ื‘ืงืœื•ืช,
06:32
rapidly.
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ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
06:34
Initially, the forest doesn't seem like it's growing,
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื”ื™ืขืจ ืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ืœ,
06:36
but it's growing under the surface.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
06:38
In the first three months,
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ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื,
06:40
roots reach a depth of one meter.
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ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจ.
06:42
These roots form a mesh,
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ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืกื‘ื›ื”,
06:44
tightly holding the soil.
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ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื” ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื”.
06:46
Microbes and fungi live throughout this network of roots.
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ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื.
06:50
So if some nutrition is not available in the vicinity of a tree,
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ืื– ืื ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ืขืฅ,
06:54
these microbes are going to get the nutrition to the tree.
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ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืขืฅ.
06:57
Whenever it rains,
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ื›ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ ื’ืฉื,
06:59
magically,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงืกื•ื,
07:00
mushrooms appear overnight.
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ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ืœื”.
07:02
And this means the soil below has a healthy fungal network.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœืื“ืžื” ืžืชื—ืช ื™ืฉ ืจืฉืช ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื”.
07:06
Once these roots are established,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžืชื‘ืกืกื™ื,
07:08
forest starts growing on the surface.
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ื”ื™ืขืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
07:11
As the forest grows we keep watering it --
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ืขืจ ื’ื“ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื•ืช ืื•ืชื• --
07:16
for the next two to three years, we water the forest.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืขืจ.
07:20
We want to keep all the water and soil nutrition only for our trees,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืจืง ืœืขืฆื™ื,
07:25
so we remove the weeds growing on the ground.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื™ืจื™ื ืขืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข.
07:28
As this forest grows, it blocks the sunlight.
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ืขืจ ื’ื“ืœ, ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืกื ืืช ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
07:32
Eventually, the forest becomes so dense
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ืขืจ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฆืคื•ืฃ
07:35
that sunlight can't reach the ground anymore.
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ืฉืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงืจืงืข ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:37
Weeds cannot grow now, because they need sunlight as well.
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ืขืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื’ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืจ.
07:42
At this stage,
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื”,
07:43
every single drop of water that falls into the forest
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ื›ืœ ื˜ื™ืคืช ืžื™ื ืฉื ื•ืคืœืช ืœื™ืขืจ
07:46
doesn't evaporate back into the atmosphere.
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ืœื ืžืชืื“ื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
07:49
This dense forest condenses the moist air
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ื”ื™ืขืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืžืขื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืœื—
07:52
and retains its moisture.
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ื•ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืœื—ื•ืช.
07:54
We gradually reduce and eventually stop watering the forest.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืขืจ.
07:59
And even without watering,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืฉืงื™ื”,
08:00
the forest floor stays moist and sometimes even dark.
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ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ืขืจ ื ืฉืืจืช ืœื—ื” ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ื”ื”.
08:05
Now, when a single leaf falls on this forest floor,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉืขืœื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื ื•ืคืœ ืขืœ ืจืฆืคืช ื”ื™ืขืจ,
08:09
it immediately starts decaying.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ื“ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืจืงื‘.
08:12
This decayed biomass forms humus,
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ื”ื‘ื™ื• ืžืืกื” ื”ื ืจืงื‘ืช ื”ื–ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ื•ืžื•ืก,
08:15
which is food for the forest.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืขืจ.
08:17
As the forest grows,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ืขืจ ื’ื“ืœ,
08:19
more leaves fall on the surface --
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื™ื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข --
08:20
it means more humus is produced,
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ืžื•ืก ื ื•ืฆืจ,
08:22
it means more food so the forest can grow still bigger.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ืขืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:26
And this forest keeps growing exponentially.
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ื•ื”ื™ืขืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืืงืกืคื•ื ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช.
08:30
Once established,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžืงื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื,
08:31
these forests are going to regenerate themselves again and again --
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ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ื—ื“ืฉื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ --
08:35
probably forever.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืœืขื“.
08:38
In a natural forest like this,
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ื‘ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื›ืžื• ื–ื”,
08:40
no management is the best management.
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
08:44
It's a tiny jungle party.
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ื–ื• ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœ ื–ืขื™ืจื”.
08:46
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:48
This forest grows as a collective.
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ื”ื™ืขืจ ื”ื–ื” ื’ื“ืœ ื›ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘.
08:51
If the same trees --
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ืื ืื•ืชื ืขืฆื™ื --
08:52
same species --
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ืื•ืชื ืžื™ื ื™ื --
08:54
would have been planted independently,
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ื”ื™ื• ื ืฉืชืœื™ื ื‘ื ืคืจื“,
08:56
it wouldn't grow so fast.
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื’ื“ืœื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ืจ.
08:58
And this is how we create a 100-year-old forest
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืŸ 100 ืฉื ื™ื
09:02
in just 10 years.
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ืชื•ืš 10 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
09:04
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
09:05
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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