How to grow a forest in your backyard | Shubhendu Sharma

Prevoditelj: Irena Dobrić Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

This is a man-made forest.

Ovo je šuma koju je zasadio čovjek.

It can spread over acres and acres of area,

Ona može pokrivati hektare zemlje,

or it could fit in a small space --

a može i zauzimati tek mali prostor

as small as your house garden.

veličine vašeg vrta.

Age of this forest is just two years old.

Ove šume stare su tek dvije godine.

I have a forest in the backyard of my own house.

Ja imam šumu u dvorištu svoje kuće.

It attracts a lot of biodiversity.

U njoj živi raznolik živi svijet.

(Bird call)

(Pjev ptice)

I wake up to this every morning,

Svako jutro budi me ovaj zvuk,

like a Disney princess.

kao da sam princeza iz Disneyjevog crtića.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

I am an entrepreneur

Ja sam poduzetnik

who facilitates the making of these forests professionally.

i živim od toga da pomažem drugima da zasade takve šume.

We have helped factories,

Dosad smo pomagali tvornicama,

farms,

farmama,

schools,

školama,

homes,

kućanstvima,

resorts,

odmaralištima,

apartment buildings,

stambenim naseljima,

public parks

javnim parkovima,

and even a zoo

pa i zoološkom vrtu

to have one of such forests.

da zasade jednu takvu šumu.

A forest is not an isolated piece of land where animals live together.

Šuma nije nužno izolirani komad zemlje gdje zajedno žive životinje.

A forest can be an integral part of our urban existence.

Šuma može biti sastavni dio gradskog života.

A forest, for me,

Za mene je šuma

is a place so dense with trees that you just can't walk into it.

mjesto tako gusto prekriveno drvećem da ne možete njime hodati.

It doesn't matter how big or small they are.

Nije važno koliko je to drveće veliko.

Most of the world we live in today was forest.

Većina današnjeg svijeta nekad je bio prekriven šumom.

This was before human intervention.

Bilo je to prije nego što su se umiješali ljudi.

Then we built up our cities on those forests,

A onda smo na tim mjestima sagradili gradove,

like São Paulo,

kao što je São Paulo,

forgetting that we belong to nature as well,

a pritom smo zaboravili da smo i mi dio prirode,

as much as 8.4 million other species on the planet.

baš kao i 8,4 milijuna drugih vrsta na našem planetu.

Our habitat stopped being our natural habitat.

Tako smo prestali živjeti u svom prirodnom staništu.

But not anymore for some of us.

No za neke od nas to više nije tako.

A few others and I today make these forests professionally --

Ja i nekolicina drugih bavimo se sadnjom ovakvih šuma profesionalno.

anywhere and everywhere.

Sadimo ih posvuda.

I'm an industrial engineer.

Ja sam industrijski inženjer.

I specialize in making cars.

Izrađujem automobile.

In my previous job at Toyota,

Na svom prijašnjem poslu u Toyoti

I learned how to convert natural resources into products.

naučio sam kako pretvoriti prirodne resurse u proizvode.

To give you an example,

Navest ću jedan primjer.

we would drip the sap out of a rubber tree,

Skupili bismo sok kaučukovca,

convert it into raw rubber

od njega načinili sirovi kaučuk,

and make a tire out of it -- the product.

te od njega izradili gumu, konačni proizvod.

But these products can never become a natural resource again.

No ti proizvodi više nikad ne mogu postati prirodni resurs.

We separate the elements from nature

Mi izdvajamo elemente iz prirode

and convert them into an irreversible state.

i pretvorimo ih u stanje iz kojeg više nema povratka.

That's industrial production.

To se zove industrijska proizvodnja.

Nature, on the other hand, works in a totally opposite way.

No priroda funkcionira potpuno drugačije.

The natural system produces by bringing elements together,

Prirodni sustav stvara tako da spaja elemente,

atom by atom.

atom po atom.

All the natural products become a natural resource again.

Sve što priroda stvara s vremenom opet postaje prirodni resurs.

This is something which I learned

To sam naučio

when I made a forest in the backyard of my own house.

kad sam zasadio šumu u dvorištu iza svoje kuće.

And this was the first time I worked with nature,

Tada sam prvi put surađivao s prirodom,

rather than against it.

umjesto radim protiv nje.

Since then,

Od tog smo vremena

we have made 75 such forests in 25 cities across the world.

zasadili 75 takvih šuma u 25 gradova diljem svijeta.

Every time we work at a new place,

Svaki put kad radimo na nekom novom mjestu

we find that every single element needed to make a forest

uvjerimo se da su svi elementi koji su potrebni da nastane šuma

is available right around us.

zapravo svuda oko nas.

All we have to do is to bring these elements together

Mi samo moramo spojiti sve te elemente

and let nature take over.

i dopustiti da priroda odradi svoje.

To make a forest we start with soil.

Najprije ispitamo kakvo je tlo.

We touch, feel and even taste it

Dodirujemo zemlju, pipamo je, pa čak i kušamo

to identify what properties it lacks.

kako bismo ustanovili koja joj svojstva nedostaju.

If the soil is made up of small particles it becomes compact --

Ako se tlo sastoji od malenih čestica, postaje kompaktno,

so compact, that water cannot seep in.

toliko kompaktno da ne može upiti vodu.

We mix some local biomass available around,

Pomiješamo ga s kompostom koji je dostupan u tom kraju

which can help soil become more porous.

kako bi tlo moglo upiti više tekućine.

Water can now seep in.

Voda tada može prodrijeti u zemlju.

If the soil doesn't have the capacity to hold water,

Ako tlo ne može zadržati vodu,

we will mix some more biomass --

dodajemo još komposta,

some water-absorbent material like peat or bagasse,

naprimjer treset ili bagasu, koji dobro upijaju vodu,

so soil can hold this water and it stays moist.

kako bi tlo moglo zadržati vodu i ostati vlažno.

To grow, plants need water, sunlight and nutrition.

Da bi biljke mogle rasti, treba im voda, Sunčeva svjetlost i hranjive tvari.

What if the soil doesn't have any nutrition in it?

No što ako u tlu nema hranjivih tvari?

We don't just add nutrition directly to the soil.

Ne dodajemo ih direktno u zemlju.

That would be the industrial way.

Tako se radi u industriji.

It goes against nature.

To nije prirodni proces.

We instead add microorganisms to the soil.

Umjesto toga dodajemo mikroorganizme u tlo.

They produce the nutrients in the soil naturally.

Oni prirodnim putem stvaraju hranjive tvari u tlu.

They feed on the biomass we have mixed in the soil,

Oni se hrane kompostom koji smo pomiješali sa zemljom,

so all they have to do is eat and multiply.

i to im omogućava da se razmnožavaju.

And as their number grows,

Kako njihov broj raste,

the soil starts breathing again.

zemlja ponovno počinje disati.

It becomes alive.

Ona ponovno postaje živa.

We survey the native tree species of the place.

Uvijek istražimo koje su autohtone vrste drveća na tom području.

How do we decide what's native or not?

Kako znamo koje su vrste autohtone?

Well, whatever existed before human intervention is native.

To su vrste koje su postojale prije ljudske intervencije.

That's the simple rule.

To je jednostavno pravilo.

We survey a national park

Pretražujemo nacionalni park

to find the last remains of a natural forest.

kako bismo pronašli ostatke prirodne šume.

We survey the sacred groves,

Pregledavamo svete lugove

or sacred forests around old temples.

ili svete šume u blizini hramova.

And if we don't find anything at all,

Ako ondje ne uspijemo ništa pronaći,

we go to museums

idemo u muzeje

to see the seeds or wood of trees existing there a long time ago.

kako bismo vidjeli sjemenke ili ostatke drveća koje je ondje davno raslo.

We research old paintings, poems and literature from the place,

Gledamo stare slike i čitamo stare pjesme i literaturu iz tog kraja

to identify the tree species belonging there.

kako bismo pronašli vrste drveća koje ondje rastu.

Once we know our trees,

Kad to saznamo,

we divide them in four different layers:

podijelimo ih u četiri različita sloja:

shrub layer, sub-tree layer, tree layer and canopy layer.

sloj grmlja, nisko drveće, šumski sloj i izdignuti sloj.

We fix the ratios of each layer,

Odredimo kakav će biti omjer pojedinog sloja

and then we decide the percentage of each tree species in the mix.

i odlučimo koliki će biti postotak svake vrste drveća.

If we are making a fruit forest,

Ako sadimo šumu u kojoj će prevladavati voćke,

we increase the percentage of fruit-bearing trees.

tada posadimo više voćaka.

It could be a flowering forest,

Ponekad sadimo šumu s puno cvijeća,

a forest that attracts a lot of birds or bees,

koja privlači mnoštvo ptica ili pčela,

or it could simply be a native, wild evergreen forest.

ili jednostavno zimzelenu šumu koja inače raste na tom području.

We collect the seeds and germinate saplings out of them.

Skupljamo sjemenje i iz njih dobivamo sadnice.

We make sure that trees belonging to the same layer

Vodimo brigu o tome da drveće koje pripada istom sloju

are not planted next to each other,

ne sadimo jedno do drugog

or they will fight for the same vertical space when they grow tall.

jer će se tada boriti za isti prostor kad počnu rasti u visinu.

We plant the saplings close to each other.

Mladice sadimo jednu do druge.

On the surface, we spread a thick layer of mulch,

Površinu zemlje prekrijemo debelim slojem malča

so when it's hot outside the soil stays moist.

kako bi zemlja ostala vlažna kad je vani vruće.

When it's cold,

Kad je hladno,

frost formation happens only on the mulch,

led se zadržava samo na malču

so soil can still breathe while it's freezing outside.

tako da zemlja može i dalje disati iako je vani ispod nule.

The soil is very soft --

Takva je zemlja jako mekana,

so soft, that roots can penetrate into it easily,

toliko mekana da se korijenje može lako probiti,

rapidly.

i to vrlo brzo.

Initially, the forest doesn't seem like it's growing,

Isprva se čini kao da šuma ne raste,

but it's growing under the surface.

ali ona raste ispod zemlje.

In the first three months,

U prva tri mjeseca

roots reach a depth of one meter.

korijenje dosegne dubinu od jednog metra.

These roots form a mesh,

To korijenje stvara mrežu

tightly holding the soil.

koja zemlju čini kompaktnom.

Microbes and fungi live throughout this network of roots.

Mikrobi i gljive nastanjuju cijelu tu mrežu korijenja.

So if some nutrition is not available in the vicinity of a tree,

Ako u blizini drveta nema neke hranjive tvari,

these microbes are going to get the nutrition to the tree.

ti će se mikrobi pobrinuti da ih drvo dobije.

Whenever it rains,

Kad god pada kiša,

magically,

gljive čarobno

mushrooms appear overnight.

izrastu preko noći.

And this means the soil below has a healthy fungal network.

A to znači da ispod zemlje postoji čitava mreža gljiva.

Once these roots are established,

Kad se korijenje razgrana,

forest starts growing on the surface.

šuma počinje rasti u visinu.

As the forest grows we keep watering it --

Dok šuma raste, mi je navodnjavamo,

for the next two to three years, we water the forest.

i to još naredne dvije do tri godine.

We want to keep all the water and soil nutrition only for our trees,

Želimo da drveće iskoristi svu vodu i hranjive tvari,

so we remove the weeds growing on the ground.

pa čupamo korijenje koje naraste.

As this forest grows, it blocks the sunlight.

Kako šuma raste, tako ona sve više zaklanja Sunce.

Eventually, the forest becomes so dense

Naposljetku šuma postane toliko gusta

that sunlight can't reach the ground anymore.

da Sunčeva svjetlost ne može više prodrijeti do tla.

Weeds cannot grow now, because they need sunlight as well.

Tada više korov ne može rasti jer i njemu treba Sunčeva svjetlost.

At this stage,

U toj fazi

every single drop of water that falls into the forest

svaka kapljica vode koja padne na šumu

doesn't evaporate back into the atmosphere.

ne isparava natrag u atmosferu.

This dense forest condenses the moist air

Takva gusta šuma kondenzira vlažan zrak

and retains its moisture.

i zadržava vlagu koju on sadrži.

We gradually reduce and eventually stop watering the forest.

S vremenom sve manje navodnjavamo šumu i na koncu je prestanemo navodnjavati.

And even without watering,

No čak i bez toga

the forest floor stays moist and sometimes even dark.

tlo ostaje vlažno, a ponekad čak postane i tamno.

Now, when a single leaf falls on this forest floor,

Kad neki list padne na tlo,

it immediately starts decaying.

on odmah počinje trunuti.

This decayed biomass forms humus,

Takva biomasa stvara humus,

which is food for the forest.

koji je hrana za šumu.

As the forest grows,

Kako šuma raste,

more leaves fall on the surface --

tako na tlo pada više lišća,

it means more humus is produced,

što znači da se stvara više humusa

it means more food so the forest can grow still bigger.

i još više hrane kako bi šuma mogla napredovati.

And this forest keeps growing exponentially.

Takva šuma raste sve brže i brže.

Once established,

Kad narastu,

these forests are going to regenerate themselves again and again --

te se šume uvijek iznova obnavljaju,

probably forever.

i to vjerojatno unedogled.

In a natural forest like this,

U ovakvoj prirodnoj šumi

no management is the best management.

najbolje je ništa ne dirati.

It's a tiny jungle party.

To je jedna mala džungla.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

This forest grows as a collective.

Ova šuma raste kao jedna zajednica.

If the same trees --

Ako se drveće,

same species --

iste vrste

would have been planted independently,

posade neovisno jedna o drugoj,

it wouldn't grow so fast.

ta šuma ne bi tako brzo rasla.

And this is how we create a 100-year-old forest

Tako mi stvaramo stogodišnju šumu

in just 10 years.

u samo deset godina.

Thank you very much.

Puno vam hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)