What hallucination reveals about our minds | Oliver Sacks

Prevodilac: Tijana Ćuić Lektor: Ivana Korom

We see with the eyes,

Gledamo pomoću očiju,

but we see with the brain as well.

ali i pomoću mozga.

And seeing with the brain is often called imagination.

Gledanje pomoću mozga se često naziva imaginacijom.

Nama su poznati pejzaži naše sopstvene imaginacije,

And we are familiar with the landscapes of our own imagination,

our inscapes.

naše unutrašnje strukture. Živimo s njima ceo svoj život.

We've lived with them all our lives.

But there are also hallucinations as well.

Ali postoje i halucinacije,

And hallucinations are completely different.

a one su nešto sasvim drugačije.

They don't seem to be of our creation.

Čini se da ih nismo sami stvorili.

They don't seem to be under control.

Čini se da nisu pod našom kontrolom.

They seem to come from the outside and to mimic perception.

Čini se da one dolaze spolja,

i da su imitacija našeg opažanja.

So I am going to be talking about hallucinations

Dakle, govoriću o halucinacijama,

and a particular sort of visual hallucination,

i o jednoj vrsti vizualne halucinacije

which I see among my patients.

koju srećem kod svojih pacijenata.

A few months ago, I got a phone call from a nursing home where I work.

Pre nekoliko meseci, primio sam telefonski poziv

iz staračkog doma u kom radim.

They told me that one of their residents, an old lady in her 90s,

Rečeno mi je da je jedna od njihovih štićenica, devedesetogodišnja starica,

was seeing things,

počela da halucinira,

and they wondered if she'd gone bonkers

pa su se pitali da li je poludela

or, because she was an old lady,

ili je, s obzirom na to da je stara,

whether she'd had a stroke, or whether she had Alzheimer's.

imala infarkt ili možda Alchajmera.

And so they asked me if I would come and see Rosalie,

Pitali su me da dođem i posetim Rozali,

the old lady.

staricu.

I went in to see her.

Otišao sam da je obiđem.

It was evident straightaway that she was perfectly sane

Odmah je bilo očigledno

da je bila savršeno zdrava

and lucid and of good intelligence,

i razumna i vrlo inteligentna,

but she'd been very startled and very bewildered,

ali da je bila unezverena i zbunjena,

because she'd been seeing things.

jer je imala halucinacije.

And she told me -- the nurses hadn't mentioned this --

Rekla mi je -

sestre mi ovo nisu bile pomenule -

that she was blind,

da je slepa,

that she had been completely blind from macular degeneration for five years.

da je potpuno slepa već 5 godina jer je patila od makularne degeneracije (bolest mrežnjače).

But now, for the last few days, she'd been seeing things.

Ali tada, u tih poslednjih nekoliko dana, počela je da halucinira.

So I said, "What sort of things?"

Pitao sam je: "Kakve stvari vidite?"

And she said, "People in Eastern dress,

a ona je rekla: "Ljude u istočnjačkim haljinama,

in drapes, walking up and down stairs.

u zavesama, koji šetaju stepenicama.

A man who turns towards me and smiles,

Čoveka koji se okreće meni i osmehuje se.

but he has huge teeth on one side of his mouth.

Ali ima ogromne zube na jednoj strani usta.

Animals too.

Vidim i životinje.

I see a white building. It's snowing, a soft snow.

Vidim belu zgradu. Veje sneg, lagan sneg.

I see this horse with a harness, dragging the snow away.

Vidim upregnutog konja koji odnosi sneg.

Then, one night, the scene changes.

Onda, jedne noći, prizor se menja.

I see cats and dogs walking towards me.

Vidim mačke i pse koji hodaju prema meni.

They come to a certain point and then stop.

Stignu do određene tačke i zaustave se.

Then it changes again.

Onda se menja opet.

I see a lot of children. They're walking up and down stairs.

Vidim mnogo dece. Penju se uz i silaze niz stepenice.

They wear bright colors, rose and blue,

Obučeni su u vedre boje, roze i plavu,

like Eastern dress."

kao u istočnjačkoj odeći."

Sometimes, she said, before the people come on,

Ponekad, reče ona, pre nego što ljudi naiđu,

she may hallucinate pink and blue squares on the floor,

vidi ružičaste i plave kvadrate na podu,

which seem to go up to the ceiling.

koji izgledaju kao da se penju do plafona.

I said, "Is this like a dream?"

Pitao sam: "Da li je to kao neki san?"

And she said, "No, it's not like a dream. It's like a movie."

Ona je rekla: "Ne, nije kao san. Već kao film."

Rekla je: "Prisutne su boje. I pokreti.

She said, "It's got color. It's got motion.

But it's completely silent, like a silent movie."

Ali je potpuno nemo, kao nemi film."

And she said it's a rather boring movie.

I rekla je da je to kao neki mnogo dosadan film.

(Laughter)

Rekla je: "Svi ti ljudi nose istočnjačku odoru,

She said, "All these people with Eastern dress,

walking up and down, very repetitive, very limited."

šetaju gore i dole, neprestano i u ograničenom prostoru."

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

And she had a sense of humor.

Ima smisla za humor.

She knew it was a hallucination, but she was frightened.

Znala je da halucinira.

Ali bila je preplašena. Za svojih 95 godina

She had lived 95 years,

and she'd never had a hallucination before.

nikada nije imala halucinacije.

She said that the hallucinations were unrelated to anything she was thinking

Rekla je da halucinacije nisu vezane

ni za šta od onoga što je mislila ili osećala ili radila,

or feeling or doing,

da, izgleda, dolaze i nestaju same od sebe.

that they seemed to come on by themselves, or disappear.

She had no control over them.

Nije mogla da ih kontroliše.

Rekla je da nije prepoznala

She said she didn't recognize any of the people or places

nijednog čoveka niti ijedno mesto

in the hallucinations,

u halucinacijama.

and none of the people or the animals --

I nijedan čovek niti životinja,

well, they all seemed oblivious of her.

nisu bili svesni njenog prisustva.

And she didn't know what was going on.

Nije znala šta se događa.

She wondered if she was going mad or losing her mind.

Pitala se da li ludi

ili gubi razum.

Well, I examined her carefully.

Dakle, osmotrio sam je pažljivo.

She was a bright old lady,

Bila je vedra starica,

savršeno zdrava. Nije imala zdravstvenih problema.

perfectly sane.

She had no medical problems.

She wasn't on any medications which could produce hallucinations.

Nije uzimala nikakve lekove koji bi mogli da izazovu halucinacije.

But she was blind.

Ali bila je slepa

And I then said to her, "I think I know what you have."

Onda sam joj rekao:

"Mislim da znam šta je u pitanju."

I said, "There is a special form of visual hallucination

Rekao sam: "Postoji poseban oblik vizualne halucinacije

which may go with deteriorating vision or blindness.

koja se javlja usled pogoršanja vida ili slepila.

This was originally described," I said,

To je prvi put definisao", rekao sam,

"right back in the 18th century,

"još u 18. veku,

by a man called Charles Bonnet.

čovek po imenu Šarl Bone.

And you have Charles Bonnet syndrome.

A vi imate Šarl-Boneov sindrom.

There's nothing wrong with your brain. There's nothing wrong with your mind.

Sa Vašim mozgom je sve u redu. Sa Vašim umom je sve u redu.

Vi imate Šarl-Boneov sindrom."

You have Charles Bonnet syndrome."

And she was very relieved at this,

Tada joj je laknulo,

that there was nothing seriously the matter,

što nije u pitanju nešto ozbiljno,

and also rather curious.

ali je bila i znatiželjna.

She said, "Who is this Charles Bonnet?"

Pitala je: "Ko je taj Šarl Bone?"

She said, "Did he have them himself?"

"Da li je i on imao halucinacije?"

And she said, "Tell all the nurses that I have Charles Bonnet syndrome."

Rekla je: "Recite svim sestrama

da imam Šarl-Boneov sindrom."

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

"I'm not crazy. I'm not demented. I have Charles Bonnet syndrome."

"Nisam luda. Nisam senilna. Imam Šarl-Boneov sindrom."

Well, so, I did tell the nurses.

I tako sam rekao sestrama.

Now this, for me, is a common situation.

Ovo je, za mene, uobičajena situacija.

I work in old-age homes, largely.

Dosta radim u staračkim domovima.

I see a lot of elderly people

Viđam mnogo starih ljudi

čiji je sluh ili vid znatno oštećen.

who are hearing-impaired or visually impaired.

About 10 percent of the hearing-impaired people

Oko 10% ljudi oštećenog sluha

get musical hallucinations.

ima muzičke halucinacije.

And about 10 percent of the visually impaired people

A oko 10% ljudi oštećenog vida

get visual hallucinations.

ima vizualne halucinacije.

You don't have to be completely blind,

Ne morate biti potpuno slepi,

only sufficiently impaired.

samo prilično slabovidi.

Now, with the original description in the 18th century,

Prema opisu iz 18. veka,

Charles Bonnet did not have them.

Šarl Bone nije imao halucinacije.

His grandfather had these hallucinations.

Imao ih je njegov deda.

His grandfather was a magistrate, an elderly man.

Njegov deda je bio sudija za prekršaje, star čovek.

He'd had cataract surgery.

Imao je operaciju katarakte.

His vision was pretty poor.

Vid mu je bio dosta slab.

And in 1759, he described to his grandson

1759. godine, opisao je svom unuku

various things he was seeing.

različite stvari koje je video.

The first thing he said was he saw a handkerchief in midair.

Prva stvar za koju je rekao da je video

je bila maramica koja lebdi u vazduhu.

It was a large blue handkerchief with four orange circles.

Velika plava maramica

sa četiri narandžasta kruga.

And he knew it was a hallucination.

Ali znao je da je to halucinacija.

You don't have handkerchiefs in midair.

Ne lebde maramice u vazduhu tek tako.

And then he saw a big wheel in midair.

A onda je video ogromni točak koji isto tako lebdi u vazduhu.

But sometimes he wasn't sure whether he was hallucinating or not,

Ipak, ponekad nije bio siguran da li halucinira ili ne,

because the hallucinations would fit in the context of the visions.

zato što su se halucinacije uklapale

u kontekst vizija.

So on one occasion, when his granddaughters were visiting them,

Tako je, jednom prilikom, kad su ga unuke posetile,

rekao: "A ko su ovi zgodni momci sa vama?"

he said, "And who are these handsome young men with you?"

(Laughter)

And they said, "Alas, Grandpapa, there are no handsome young men."

A one su rekle: "Ah, deko, nema nikakvih momaka."

And then the handsome young men disappeared.

I istog trenutka momci su iščezli.

It's typical of these hallucinations

Karakteristično je za ove halucinacije

that they may come in a flash and disappear in a flash.

da se mogu javiti samo na momenat i sledećeg momenta iščeznu.

They don't usually fade in and out.

Obično se ne magle i ne blede.

They are rather sudden, and they change suddenly.

Javljaju se iznenada i nestaju iznenada.

Šarl Lulin, deda,

Charles Lullin, the grandfather,

saw hundreds of different figures,

video je na stotine različitih likova,

different landscapes of all sorts.

različitih predela svih vrsta.

On one occasion, he saw a man in a bathrobe smoking a pipe,

Jednom prilikom, video je čoveka u bade-mantilu kako puši lulu,

and realized it was himself.

i shvatio da je to ustvari bio on, lično.

That was the only figure he recognized.

To je bio jedini lik koji je on prepoznao.

On one occasion, when he was walking in the streets of Paris,

Jednog dana, dok je šetao ulicama Pariza,

he saw -- this was real -- a scaffolding.

ugledao je - ovo je bilo stvarno - skelu.

But when he got back home, he saw a miniature of the scaffolding,

Ali kada se vratio kući, video je minijaturu te skele

six inches high,

oko 15 centimetara visoku, na svom radnom stolu.

on his study table.

This repetition of perception is sometimes called "palinopsia."

Ovo perceptivno ponavljanje

se naziva palinopsija.

Na ono što se dešavalo,

With him and with Rosalie,

what seems to be going on --

sa njim i sa Rozali -

and Rosalie said, "What's going on?" --

a Rozali je rekla: "Šta se dešava?" -

and I said that as you lose vision,

ja sam odgovorio da usled slabljenja vida,

as the visual parts of the brain are no longer getting any input,

delovi mozga zaduženi za vid ne primaju nikakve signale,

they become hyperactive and excitable,

i postaju hiperaktivni i lako nadražljivi,

and they start to fire spontaneously.

počinju da se uključuju spontano.

I tako počinjete da vidite razne stvari.

And you start to see things.

The things you see can be very complicated indeed.

Stvari koje vidite mogu zaista biti veoma komplikovane.

Kod moje druge pacijentkinje,

With another patient of mine who also had some vision,

koja je, takođe imala vizije,

one su umele da budu uznemiravajuće.

the visions she had could be disturbing.

On one occasion, she said she saw a man in a striped shirt in a restaurant.

Jednom prilikom, rekla je da je videla

čoveka u prugastoj majici u restoranu.

And he turned round,

Koji se potom okrenuo. I onda

and then he divided into six figures in striped shirts,

se podelio u 6 likova u prugastim majicama,

who started walking towards her.

koji su počeli da hodaju prema njoj.

And then the six figures came together, like a concertina.

Zatim se tih 6 likova opet sjedinilo u jednog, kao meh na harmonici.

Once, when she was driving,

Jednom, dok je vozila,

or rather, her husband was driving,

ili, pre će biti, dok je njen muž vozio,

the road divided into four

put se rascepio na 4 dela

and she felt herself going simultaneously up four roads.

a ona je osećala kako se kreće po sva 4 puta istovremeno.

Imala je dosta pokretnih halucinacija.

She had very mobile hallucinations as well.

A lot of them had to do with a car.

Veliki broj njih je bio vezan za automobil.

Sometimes she would see a teenage boy sitting on the hood of the car.

Ponekad bi videla tinejdžera

koji sedi na haubi auta.

He was very tenacious,

Čvrsto se držao i kretao bi se graciozno

and he moved rather gracefully when the car turned.

kada god bi auto skrenuo.

And then when they came to a stop,

A kada bi se auto zaustavio,

the boy would do a sudden vertical takeoff, 100 foot in the air,

dečak bi iznenada poleteo, tridesetak metara uvis,

and then disappear.

a zatim nestao.

Another patient of mine had a different sort of hallucination.

Sledeća pacijentkinja imala je drugačiji tip halucinacija.

This was a woman who didn't have trouble with her eyes

To je bila žena koja nije imala problema sa vidom,

but the visual parts of her brain,

već sa delovima mozga zaduženim za vid,

a little tumor in the occipital cortex.

mali tumor u potiljačnom korteksu.

And, above all, she would see cartoons.

Ona je viđala crtaće.

And these cartoons would be transparent,

Ti crtaći su bili providni

and would cover half the visual field, like a screen.

i prekrivali su polovinu vidnog polja, kao ekran.

And especially, she saw cartoons of Kermit the Frog.

Najčešće je viđala crtaće Žapca Kermita.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Now, I don't watch Sesame Street,

Ja ne gledam "Ulicu Sezam",

ali mi je bilo jasno kada je rekla

but she made a point of saying,

"Why Kermit?" she said, "Kermit the Frog means nothing to me."

"Zašto Kermit? Kermit mi ne znači ništa.

You know, I was wondering about Freudian determinants: Why Kermit?

Znate, razmišljala sam i Frojdovim determinantama.

Zašto Kermit?

"Kermit the Frog means nothing to me."

Kermit Žabac mi ne znači ništa."

She didn't mind the cartoons too much.

Nisu joj smetali crtaći mnogo.

But what did disturb her

Ono što joj je smetalo je to što su joj se uporno javljale

was she got very persistent images or hallucinations of faces,

slike ili halucinacije lica

and as with Rosalie, the faces were often deformed,

a lica su, kao kod Rozali, bila često izdeformisana,

with very large teeth or very large eyes.

sa krupnim zubima ili ogromnim očima.

And these frightened her.

I to ju je plašilo.

Well, what is going on with these people?

Dakle, šta se dešava sa ovim ljudima?

As a physician, I have to try and define what's going on

Kao lekar, moram da pokušam da objasnim šta se događa,

and to reassure people,

i da razuverim ljude,

especially to reassure them that they're not going insane.

naročito da ih uverim da ne počinju da lude.

Nešto oko 10%, kao što sam već rekao,

Something like 10 percent, as I said,

of visually impaired people get these.

slabovidih ljudi susreće se sa halucinacijama.

But no more than one percent of the people acknowledge them,

Ali samo 1% ovih ljudi to priznaje,

because they are afraid they will be seen as insane or something.

jer se plaše da će ih drugi smatrati ludima ili tako nešto.

And if they do mention them to their own doctors,

A ako ih pomenu svojim doktorima

može im biti postavljena pogrešna dijagnoza.

they may be misdiagnosed.

In particular, the notion is that if you see things or hear things,

Uglavnom, poenta je da ste, ako vidite

ili čujete čudne stvari, prolupali,

you're going mad.

But the psychotic hallucinations are quite different.

ali psihotične halucinacije su dosta drugačije.

Psychotic hallucinations, whether they are visual or vocal,

Psihotične halucinacije Vam se, bilo da su vizualne ili zvučne,

they address you.

direktno obraćaju. Osuđuju Vas.

They accuse you, they seduce you, they humiliate you, they jeer at you.

Zavode Vas. Ponižavaju Vas.

Rugaju Vam se.

You interact with them.

Komunicirate sa njima.

There is none of this quality of being addressed

Ništa od ovoga nema veze

with these Charles Bonnet hallucinations.

sa Šarl-Boneovim halucinacijama.

There is a film. You're seeing a film which has nothing to do with you --

Gledate film koji nema nikakve veze sa Vama,

or that's how people think about it.

ili bar tako ljudi misle.

There is also a rare thing called temporal lobe epilepsy,

Postoji, takođe, nešto što se zove privremena epilepsija slepoočnog režnja,

and sometimes, if one has this,

i ponekad, onaj koga to zadesi,

one may feel oneself transported back to a time and place in the past.

može se osetiti kao da je vraćen

u vreme i mesto iz prošlosti.

You're at a particular road junction.

Recimo, nalazite se na nekoj raskrsnici.

You smell chestnuts roasting.

Osetite miris pečenog kestenja.

You hear the traffic. All the senses are involved.

Čujete saobraćaj. Sva čula su uključena.

I čekate svoju devojku.

And you're waiting for your girl.

And it's that Tuesday evening back in 1982.

Ustvari ste se vratili u utorak veče, 1982.

The temporal lobe hallucinations are all sense hallucinations,

Jer su privremene halucinacije u slepoočnom režnju

svečulne halucinacije,

full of feeling, full of familiarity,

pune osećanja, pune prisnosti,

located in space and time,

locirane u prostoru i vremenu,

coherent, dramatic.

koherentne, dramatične.

The Charles Bonnet ones are quite different.

Šarl-Boneove halucinacije su potpuno drugačije.

In the Charles Bonnet hallucinations, you have all sorts of levels,

Kod njih su prisutni,

različti nivoi halucinacija,

from the geometrical hallucinations --

od geometrijskih halucinacija -

the pink and blue squares the woman had --

sa ružičastim i plavim kvadratima kakve je ona žena imala -

up to quite elaborate hallucinations

do izuzetno složenih halucinacija

with figures and especially faces.

sa razčitim ličnostima i naročito licima.

Faces, and sometimes deformed faces,

Lica, koja su nekad deformisana,

are the single commonest thing in these hallucinations.

su uobičajena pojava

kod ovih halucinacija.

And one of the second commonest is cartoons.

Druga česta pojava su crtaći.

So, what is going on?

Dakle, šta se dešava?

Fascinatingly, in the last few years,

Fascinirajuće je da je u poslednjih nekoliko godina

it's been possible to do functional brain imagery,

moguće uspešno izvesti snimanje mozga,

to do fMRI on people as they are hallucinating,

uraditi magnetnu rezonancu dok ljudi haluciniraju.

Tačnije, moguće je videti koji su vizualni

and, in fact, to find that different parts of the visual brain are activated

delovi mozga aktivni

as they are hallucinating.

tokom halucinacija.

When people have these simple, geometrical hallucinations,

Kada ljudi doživljavaju jednostavne geometrijske halucinacije,

the primary visual cortex is activated.

primarni vizualni korteks je aktivan.

This is the part of the brain which perceives edges and patterns.

To je deo mozga koji opaža ivice i sheme.

You don't form images with your primary visual cortex.

Slike se ne formiraju pomoću primarnog vizualnog korteksa.

When images are formed,

Kada su slike već formirane,

a higher part of the visual cortex is involved, in the temporal lobe.

viši deo vizualnog korteksa

je povezan sa temporalnim režnjem.

Jedna oblast temporalnog režnja

And in particular, one area of the temporal lobe

is called the fusiform gyrus.

se naziva vretenasta vijuga

And it's known that if people have damage in the fusiform gyrus,

A poznato je da ljudi kojima je ta vijuga oštećena

they may lose the ability to recognize faces.

mogu izgubiti sposobnost prepoznavanja lica.

But if there's an abnormal activity in the fusiform gyrus,

Ali ukoliko postoji abnormalna aktivnost vretenaste vijuge,

they may hallucinate faces,

ljudi mogu da dožive halucinacije lica

and this is exactly what you find in some of these people.

i to je upravo ono što se javlja kod nekih od ovih ljudi.

There is an area in the anterior part of this gyrus

Postoji oblast u prednjem delu ove vijuge

where teeth and eyes are represented,

gde su predstavljeni zubi i oči,

and that part of the gyrus is activated

i taj deo vijuge postaje aktivan

when people get the deformed hallucinations.

kada ljudi doživljavaju deformisane halucinacije.

There is another part of the brain which is especially activated

Postoji drugi deo mozga

koji se aktivira

when one sees cartoons.

kada osoba vidi crtaće.

It's activated when one recognizes cartoons,

Postaje aktivan u trenutku kada ta osoba prepozna crtać,

when one draws cartoons and when one hallucinates them.

kada ga crta ili kada ima halucinacije o njemu.

It's very interesting that that should be specific.

Veoma je interesantno da je specifično.

There are other parts of the brain which are specifically involved

Neki drugi delovi mozga učestvuju

with the recognition and hallucination of buildings and landscapes.

u prepoznavanju i halucinacijama

građevina i pejzaža.

Around 1970, it was found that there were not only parts of the brain,

Oko 1970. godine, otkriveno je da nisu u pitanju delovi mozga,

but particular cells.

već određene ćelije.

"Face cells" were discovered around 1970.

''Facijalne ćelije" su otkrivene oko 1970.

And now we know that there are hundreds of other sorts of cells,

A sada znamo da postoji još na stotine drugih

vrsta ćelija,

which can be very, very specific.

koje mogu biti vrlo, vrlo specifične.

So you may not only have "car" cells, you may have "Aston Martin" cells.

Tako da ne morate imati samo

"automobil" ćelije,

možete imati čak "Aston Martin" ćelije.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

I saw an Aston Martin this morning. I had to bring it in.

Video sam Aston Martin jutros.

Morao sam da ga pomenem.

(Laughter)

I sad je tu negde.

And now it's in there, somewhere.

So --

(Smeh)

(Laughter)

now, at this level, in what's called the inferotemporal cortex,

E sad, u ovom stadijumu, u onome što se zove inferotemporalni korteks,

nalaze se samo vizualni prizori,

there are only visual images,

or figments or fragments.

ili plod mašte ili njeni odlomci.

It's only at higher levels that the other senses join in

Samo na višim nivoima

se ostala čula pridružuju

and there are connections with memory and emotion.

i povezuju sa pamćenjem i emocijama.

Kada se radi o Šarl-Boneovom sindromu,

And in the Charles Bonnet syndrome,

you don't go to those higher levels.

do tih viših nivoa se ne stiže.

You're in these levels of inferior visual cortex,

Na ovim nivoima inferiornog vizualnog korteksa

where you have thousands and tens of thousands

gde imate hiljade i desetine hiljada

and millions of images,

i milione slika

or figments or fragmentary figments,

ili segmenata koji su plod mašte,

all neurally encoded in particular cells or small clusters of cells.

šifrovanih

u posebnim ćelijama ili malim grupama ćelija.

Normally, these are all part of the integrated stream of perception,

Obično je sve ovo deo

integrisanog toka percepcije ili imaginacije,

or imagination,

and one is not conscious of them.

čega osoba nije svesna.

It is only if one is visually impaired or blind

Samo u slučaju ako je osoba slabovida ili slepa

that the process is interrupted.

taj proces je prekinut.

And instead of getting normal perception,

Pa umesto uobičajene percepcije,

you're getting an anarchic,

osoba prima zbrkane,

convulsive stimulation, or release,

haotične stimulacije ili oslobađanja

of all of these visual cells in the inferotemporal cortex.

svih onih vizualnih ćelija

smeštenih u inferotemporalnom korteksu.

So, suddenly, you see a face. Suddenly, you see a car.

Tako da, iznenada, osoba vidi lice. Iznenada vidi auto.

Suddenly this and suddenly that.

Iznenada ovo, iznenada ono.

The mind does its best to organize

Um čini sve što je u njegovoj moći da to organizuje

and to give some sort of coherence to this,

i da sve to poveže,

but not terribly successfully.

ali ne čini to naročito uspešno.

When these were first described,

Kada je ovo bilo prvi put objašnjeno,

it was thought that they could be interpreted like dreams.

smatralo se da može biti tumačeno kao san.

But, in fact, people say,

Međutim, ljudi kažu:

"I don't recognize the people. I can't form any associations.

"Ne prepoznajem ljude. Ne mogu ništa da povežem."

"Kermit mi ne znači ništa."

Kermit means nothing to me."

You don't get anywhere, thinking of them as dreams.

Tumačenje halucinacija kao snova, ne vodi nikuda.

Pa, manje-više sam rekao ono što sam želeo.

Well, I've more or less said what I wanted.

I think I just want to recapitulate and say this is common.

Hoću samo da zaokružim

i kažem da je ovo uobičajena pojava.

Think of the number of blind people.

Pomislite koliko ima slepih ljudi.

There must be hundreds of thousands of blind people

Mora da postoje stotine hiljada slepih ljudi

who have these hallucinations

koji doživljavaju ove halucinacije,

but are too scared to mention them.

ali se plaše da to pomenu.

So this sort of thing needs to be brought into notice,

Zato o ovakvoj stvari treba

podići svest kod pacijenata, doktora, u javnosti.

for patients, for doctors, for the public.

Finally, I think they are infinitely interesting and valuable,

Na kraju krajeva, mislim da je

izuzetno interesantno i bitno,

for giving one some insight as to how the brain works.

pružiti ljudima uvid u to kako mozak funkcioniše.

Charles Bonnet said, 250 years ago --

Šarl Bone je rekao, pre 250 godina -

he wondered how, thinking of these hallucinations,

da se pita kako, pritom misleći na ove halucinacije,

how, as he put it, the theater of the mind

kako, kako je on rekao, pozorište uma,

could be generated by the machinery of the brain.

može biti proizvedeno u fabrici zvanoj mozak.

Now, 250 years later,

Sada, 250 godina kasnije,

I think we're beginning to glimpse how this is done.

mislim da počinjemo da shvatamo kako se ovo dešava.

Thanks very much.

Hvala vam mnogo.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Chris Anderson: That was superb. Thank you so much.

Kris Anderson: Ovo je bilo sjajno. Hvala Vam mnogo.

You speak about these things with so much insight

Govorite o tim stvarima sa toliko razumevanja

and empathy for your patients.

i saosećanja prema svojim pacijentima.

Have you yourself experienced any of the syndromes you write about?

Jeste li Vi iskusili neke od ovih sindroma o kojima pišete?

Oliver Sacks: I was afraid you would ask that.

Oliver Saks: Plašio sam se da ćete me to pitati.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Well, yeah, a lot of them.

Pa, jesam, dosta njih.

And, actually, I'm a little visually impaired myself.

U stvari, i sam sam slabovid.

I'm blind in one eye and not terribly good in the other.

Slep sam na jedno oko a na drugo ne vidim naročito dobro.

And I see the geometrical hallucinations.

I imam geometrijske halucinacije.

But they stop there.

Ali to je sve.

CA: And they don't disturb you?

KA: I ne uznemiravaju vas?

Because you understand what's doing it, it doesn't make you worried?

S obzirom na to da razumete šta se događa, zar Vas to ne zabrinjava?

OS: Pa uznemiravaju me koliko i zujanje u ušima.

OS: Well, they don't disturb me any more than my tinnitus,

which I ignore.

koje ignorišem.

They occasionally interest me,

Povremeno me zainteresuju,

and I have many pictures of them in my notebooks.

pa imam mnogo njihovih slika u svojoj svesci.

I've gone and had an fMRI myself,

Išao sam na magnetnu rezonancu,

to see how my visual cortex is ticking over.

da vidim kako moj vizualni korteks reaguje.

And when I see all these hexagons

I kad vidim sve te šestougaonike

and complex things, which I also have,

i sve te kompleksne stvari, koje takođe viđam,

in visual migraine,

tokom vizualne migrene,

I wonder whether everyone sees things like this

pitam se da li i svi ostali vide takve stvari,

and whether things like cave art or ornamental art

i da li su se stvari kao što su pećinska umetnost ili ornamentalna umetnost

may have been derived from them a bit.

delom razvile iz halucinacija.

CA: That was an utterly, utterly fascinating talk.

KA: Ovo je bio jedan potpuno izvanredan govor.

Thank you so much for sharing.

Hvala Vam mnogo što ste to podelili sa nama.

OS: Thank you. Thank you.

OS: Hvala vama. Hvala vama.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)