What hallucination reveals about our minds | Oliver Sacks

5,928,859 views ・ 2009-09-18

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Yujin Lee κ²€ν† : Sunphil Ga
00:12
We see with the eyes,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λˆˆμ„ 톡해 λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:14
but we see with the brain as well.
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λ‡Œλ₯Ό 톡해 보기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:18
And seeing with the brain is often called imagination.
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λ‡Œλ₯Ό 톡해 λ³΄λŠ” 것을 μ’…μ’… 상상이라고 λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μžμ‹ λ§Œμ˜ μƒμƒμ†μ˜ 풍경과 μžμ‹ μ˜ λ‚΄λ©΄μ˜ 본성에 μΉœμˆ™ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:23
And we are familiar with the landscapes of our own imagination,
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00:27
our inscapes.
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평생 μš°λ¦¬μ™€ ν•¨κ»˜ν•΄ μ™”μœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
00:28
We've lived with them all our lives.
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00:31
But there are also hallucinations as well.
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그런 반면 ν™˜κ°λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:35
And hallucinations are completely different.
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ν™˜κ°μ€ μ „ν˜€ λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:38
They don't seem to be of our creation.
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우리의 창쑰물인 것 같지가 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:40
They don't seem to be under control.
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우리의 ν†΅μ œ 밖에 μžˆλŠ” 것 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:42
They seem to come from the outside and to mimic perception.
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외뢀적인 κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λŠκ»΄μ§€κ³ 
지각을 λͺ¨λ°©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:47
So I am going to be talking about hallucinations
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이제 μ €λŠ” ν™˜κ°μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ μ–˜κΈ°ν•˜λ €ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:51
and a particular sort of visual hallucination,
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κ·Έ μ€‘μ—μ„œλ„ λ‚΄ ν™˜μžμ—μ„œ κ΄€μ°°λœ
00:55
which I see among my patients.
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νŠΉμ΄ν•œ μ’…λ₯˜λ₯Ό μ–˜κΈ°ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:00
A few months ago, I got a phone call from a nursing home where I work.
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ν•œλ‘λ‹¬μ „ μ €λŠ” μ œκ°€ μ§„λ£Œλ₯Ό λ³΄λŠ” μš”μ–‘μ›μ—μ„œ 온
μ „ν™”λ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:06
They told me that one of their residents, an old lady in her 90s,
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μš”μ–‘μ›μ— 거주쀑인 ν•œ 90λŒ€ ν• λ¨Έλ‹ˆκ°€
01:11
was seeing things,
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λˆˆμ— 뭐가 보인닀고 ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:13
and they wondered if she'd gone bonkers
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μš”μ–‘μ› 직원듀은 κ·Έ ν• λ¨Έλ‹ˆκ°€ λ―ΈμΉœκ±΄μ§€
01:16
or, because she was an old lady,
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μ•„λ‹˜ κ³ λ Ήμ΄λ‹ˆκΉŒ
01:18
whether she'd had a stroke, or whether she had Alzheimer's.
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λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘μ΄λ‚˜ μ•ŒμΈ ν•˜μ΄λ¨Έ μΉ˜λ§€λŠ” μ•„λ‹Œμ§€ κΆκΈˆν•΄ ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
And so they asked me if I would come and see Rosalie,
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그리곀 λ‚΄κ²Œ λ‘œμž˜λ¦¬λΌλŠ” ν• λ¨Έλ‹ˆλ₯Ό 진찰해 달라고
01:26
the old lady.
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ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
I went in to see her.
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μ €λŠ” κ°€μ„œ κ·Έ ν• λ¨Έλ‹ˆλ₯Ό μ§„μ°°ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:30
It was evident straightaway that she was perfectly sane
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κ·Έ ν• λ¨Έλ‹ˆκ°€ μ˜¨μ „ν•œ 정신이고
정신이 λ§‘μœΌλ©° 쒋은 지λŠ₯을
01:35
and lucid and of good intelligence,
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κ°€μ‘Œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ°”λ‘œ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:38
but she'd been very startled and very bewildered,
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그런데 κ·Έ ν• λ¨Έλ‹ˆλŠ” λˆˆμ— 뭐가 λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 것 λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
01:42
because she'd been seeing things.
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맀우 놀라고 λ‹Ήν˜Ήν•΄ ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:45
And she told me -- the nurses hadn't mentioned this --
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ν• λ¨Έλ‹ˆλŠ” μ €μ—κ²Œ λ§ν•˜κΈΈ--
κ°„ν˜Έμ‚¬λ“€μ΄ 이 μ–˜κΈ°λŠ” ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€--
01:50
that she was blind,
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μ•žμ„ λ³Ό μˆ˜κ°€ μ—†μ—ˆκ³ 
01:52
that she had been completely blind from macular degeneration for five years.
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ν™©λ°˜ λ³€ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ 인해 5λ…„ μ „λΆ€ν„° μ™„μ „νžˆ 눈이 λ©€μ—ˆλ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:57
But now, for the last few days, she'd been seeing things.
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그런데 졜근 λͺ‡μΌλ™μ•ˆ λˆˆμ— 뭐가 λ³΄μ˜€λ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:00
So I said, "What sort of things?"
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ‚΄κ°€ λ¬Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€, "μ–΄λ–€ 게 λ³΄μ΄μ‹œλ‚˜μš”?"
02:02
And she said, "People in Eastern dress,
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” λ§ν•˜κΈΈ,"λ™μ–‘μ˜·μœΌλ‘œ
02:06
in drapes, walking up and down stairs.
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νœ˜κ°μ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 계단을 였λ₯΄λ‚΄λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:10
A man who turns towards me and smiles,
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ν•œ λ‚¨μžκ°€ λ‚˜λ₯Ό ν–₯ν•΄ 보며 λ―Έμ†Œ μ§“μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
but he has huge teeth on one side of his mouth.
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그런데 κ·Έ λ‚¨μž μž… ν•œμͺ½μ— 큰 μΉ˜μ•„κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:17
Animals too.
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동물도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:19
I see a white building. It's snowing, a soft snow.
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ν•˜μ–€μƒ‰ 건물이 λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 눈이 μ‚΄μ‚΄ μ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:22
I see this horse with a harness, dragging the snow away.
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말 ν•œλ§ˆλ¦¬κ°€ 마차λ₯Ό 끌며 λˆˆμ„ μ“Έμ–΄κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:27
Then, one night, the scene changes.
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μ–΄λ–€ 밀은 λ‹€λ₯Έ 풍경이 보여
02:30
I see cats and dogs walking towards me.
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κ°œμ™€ 고양이듀이 λ‚˜λ₯Ό ν–₯ν•΄ κ±Έμ–΄μ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:33
They come to a certain point and then stop.
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μ–Όλ§ˆλ§ŒνΌ 온 λ‹€μŒμ—λŠ” 멈μΆ₯λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
Then it changes again.
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또 λ‹€λ₯Έ ν’κ²½μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:38
I see a lot of children. They're walking up and down stairs.
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λ§Žμ€ 아이듀이 λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 계단을 였λ₯΄λ‚΄λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:41
They wear bright colors, rose and blue,
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μž₯λ―ΈλΉ›, νŒŒλž€μƒ‰ λ“± 밝은 μƒ‰μ˜ μ˜·μ„ μž…κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
like Eastern dress."
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마치 동양 옷 같이."
02:47
Sometimes, she said, before the people come on,
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κ·Έλ…€κ°€ λ§ν•˜κΈΈ λ•Œλ•Œλ‘œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜κΈ° 전에
02:50
she may hallucinate pink and blue squares on the floor,
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λ°”λ‹₯에 핑크색 νŒŒλž€μƒ‰ μ‚¬κ°ν˜•μ΄ 보이고
02:54
which seem to go up to the ceiling.
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천μž₯으둜 μ˜¬λΌλŠ” 것이 보이기도 ν•œλ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:57
I said, "Is this like a dream?"
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λ‚΄κ°€ λ¬Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€, "마치 꿈과 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?"
03:01
And she said, "No, it's not like a dream. It's like a movie."
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"μ•„λ‹ˆμš”, 꿈 같지 μ•Šμ•„μš”. μ˜ν™” κ°™μ•„μš”."
"색깔이 있고 μ›€μ§μž„μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:05
She said, "It's got color. It's got motion.
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03:07
But it's completely silent, like a silent movie."
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ†Œλ¦¬λŠ” λ‚˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€, 마치 λ¬΄μ„±μ˜ν™”μ²˜λŸΌ."
03:11
And she said it's a rather boring movie.
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λ˜ν•œ κ·Έλ…€λŠ” μ˜ν™” μ€‘μ—μ„œλ„ μ’€ μ§€λ£¨ν•œ μ˜ν™”λΌκ³  ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:13
(Laughter)
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"λ™μ–‘μ˜·μ„ μž…μ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
03:14
She said, "All these people with Eastern dress,
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03:16
walking up and down, very repetitive, very limited."
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계단을 반볡적으둜 였λ₯΄λ‚΄λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€."
03:20
(Laughter)
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μ›ƒμŒ
03:22
And she had a sense of humor.
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 유머감각이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:24
She knew it was a hallucination, but she was frightened.
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 그것이 ν™˜κ°μ΄λΌλŠ” 것을 μ••λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κ·Έλ…€λŠ” λ‘λ €μ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ‚΄μ•„μ˜¨ 95λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ
03:28
She had lived 95 years,
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03:29
and she'd never had a hallucination before.
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ν™˜κ°μ€ μ²˜μŒμ΄λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
03:32
She said that the hallucinations were unrelated to anything she was thinking
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” ν™˜κ°μ΄ κ·Έλ…€κ°€ λŠλΌλŠ” κ°μ •μ΄λ‚˜ ν•˜λŠ” ν–‰λ™κ³ΌλŠ”
상관이 μ—†λ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:37
or feeling or doing,
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ν™˜κ°μ€ μ €μ ˆλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜κ³  또 μ €μ ˆλ‘œ μ‚¬λΌμ§€λŠ” 것 κ°™μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:40
that they seemed to come on by themselves, or disappear.
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03:43
She had no control over them.
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κ·Έλ…€κ°€ ν†΅μ œν•  수 μžˆλŠ” λŒ€μƒμ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ·Έλ…€λŠ” ν™˜κ° μ†μ˜ κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄λ‚˜ μž₯μ†Œκ°€
03:46
She said she didn't recognize any of the people or places
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μ²˜μŒλ³΄λŠ” 것이라고
03:49
in the hallucinations,
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ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:51
and none of the people or the animals --
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그리고 ν™˜κ°μ†μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄λ‚˜ 동물듀은
03:53
well, they all seemed oblivious of her.
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그녀와 λ¬΄κ΄€ν•œ λ“― ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:57
And she didn't know what was going on.
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 이 ν˜„μƒμ΄ μ–΄λ–€ μ˜λ―ΈμΈμ§€ μ•Œμ§€λ₯Ό λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:59
She wondered if she was going mad or losing her mind.
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ”κ²Œ μ•„λ‹Œκ°€
μ‹€μ„±ν•˜λŠ”κ²Œ μ•„λ‹Œκ°€ κΆκΈˆν•΄ ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:03
Well, I examined her carefully.
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μ €λŠ” κ·Έλ…€λ₯Ό μžμ„Ένžˆ μ§„μ°°ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:05
She was a bright old lady,
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 총λͺ…ν•œ λ…ΈμΈμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ˜¨μ •μ‹ μ΄μ—ˆκ³  μ˜ν•™μ μΈ λ¬Έμ œλ„ μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:08
perfectly sane.
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04:09
She had no medical problems.
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04:11
She wasn't on any medications which could produce hallucinations.
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ν™˜κ°μ„ μΌμœΌν‚¬ λ§Œν•œ 약을 λ³΅μš©ν•˜μ§€λ„ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:15
But she was blind.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κ·Έλ…€λŠ” μ•žμ„ λ³Ό 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
And I then said to her, "I think I know what you have."
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μ €λŠ” κ·Έλ…€μ—κ²Œ
"ν• λ¨Έλ‹ˆμ˜ μƒνƒœκ°€ μ–΄λ–€ 건지 μ•Œ 것 κ°™μ•„μš”"라고 λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:21
I said, "There is a special form of visual hallucination
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"ν™˜μ‹œμ˜ νŠΉμˆ˜ν•œ ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ
04:25
which may go with deteriorating vision or blindness.
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μ‹œλ ₯ μ €ν•˜λ‚˜ μ‹œκ° μž₯μ• μ—μ„œ λ™λ°˜λ  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€."
04:29
This was originally described," I said,
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"처음 이 ν˜„μƒμ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ–ΈκΈ‰λœ 건
04:32
"right back in the 18th century,
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18μ„ΈκΈ°λ‘œ
04:34
by a man called Charles Bonnet.
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샀λ₯Ό λ³΄λ„€λΌλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ— μ˜ν•΄μ„œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:37
And you have Charles Bonnet syndrome.
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ν• λ¨Έλ‹ˆμ˜ μƒνƒœλŠ” λ°”λ‘œ 샀λ₯Ό 보넀 μ¦ν›„κ΅°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:40
There's nothing wrong with your brain. There's nothing wrong with your mind.
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ν• λ¨Έλ‹ˆμ˜ λ‡Œλ‚˜ μ •μ‹ μ—λŠ” 아무 이상 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
당신은 샀λ₯Ό 보넀 증후ꡰ을 보이고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€."
04:43
You have Charles Bonnet syndrome."
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04:45
And she was very relieved at this,
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 이 말을 λ“£κ³  μ‹¬κ°ν•œ μƒνƒœκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλŠ” 사싀에
04:48
that there was nothing seriously the matter,
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맀우 μ•ˆμ‹¬ν•˜μ˜€κ³ 
04:51
and also rather curious.
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λ™μ‹œμ— κΆκΈˆν•΄ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:54
She said, "Who is this Charles Bonnet?"
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” λ¬Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. "샀λ₯Ό 보넀가 λˆ„κ΅¬μ§€μš”?"
04:57
She said, "Did he have them himself?"
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"κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ„ 이 ν˜„μƒμ„ κ²½ν—˜ν–ˆλ‚˜μš”?"
05:00
And she said, "Tell all the nurses that I have Charles Bonnet syndrome."
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"κ°„ν˜Έμ‚¬λ“€μ—κ²Œ
λ‚΄κ°€ 샀λ₯Ό 보넀 증후ꡰ이 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μ–˜κΈ°ν•΄ μ£Όμ„Έμš”."
05:05
(Laughter)
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μ›ƒμŒ
05:07
"I'm not crazy. I'm not demented. I have Charles Bonnet syndrome."
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"λ‚œ 미친 것도 μ•„λ‹ˆκ³  μΉ˜λ§€λ„ μ•„λ‹Œ 샀λ₯Ό 보넀 증후ꡰ이라고"
05:12
Well, so, I did tell the nurses.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ‚œ κ°„ν˜Έμ‚¬λ“€μ—κ²Œ μ–˜κΈ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:14
Now this, for me, is a common situation.
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이런 상황이 λ‚˜μ—κ²ŒλŠ” ν”νžˆ μžˆλŠ” μƒν™©μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:17
I work in old-age homes, largely.
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μ €λŠ” 주둜 μš”μ–‘μ›μ—μ„œ μΌν•˜λŠ”λ°
05:19
I see a lot of elderly people
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노인듀을 많이 μ§„λ£Œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
청각 μž₯애도 있고 μ‹œκ° μž₯애도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:22
who are hearing-impaired or visually impaired.
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05:25
About 10 percent of the hearing-impaired people
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그리고 청각 μž₯μ• κ°€ μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ 10%μ—μ„œ
05:27
get musical hallucinations.
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μŒμ•…μ†Œλ¦¬κ°€ λ“€λ¦¬λŠ” ν™˜μ²­μ„ κ²½ν—˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:30
And about 10 percent of the visually impaired people
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μ‹œκ° μž₯μ• κ°€ μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ 10%μ—μ„œ
05:33
get visual hallucinations.
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ν™˜μ‹œλ₯Ό κ²½ν—˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:35
You don't have to be completely blind,
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μ™„μ „νžˆ 맹인이 μ•„λ‹ˆμ–΄λ„
05:37
only sufficiently impaired.
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μ•½κ°„μ˜ μ‹œκ° μž₯μ• λ§Œ μžˆμ–΄λ„ κ²½ν—˜ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:39
Now, with the original description in the 18th century,
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이 ν˜„μƒμ— λŒ€ν•΄ 처음 μ–ΈκΈ‰λœ 18μ„ΈκΈ° 자료λ₯Ό 보면
05:43
Charles Bonnet did not have them.
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샀λ₯Ό 보넀가 이 ν˜„μƒμ„ κ²½ν—˜ν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:45
His grandfather had these hallucinations.
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그의 할아버지가 이런 ν™˜κ°μ„ κ²½ν—˜ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:48
His grandfather was a magistrate, an elderly man.
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그의 ν• μ•„λ²„μ§€λŠ” ν–‰μ • μž₯관을 지낸 λΆ„μœΌλ‘œ λ…ΈμΈμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:51
He'd had cataract surgery.
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κ·ΈλŠ” λ°±λ‚΄μž₯ μˆ˜μˆ μ„ λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:54
His vision was pretty poor.
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μ‹œλ ₯이 맀우 μ €ν•˜λœ μƒνƒœμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:56
And in 1759, he described to his grandson
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1759λ…„, κ·ΈλŠ” μ†μžμ—κ²Œ
06:01
various things he was seeing.
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λˆˆμ— λ³΄μ΄λŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 것듀에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ–˜κΈ°ν•΄μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:03
The first thing he said was he saw a handkerchief in midair.
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κ·Έκ°€ 처음 μ–˜κΈ°ν•œ 것은
ν—ˆκ³΅μ— μ†μˆ˜κ±΄μ΄ 보인닀고 ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:07
It was a large blue handkerchief with four orange circles.
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그것은 νŒŒλž€μƒ‰ 큰 μ†μˆ˜κ±΄μ΄μ—ˆκ³ 
4개의 μ˜€λ Œμ§€μƒ‰ 동그라미가 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:11
And he knew it was a hallucination.
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κ·ΈλŠ” 그것이 ν™˜μ‹œλΌλŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ³ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:14
You don't have handkerchiefs in midair.
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μ†μˆ˜κ±΄μ΄ ν—ˆκ³΅μ— μžˆλŠ” κ²½μš°λŠ” μ—†μœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
06:16
And then he saw a big wheel in midair.
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κ·Έλ‹€μŒμ—λŠ” ν—ˆκ³΅μ— 큰 바퀴가 λ³΄μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:20
But sometimes he wasn't sure whether he was hallucinating or not,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λ•Œλ‘œλŠ” λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 것이 ν™˜μ‹œμΈμ§€ μ•„λ‹Œμ§€ ν™•μ‹€ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„ λ•Œλ„ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:25
because the hallucinations would fit in the context of the visions.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ ν™˜μ‹œλŠ”
μ‹œλ ₯이 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
06:29
So on one occasion, when his granddaughters were visiting them,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ ν•œ λ²ˆμ€ 손녀듀이 λ†€λŸ¬μ™”μ„ λ•Œ
"같이 온 이 μž˜μƒκΈ΄ 청년듀은 λˆ„κ΅¬λƒ?"라고 λ¬Όμ—ˆκ³ 
06:33
he said, "And who are these handsome young men with you?"
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06:36
(Laughter)
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06:37
And they said, "Alas, Grandpapa, there are no handsome young men."
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손녀듀은 "μ–΄λ¨Έ 할아버지, μž˜μƒκΈ΄ μ²­λ…„λ“€ μ—†μ–΄μš”"라고 λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:41
And then the handsome young men disappeared.
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그리고 κ·Έ 청년듀은 μ‚¬λΌμ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:45
It's typical of these hallucinations
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이런 ν™˜μ‹œμ˜ νŠΉμ§•μ€
06:48
that they may come in a flash and disappear in a flash.
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이렇듯 κ°‘μžκΈ° λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€ κ°‘μžκΈ° μ‚¬λΌμ§€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:51
They don't usually fade in and out.
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μ„œμ„œνžˆ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€ μ‚¬λΌμ§€λŠ” κ²½μš°λŠ” λ“œλ­…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:53
They are rather sudden, and they change suddenly.
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λŠλ‹·μ—†μ΄ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜κ³  λŠλ‹·μ—†μ΄ λ³€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ·Έ 할아버지, 샀λ₯Ό 룰린은
06:57
Charles Lullin, the grandfather,
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06:59
saw hundreds of different figures,
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μˆ˜λ°±κ°€μ§€μ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ ν˜•νƒœμ™€
07:02
different landscapes of all sorts.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 풍경이 λ³΄μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:04
On one occasion, he saw a man in a bathrobe smoking a pipe,
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ν•œ λ²ˆμ€ ν•œ λ‚¨μžκ°€ μž μ˜·μ„ μž…κ³  νŒŒμ΄ν”„λ₯Ό ν”Όμš°κ³  μžˆλŠ” 것을 λ³΄μ•˜λŠ”λ°
07:08
and realized it was himself.
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곧 κ·Έ λ‚¨μžκ°€ λ°”λ‘œ μžμ‹ μ΄λΌλŠ” 것을 μ•Œμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:11
That was the only figure he recognized.
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μ•„λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ 보인 κ²½μš°λŠ” κ·Έ λ•Œ λΏμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:14
On one occasion, when he was walking in the streets of Paris,
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또 ν•œ λ²ˆμ€ 파리의 거리λ₯Ό κ±·λ‹€κ°€
07:18
he saw -- this was real -- a scaffolding.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ λ‹¨λ‘λŒ€λ₯Ό λ³΄μ•˜λŠ”λ°
07:21
But when he got back home, he saw a miniature of the scaffolding,
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μ§‘μœΌλ‘œ λŒμ•„μ˜¨ ν›„ 책상 μœ„μ—μ„œ 6인치 크기의 λ‹¨λ‘λŒ€ λͺ¨ν˜•μ„
07:24
six inches high,
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λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:26
on his study table.
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07:28
This repetition of perception is sometimes called "palinopsia."
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이런 지각이 λ°˜λ³΅λ˜λŠ” 것을
λ°˜λ³΅λ³΄μž„μ΄λΌλ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ·Έ 할아버지와 λ‘œμž˜λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ
07:34
With him and with Rosalie,
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07:38
what seems to be going on --
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μΌμ–΄λ‚œ ν˜„μƒμ΄ --
07:40
and Rosalie said, "What's going on?" --
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λ‘œμž˜λ¦¬λŠ” "μ–΄λ–€ 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ³  μžˆλŠλƒ?"κ³  λ¬Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€ --
07:42
and I said that as you lose vision,
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μ‹œλ ₯을 μžƒμœΌλ©΄μ„œ
07:45
as the visual parts of the brain are no longer getting any input,
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λ‡Œμ˜ μ‹œκ° λ‹΄λ‹Ή μ˜μ—­μ΄ 더이상 자극이 λ“€μ–΄μ˜€μ§€ μ•Šκ²Œ λ¨μœΌλ‘œμ„œ
07:48
they become hyperactive and excitable,
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κ³Όλ„ν•˜κ²Œ 민감해지고 ν₯λΆ„ν•œ μƒνƒœκ°€ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:51
and they start to fire spontaneously.
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그리고 자발적으둜 μ „κΈ° 자극이 λ°œμƒν•΄
λˆˆμ— 뭐가 보이기 μ‹œμž‘ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:54
And you start to see things.
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07:56
The things you see can be very complicated indeed.
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λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 것이 κ³¨μΉ˜μ•„ν”ˆ 것듀도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ‚΄ ν™˜μž 쀑 ν•œ λͺ…은
08:00
With another patient of mine who also had some vision,
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샀λ₯Ό λ£°λ¦°κ³Ό 같이 μ•½κ°„μ˜ μ‹œλ ₯이 λ‚¨μ•„μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”λ°
κ·Έλ…€λŠ” κ·Έ λ‚¨μ•„μžˆλŠ” μ‹œλ ₯ λ•Œλ¬Έμ— λ”μš± ν˜Όλž€μŠ€λŸ¬μ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:06
the visions she had could be disturbing.
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08:09
On one occasion, she said she saw a man in a striped shirt in a restaurant.
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ν•œ λ²ˆμ€
λ ˆμŠ€ν† λž‘μ—μ„œ μ€„λ¬΄λŠ¬ μ…”μΈ μ˜ μ–΄λ–€ λ‚¨μžλ₯Ό λ³΄μ•˜λŠ”λ°
08:15
And he turned round,
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κ·Έλ…€λ₯Ό ν–₯ν•΄ λŒμ•„μ„œλ”λ‹ˆ
08:16
and then he divided into six figures in striped shirts,
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6개의 λ˜‘κ°™μ€ ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ λ‚˜λˆ„μ–΄μ Έμ„œ
08:20
who started walking towards her.
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κ·Έλ…€λ₯Ό ν–₯ν•΄ κ±Έμ–΄μ˜€κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:23
And then the six figures came together, like a concertina.
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그리고 κ·Έ 6개의 ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό λ‹€μ‹œ ν•©μ³μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€, 마치 μ»¨μ„œν‹°λ‚˜μ²˜λŸΌ.
08:26
Once, when she was driving,
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ν•œ λ²ˆμ€ μš΄μ „μ„ ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”λ°
08:28
or rather, her husband was driving,
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μ •ν™•νžˆλŠ” κ·Έλ…€μ˜ λ‚¨νŽΈμ΄ μš΄μ „μ„ ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”λ°,
08:30
the road divided into four
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길이 λ„€ 갈래둜 κ°ˆλΌμ Έμ„œ
08:32
and she felt herself going simultaneously up four roads.
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λ„€κ°œμ˜ κΈΈμœ„μ— λͺ¨λ‘ λ™μ‹œμ— μ£Όν–‰ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” μžμ‹ μ„ λ°œκ²¬ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ•Œλ‘œλŠ” 동적인 ν™˜μ‹œλ„ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:37
She had very mobile hallucinations as well.
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08:41
A lot of them had to do with a car.
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μžλ™μ°¨μ™€ κ΄€λ ¨λœ 것이 μ£Όλ‘œμ˜€λŠ”λ°
08:44
Sometimes she would see a teenage boy sitting on the hood of the car.
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 10λŒ€ μ†Œλ…„μ΄
μžλ™μ°¨μ˜ 보닛에 앉아
08:48
He was very tenacious,
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μ°¨κ°€ 움직이면 같이 μš°μ•„ν•˜κ²Œ μ›€μ§μ΄λŠ” 것을
08:50
and he moved rather gracefully when the car turned.
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λ³Έ 적도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:53
And then when they came to a stop,
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μ°¨κ°€ λ©ˆμΆ”λ©΄
08:56
the boy would do a sudden vertical takeoff, 100 foot in the air,
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κ·Έ μ†Œλ…„μ€ κ°‘μžκΈ° 100ν”ΌνŠΈ 상곡을 ν–₯ν•΄ 수직 μƒμŠΉμ„
08:59
and then disappear.
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ν•˜κ³ λŠ” μ‚¬λΌμ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:02
Another patient of mine had a different sort of hallucination.
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또 λ‹€λ₯Έ ν™˜μžλŠ” μ’€ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ ν™˜κ°μ„ κ²½ν—˜ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:07
This was a woman who didn't have trouble with her eyes
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이 μ—¬μžν™˜μžλŠ” λˆˆμ—λŠ” λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μ—†κ³ 
09:10
but the visual parts of her brain,
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λ‡Œμ˜ μ‹œκ°μ˜μ—­μ— λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μžˆλŠ” κ²½μš°μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:12
a little tumor in the occipital cortex.
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후두엽에 μž‘μ€ 쒅양이 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:15
And, above all, she would see cartoons.
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무엇보닀도 κ·Έλ…€μ—κ²ŒλŠ” λ§Œν™”κ·Έλ¦Όμ΄ λ³΄μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:20
And these cartoons would be transparent,
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이 λ§Œν™”λ“€μ€ 투λͺ…ν•΄μ„œ
09:24
and would cover half the visual field, like a screen.
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마치 슀크린처럼 μ‹œμ•Όμ˜ λ°˜μ„ μ°¨μ§€ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:28
And especially, she saw cartoons of Kermit the Frog.
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특히 κ·Έλ…€λŠ” Kermit the Frog(개ꡬ리 캐릭터)이 λ³΄μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:33
(Laughter)
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μ›ƒμŒ
09:35
Now, I don't watch Sesame Street,
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μ €λŠ” 세사미 슀트리트λ₯Ό 보진 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ·Έλ…€λŠ” λ§ν•˜κΈΈ
09:39
but she made a point of saying,
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09:41
"Why Kermit?" she said, "Kermit the Frog means nothing to me."
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"μ™œ ν•˜ν•„ Kermit이 λ³΄μΌκΉŒμš”? Kermit the Frog은 λ‚˜μ—κ²Œ μ•„λ¬΄λŸ° μ˜λ―Έλ„ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:45
You know, I was wondering about Freudian determinants: Why Kermit?
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μ €λŠ” ν”„λ‘œμ΄λ“œκ°€ λ§ν•œ λ¬΄μ˜μ‹μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 생각해 λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ™œ ν•˜ν•„ KermitμΌκΉŒμš”?
09:50
"Kermit the Frog means nothing to me."
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Kermit the Frog은 λ‚˜μ—κ²Œ μ•„λ¬΄λŸ° μ˜λ―Έλ„ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€."
09:52
She didn't mind the cartoons too much.
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” λ§Œν™”κ·Έλ¦Όμ— λŒ€ν•΄ νŠΉλ³„νžˆ μ‹ κ²½μ“°μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:54
But what did disturb her
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κ·Έλ…€κ°€ 신경이 μ“°μ˜€λ˜ 건 반볡적으둜
09:56
was she got very persistent images or hallucinations of faces,
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μ–Όκ΅΄λ“€μ˜ μ΄λ―Έμ§€λ‚˜ ν™˜μ‹œκ°€ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:01
and as with Rosalie, the faces were often deformed,
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λ‘œμž˜λ¦¬μ™€ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ κ·Έ 얼꡴듀은 μ’…μ’…
10:04
with very large teeth or very large eyes.
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μ»€λ‹€λž€ μΉ˜μ•„, μ»€λ‹€λž€ 눈 λ“± μΌκ·ΈλŸ¬μ§„ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:08
And these frightened her.
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” λ‘λ €μ›Œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:11
Well, what is going on with these people?
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λ„λŒ€μ²΄ 이 ν™˜μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ 무슨일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμΌκΉŒμš”?
10:15
As a physician, I have to try and define what's going on
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μ €λŠ” μ˜μ‚¬λ‘œμ„œ ν™˜μžλ₯Ό μ•ˆμ‹¬μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 진단을 ν•˜κ³ 
10:18
and to reassure people,
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원인을 λ°ν˜€μ•Ό ν•  μ˜λ¬΄κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:20
especially to reassure them that they're not going insane.
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특히 ν™˜μžλ“€μ΄ 미치고 μžˆλŠ”κ²Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλŠ” 것을 μ•Œλ €μ€„ ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ•žμ„œ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν–ˆλ“―μ΄ μ•½ 10%의
10:25
Something like 10 percent, as I said,
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10:27
of visually impaired people get these.
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μ‹œκ°μž₯μ• μΈλ“€μ—κ²Œ 이런 ν˜„μƒμ΄ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:30
But no more than one percent of the people acknowledge them,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이 증상을 μΈμ •ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ€ 1%도 μ•ˆλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:34
because they are afraid they will be seen as insane or something.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ •μ‹ μ΄μƒμžλ‘œ 보일까봐 두렡기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
10:37
And if they do mention them to their own doctors,
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λ§Œμ•½ μ˜μ‚¬μ—κ²Œ 증상을 λ°νžŒλ‹€κ³  해도
μ’…μ’… μ˜€μ§„λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:40
they may be misdiagnosed.
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10:42
In particular, the notion is that if you see things or hear things,
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헛것을 λ³΄κ±°λ‚˜ λ“£λŠ”λ‹€λŠ” 것은 정신이
μ΄μƒν•˜λ‹€κ³  여겨지기 쉽기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:45
you're going mad.
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10:47
But the psychotic hallucinations are quite different.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 정신병적 ν™˜κ°κ³ΌλŠ” μ’€ λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:50
Psychotic hallucinations, whether they are visual or vocal,
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정신병적 ν™˜κ° - 그것이 ν™˜μ‹œμ˜ ν˜•νƒœλ“  ν™˜μ²­μ˜ ν˜•νƒœλ“ -
10:53
they address you.
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은 ν™˜μžλ₯Ό μ§μ ‘μ μœΌλ‘œ κ³΅κ²©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ‚œν•˜κ³ 
10:54
They accuse you, they seduce you, they humiliate you, they jeer at you.
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ν˜„ν˜Ήν•˜κ³  κ΅΄μš•κ°μ„ μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λΉ„μ•„λƒ₯거리기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:00
You interact with them.
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ν™˜μžμ™€ ν™˜κ°μ€ μ„œλ‘œ ꡐλ₯˜κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:02
There is none of this quality of being addressed
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 샀λ₯Ό 보넀 μ¦ν›„κ΅°μ˜ ν™˜κ°μ€
11:05
with these Charles Bonnet hallucinations.
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이런 νŠΉμ„±μ΄ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:08
There is a film. You're seeing a film which has nothing to do with you --
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μžμ‹ κ³Ό λ¬΄κ΄€ν•œ μ˜ν™”λ₯Ό λ³΄λŠ” 것과 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:12
or that's how people think about it.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λŠλ‚λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:15
There is also a rare thing called temporal lobe epilepsy,
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λ˜ν•œ λ“œλ¬Έ ν˜„μƒμœΌλ‘œ 츑두엽 κ°„μ§ˆμ΄λΌλŠ” 것이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:19
and sometimes, if one has this,
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이 병이 μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ€
11:22
one may feel oneself transported back to a time and place in the past.
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과거의 μ‹œκ°„κ³Ό μž₯μ†Œλ‘œ μ΄λ™ν•˜λŠ”
κ²½ν—˜μ„ ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:27
You're at a particular road junction.
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μ–΄λ–€ κ΅μ°¨λ‘œμ— μ„œμ„œ
11:29
You smell chestnuts roasting.
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λ°€ κ΅½λŠ” λƒ„μƒˆλ₯Ό 맑으며
11:31
You hear the traffic. All the senses are involved.
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μ˜€κ°€λŠ” μ°¨λ“€μ˜ μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό λ“£κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. λͺ¨λ“  감각이 λ™μ›λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
그리고 μ—¬μžμΉœκ΅¬λ₯Ό κΈ°λ‹€λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:35
And you're waiting for your girl.
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11:36
And it's that Tuesday evening back in 1982.
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그런데 그게 μ˜€λž˜μ „μΈ 1982λ…„μ˜ μ–΄λŠ ν™”μš”μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:40
The temporal lobe hallucinations are all sense hallucinations,
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츑두엽 ν™˜κ°μ€
μ—¬λŸ¬ 감각을 μΉ¨λ²”ν•˜λŠ” ν™˜κ°μœΌλ‘œ
11:44
full of feeling, full of familiarity,
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감정이 ν’λΆ€ν•˜λ©° 낯읡은 λŠλ‚Œμ΄ λ“€λ©°
11:47
located in space and time,
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과거의 νŠΉμ • μž₯μ†Œμ™€ μ‹œκ°„μœΌλ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°€κ³ 
11:49
coherent, dramatic.
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일관성이 있으며 λ“œλΌλ§ˆν‹±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:51
The Charles Bonnet ones are quite different.
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샀λ₯Ό 보넀 증후ꡰ은 μ’€ λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:54
In the Charles Bonnet hallucinations, you have all sorts of levels,
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샀λ₯Ό 보넀 ν™˜κ°μ€
μ—¬λŸ¬ 가지 ν˜•νƒœκ°€ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œλ°
12:00
from the geometrical hallucinations --
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κΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ μΈ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ ν™˜κ°μ—μ„œλΆ€ν„°,
12:02
the pink and blue squares the woman had --
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핑크와 νŒŒλž€μƒ‰ λ„€λͺ¨λ₯Ό λ³Έ μ—¬μ„±μ²˜λŸΌ,
12:05
up to quite elaborate hallucinations
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κ½€ μ •κ΅ν•œ λͺ¨μ–‘κ³Ό 얼꡴이 λ³΄μ΄λŠ” ν™˜κ°κΉŒμ§€
12:09
with figures and especially faces.
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κ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:12
Faces, and sometimes deformed faces,
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μ–Όκ΅΄, κ·Έ μ€‘μ—μ„œλ„ μΌκ·ΈλŸ¬μ§„ 얼꡴이
12:15
are the single commonest thing in these hallucinations.
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κ°€μž₯ ν”ν•œ ν˜•νƒœμ˜
ν™˜κ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:20
And one of the second commonest is cartoons.
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λ‘λ²ˆμ§Έλ‘œ ν”ν•œ 것 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ λ§Œν™”μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:23
So, what is going on?
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μ™œ 이런 ν˜„μƒμ΄ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” κ²ƒμΌκΉŒμš”?
12:26
Fascinatingly, in the last few years,
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ν₯λ―Έλ‘­κ²Œλ„ 졜근 λͺ‡λ…„ 사이에
12:28
it's been possible to do functional brain imagery,
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κΈ°λŠ₯적 λ‡Œμ˜μƒμ΄ κ°€λŠ₯ν•΄μ Έ
12:32
to do fMRI on people as they are hallucinating,
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ν™˜κ°μ„ κ²½ν—˜ν•˜λŠ” λ™μ•ˆμ˜ functional MRIλ₯Ό 찍을 수 있게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
ν™˜κ°μ„ κ²½ν—˜ν•˜λŠ” λ™μ•ˆ μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ
12:37
and, in fact, to find that different parts of the visual brain are activated
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λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ‹œκ° μ˜μ—­μ΄
12:43
as they are hallucinating.
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ν™œμ„±ν™”λ˜λŠ” 것을 λ°œκ²¬ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:45
When people have these simple, geometrical hallucinations,
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κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ κΈ°ν•˜ν•™ 무늬의 ν™˜μ‹œλ₯Ό λ³΄λŠ” 경우
12:48
the primary visual cortex is activated.
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1μ°¨ μ‹œκ° μ˜μ—­μ΄ ν™œμ„±ν™”λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:52
This is the part of the brain which perceives edges and patterns.
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이 μ˜μ—­μ€ μ‚¬λ¬Όμ˜ ν…Œλ‘λ¦¬μ™€ 무늬λ₯Ό μΈμ§€ν•˜λŠ” μ˜μ—­μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:55
You don't form images with your primary visual cortex.
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1μ°¨ μ‹œκ° μ˜μ—­μ—μ„œλŠ” 이미지λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:59
When images are formed,
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이미지λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€λ•ŒλŠ”
13:02
a higher part of the visual cortex is involved, in the temporal lobe.
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츑두엽 μ‹œκ° μ˜μ—­μ˜ 더 높은 단계가
λ™μ›λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
ꡬ체적으둜 μΈ‘λ‘μ—½μ˜ 방좔상 회라고 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ”
13:07
And in particular, one area of the temporal lobe
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13:11
is called the fusiform gyrus.
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뢀뢄이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:13
And it's known that if people have damage in the fusiform gyrus,
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이곳의 손상이 μžˆμ„ 경우
13:17
they may lose the ability to recognize faces.
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얼꡴을 μΈμ‹ν•˜λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯이 μ†μƒλœλ‹€κ³  μ•Œλ €μ Έ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:21
But if there's an abnormal activity in the fusiform gyrus,
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λ§Œμ•½ 방좔상 νšŒκ°€ λΉ„μ •μƒμ μœΌλ‘œ ν™œμ„±ν™”λ˜λ©΄
13:25
they may hallucinate faces,
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ν™˜κ°μœΌλ‘œ 얼꡴이 보일 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:27
and this is exactly what you find in some of these people.
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이 ν™˜μžλ“€μ—μ„œ κ΄€μ°°λœ 것이 λ°”λ‘œ μ΄κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:30
There is an area in the anterior part of this gyrus
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방좔상 회의 μ•žλΆ€λΆ„μ—
13:34
where teeth and eyes are represented,
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μΉ˜μ•„μ™€ λˆˆμ„ λ‹΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” 뢀뢄이 μžˆλŠ”λ°
13:39
and that part of the gyrus is activated
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ν™˜μžλ“€μ΄ μΌκ·ΈλŸ¬μ§„ ν™˜μ‹œλ₯Ό λ³Ό λ•Œ
13:42
when people get the deformed hallucinations.
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이 뢀뢄이 ν™œμ„±ν™”λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:46
There is another part of the brain which is especially activated
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ν™˜μžκ°€ ν™˜μ‹œλ‘œ λ§Œν™”κ°€ 보일 λ•Œ
ν™œμ„±ν™”λ˜λŠ”
13:50
when one sees cartoons.
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뢀뢄은 또 λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:52
It's activated when one recognizes cartoons,
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이 뢀뢄은 μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ λ§Œν™”λ₯Ό λ³΄κ±°λ‚˜
13:55
when one draws cartoons and when one hallucinates them.
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λ§Œν™”λ₯Ό κ·Έλ¦¬κ±°λ‚˜ ν™˜μ‹œλ‘œ λ§Œν™”κ°€ 보일 λ•Œ ν™œμ„±ν™”λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:59
It's very interesting that that should be specific.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ ꡬ체화 λ˜μ–΄μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것이 맀우 ν₯λ―Έλ‘­μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:02
There are other parts of the brain which are specifically involved
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λ‡Œμ˜ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ˜μ—­μ€
14:05
with the recognition and hallucination of buildings and landscapes.
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κ±΄λ¬Όμ΄λ‚˜ 풍경을 μ•Œμ•„λ³΄κ±°λ‚˜ 그런 ν™˜μ‹œλ₯Ό
λ‹΄λ‹Ήν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:09
Around 1970, it was found that there were not only parts of the brain,
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1970λ…„κ²½ 사물을 μΈμ§€ν•˜λŠ”λ° λ‡Œμ˜ νŠΉμ • μ˜μ—­μ΄ κ΄€μ—¬ν•˜λŠ” 것 뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
14:13
but particular cells.
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νŠΉμ • 세포가 κ΄€μ—¬ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것이 λ°ν˜€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:15
"Face cells" were discovered around 1970.
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1970년경에 "얼꡴을 μΈμ§€ν•˜λŠ” 세포"κ°€ 발견된 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:20
And now we know that there are hundreds of other sorts of cells,
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μ΄μ œλŠ” μˆ˜λ°±κ°€μ§€ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 세포가
맀우 ꡬ체적으둜 λ‹΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” 뢀뢄이 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것이
14:24
which can be very, very specific.
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λ°ν˜€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:26
So you may not only have "car" cells, you may have "Aston Martin" cells.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ€
"μžλ™μ°¨" 세포가 μžˆμ„ 뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
"μ• μŠ€ν†€ λ§ˆν‹΄" 세포가 μžˆμ„ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:33
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
14:35
I saw an Aston Martin this morning. I had to bring it in.
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였늘 아침에 μ• μŠ€ν†€ λ§ˆν‹΄ ν•œλŒ€λ₯Ό λ΄€κ±°λ“ μš”.
κΌ­ μ–˜κΈ°ν•˜κ³  μ‹Άμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:38
(Laughter)
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λ‚΄ 머리속 μ–΄λ”˜κ°€μ— μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:40
And now it's in there, somewhere.
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14:42
So --
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
14:44
(Laughter)
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14:45
now, at this level, in what's called the inferotemporal cortex,
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ν•˜μΈ‘λ‘μ—½μ΄λΌλŠ” μ˜μ—­μ—μ„œλŠ”
μ‹œκ°μ  μ΄λ―Έμ§€λ‚˜
14:50
there are only visual images,
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14:52
or figments or fragments.
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μƒμƒμ˜ μ‚°λ¬Ό λ˜λŠ” μ‘°κ°λ“€λ§Œ 인지할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:55
It's only at higher levels that the other senses join in
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더 높은 레벨의 μ˜μ—­μ—μ„œλ§Œ
λ‹€λ₯Έ 감각듀이 λ™μ›λ˜κ³ 
15:00
and there are connections with memory and emotion.
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κΈ°μ–΅κ³Ό 감정과 μ—°κ²°λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
샀λ₯Ό 보넀 μ¦ν›„κ΅°μ—μ„œλŠ”
15:03
And in the Charles Bonnet syndrome,
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15:04
you don't go to those higher levels.
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이 높은 μ˜μ—­κΉŒμ§€λŠ” μΉ¨λ²”ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:07
You're in these levels of inferior visual cortex,
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ν•˜λΆ€ μ‹œκ° μ˜μ—­μ˜ λ ˆλ²¨μ—μ„œ
15:10
where you have thousands and tens of thousands
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수천 개, 수만 개
15:12
and millions of images,
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수백만 개의 μ΄λ―Έμ§€λ‚˜
15:15
or figments or fragmentary figments,
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μƒμƒμ˜ μ‚°λ¬Ό, λ˜λŠ” μƒμƒμ˜ 쑰각듀이
15:17
all neurally encoded in particular cells or small clusters of cells.
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νŠΉμ • μ‹ κ²½μ„Έν¬λ‚˜ 세포 그룹에
세겨져 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:23
Normally, these are all part of the integrated stream of perception,
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μ •μƒμ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” 이 λͺ¨λ“  것듀이
μ§€κ°μ΄λ‚˜ 상상을 ν•˜λŠ” κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ ν•œ λΆ€λΆ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:29
or imagination,
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15:30
and one is not conscious of them.
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λ³΄ν†΅μ˜ κ²½μš°λŠ” 인식을 λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:33
It is only if one is visually impaired or blind
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ‹œκ° μž₯μ• κ°€ μžˆλŠ” 경우
15:37
that the process is interrupted.
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이 과정이 μ€‘λ‹¨λ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:39
And instead of getting normal perception,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 정상적인 지각이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” λŒ€μ‹ 
15:42
you're getting an anarchic,
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λ¬΄μ§ˆμ„œμ˜,
15:44
convulsive stimulation, or release,
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λ°œμž‘μ μΈ 자극이
15:47
of all of these visual cells in the inferotemporal cortex.
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이 ν•˜μΈ‘λ‘μ—½μ— μžˆλŠ” μ‹œκ°μ„Έν¬λ“€μ—μ„œ
μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:51
So, suddenly, you see a face. Suddenly, you see a car.
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κ°‘μžκΈ° 얼꡴이 보이고 κ°‘μžκΈ° μžλ™μ°¨κ°€ 보이게 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:54
Suddenly this and suddenly that.
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κ°‘μžκΈ° 이것 저것 λ³΄μ΄λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:57
The mind does its best to organize
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λ‡ŒλŠ” 이런 ν˜„μƒμœΌλ‘œ λ…Όλ¦¬μ μœΌλ‘œ μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
15:59
and to give some sort of coherence to this,
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λ…Έλ ₯ν•˜κ³  논리λ₯Ό 찾으렀고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:02
but not terribly successfully.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ‹€νŒ¨ν•˜κ³  λ§™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:04
When these were first described,
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맨 처음 이 ν˜„μƒμ΄ μ•Œλ €μ‘Œμ„ λ•Œ
16:06
it was thought that they could be interpreted like dreams.
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이 ν˜„μƒμ„ 마치 꿈과 같이 해석해야 ν•œλ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:10
But, in fact, people say,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ‹€μ œλ‘œλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
16:12
"I don't recognize the people. I can't form any associations.
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"λ‚œ 이 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ–΄λ–€ 연관성을 찾을 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€"
"Kermit이 λ‚΄κ²ŒλŠ” μ•„λ¬΄λŸ° μ˜λ―Έκ°€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€"라고 μ–˜κΈ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:16
Kermit means nothing to me."
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16:18
You don't get anywhere, thinking of them as dreams.
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이 ν˜„μƒμ„ 꿈으둜 ν•΄μ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 아무것도 μ•Œμ•„λ‚Ό 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ œκ°€ ν•˜κ³  싢은 μ–˜κΈ°λŠ” μ–΄λŠ 정도 ν•œ κ±° κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:24
Well, I've more or less said what I wanted.
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16:28
I think I just want to recapitulate and say this is common.
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μ €λŠ” 이 ν˜„μƒμœΌλ‘œ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ³ 
이것이 ν”ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œλ¦¬κ³  μ‹Άμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:33
Think of the number of blind people.
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ‹œκ°μž₯애인듀을 생각해 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
16:35
There must be hundreds of thousands of blind people
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μˆ˜μ‹­λ§Œλͺ…μ˜ μ‹œκ°μž₯애인듀이
16:37
who have these hallucinations
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이런 ν™˜κ°μ„ κ²½ν—˜ν•˜κ³  μžˆμœΌλ©΄μ„œλ„
16:39
but are too scared to mention them.
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밝히기λ₯Ό λ‘λ €μ›Œν•˜κ³  μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:41
So this sort of thing needs to be brought into notice,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이런 이야기듀은 널리
ν™˜μžλ“€κ³Ό μ˜μ‚¬, λŒ€μ€‘λ“€μ—κ²Œ μ•Œλ €μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:47
for patients, for doctors, for the public.
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16:49
Finally, I think they are infinitely interesting and valuable,
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ μ €λŠ”
λ‡Œκ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž‘μš©ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ•Œλ¦¬λŠ” 것이
16:55
for giving one some insight as to how the brain works.
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맀우 ν₯λ―Έλ‘­κ³  κ°€μΉ˜μžˆλŠ” 일이라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:59
Charles Bonnet said, 250 years ago --
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250λ…„μ „ 샀λ₯Ό λ³΄λ„€λŠ”
17:02
he wondered how, thinking of these hallucinations,
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이런 ν™˜κ°μ— λŒ€ν•΄ κΆκΈˆν•΄ ν•˜λ©°
17:06
how, as he put it, the theater of the mind
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ‡ŒλΌλŠ” 기계가
17:09
could be generated by the machinery of the brain.
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λ§ˆμŒμ΄λΌλŠ” μž‘ν’ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“œλŠ”μ§€ κΆκΈˆν•΄ ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:12
Now, 250 years later,
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이제 250년이 μ§€λ‚œ μ§€κΈˆ
17:15
I think we're beginning to glimpse how this is done.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έ 내막을 μ‘°κΈˆμ€ μ•Œ 것 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:18
Thanks very much.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:19
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
17:22
Chris Anderson: That was superb. Thank you so much.
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Chris Anderson: ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ κ°•μ˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ„ˆλ¬΄ κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:25
You speak about these things with so much insight
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λ°•μ‚¬λ‹˜μ€ 이런 이야기λ₯Ό κΉŠμ€ 톡찰λ ₯κ³Ό
17:28
and empathy for your patients.
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ν™˜μžμ— λŒ€ν•œ 곡감을 κ°–κ³  말씀을 ν•˜μ‹­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:31
Have you yourself experienced any of the syndromes you write about?
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λ°•μ‚¬λ‹˜μ΄ μ €μˆ ν•˜λŠ” 증상듀 쀑 직접 κ²½ν—˜ν•œ 것이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
17:35
Oliver Sacks: I was afraid you would ask that.
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Sacks: κ·Έ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ ν• κΉŒλ΄ κ±±μ •ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
17:37
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
17:39
Well, yeah, a lot of them.
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μ†”μ§νžˆ κ½€ κ²½ν—˜ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:42
And, actually, I'm a little visually impaired myself.
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사싀 λ‚˜ μžμ‹ λ„ μ•½κ°„μ˜ μ‹œκ° μž₯μ• κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:45
I'm blind in one eye and not terribly good in the other.
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ν•œμͺ½λˆˆμ€ μž₯λ‹˜μ΄κ³  λ‹€λ₯Έ μͺ½λ„ 잘 μ•ˆλ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:48
And I see the geometrical hallucinations.
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κΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ  ν™˜μ‹œκ°€ 보일 λ•Œκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:52
But they stop there.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κ±°κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:53
CA: And they don't disturb you?
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C.A.: λ°©ν•΄λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”κ°€μš”?
17:55
Because you understand what's doing it, it doesn't make you worried?
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μ™œ κ·ΈλŸ°μ§€ μ•ŒκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 걱정이 μ•ˆλ˜μ‹œλ‚˜μš”?
O.S.: 이λͺ…(κ·€μ—μ„œ λ“€λ¦¬λŠ” μ†ŒμŒμ— λŒ€ν•œ 주관적 λŠλ‚Œ)보닀 더 λ°©ν•΄λ˜μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ•„μš”.
17:59
OS: Well, they don't disturb me any more than my tinnitus,
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18:02
which I ignore.
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λ¬΄μ‹œν•˜κ³  μ‚½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:05
They occasionally interest me,
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가끔은 제 관심을 λ•λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:07
and I have many pictures of them in my notebooks.
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제 λ…ΈνŠΈλΆμ— κ·Έ 사진듀이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:10
I've gone and had an fMRI myself,
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κ°€μ„œ fMRIλ₯Ό 검사해
18:13
to see how my visual cortex is ticking over.
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λ‚΄ μ‹œκ° μ˜μ—­μ΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ§€λ°°ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€ λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:16
And when I see all these hexagons
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μ˜¨κ°– μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ μœ‘κ°ν˜•μ΄λ‚˜
18:20
and complex things, which I also have,
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λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 사물듀이
18:22
in visual migraine,
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νŽΈλ‘ν†΅μ²˜λŸΌ 보일 λ•Œ,
18:24
I wonder whether everyone sees things like this
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ„ 이런 것듀이 λ³΄μ΄λŠ”μ§€,
18:26
and whether things like cave art or ornamental art
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λ™κ΅΄λ²½ν™”λ‚˜ μž₯μ‹ν’ˆ 예술이
18:29
may have been derived from them a bit.
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이런 ν˜„μƒμ—μ„œ λΉ„λ‘―λœ 건 μ•„λ‹Œμ§€ κΆκΈˆν•΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:32
CA: That was an utterly, utterly fascinating talk.
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C.A.: λ„ˆλ¬΄ ν₯미둜운 κ°•μ˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:34
Thank you so much for sharing.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:36
OS: Thank you. Thank you.
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O.S.: κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:38
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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