What hallucination reveals about our minds | Oliver Sacks

5,928,859 views ใƒป 2009-09-18

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yifat Adler ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
We see with the eyes,
0
12985
1960
ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.
00:14
but we see with the brain as well.
1
14969
2445
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—.
00:18
And seeing with the brain is often called imagination.
2
18160
3839
ืจืื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช - ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ.
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• -
00:23
And we are familiar with the landscapes of our own imagination,
3
23142
4183
00:27
our inscapes.
4
27349
1370
ื”ื ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•. ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
00:28
We've lived with them all our lives.
5
28743
2000
00:31
But there are also hallucinations as well.
6
31466
3493
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื’ื ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช.
00:35
And hallucinations are completely different.
7
35492
2644
ื•ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
00:38
They don't seem to be of our creation.
8
38160
2110
ื”ืŸ ืœื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื• ื™ืฆืจื ื•.
00:40
They don't seem to be under control.
9
40294
2040
ื”ืŸ ืœื ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื ื•.
00:42
They seem to come from the outside and to mimic perception.
10
42358
4290
ื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ
ื•ืžื—ืงื•ืช ืชืคื™ืกื”.
00:47
So I am going to be talking about hallucinations
11
47120
4071
ืื ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช -
00:51
and a particular sort of visual hallucination,
12
51215
3111
ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ื” ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช
00:55
which I see among my patients.
13
55818
3047
ืฉืื ื™ ืคื•ื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื™.
01:00
A few months ago, I got a phone call from a nursing home where I work.
14
60754
5412
ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื™ื—ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ
ืžื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“.
01:06
They told me that one of their residents, an old lady in her 90s,
15
66656
4733
ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืœื™ ืฉืื—ืช ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื, ื’ื‘ืจืช ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90
01:11
was seeing things,
16
71413
1490
ืจื•ืื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
01:13
and they wondered if she'd gone bonkers
17
73762
2686
ื”ื ืชื”ื• ืื ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆืื” ืžื“ืขืชื”.
01:16
or, because she was an old lady,
18
76472
1546
ืื•, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื‘ืจืช ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช,
01:18
whether she'd had a stroke, or whether she had Alzheimer's.
19
78042
3288
ืื ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืฉื‘ืฅ, ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ.
01:21
And so they asked me if I would come and see Rosalie,
20
81354
4181
ื”ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืฉืื’ื™ืข ื•ืืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ืจื•ื–ืœื™,
01:26
the old lady.
21
86638
1222
ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช.
01:28
I went in to see her.
22
88487
1649
ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื”.
01:30
It was evident straightaway that she was perfectly sane
23
90518
4590
ื•ืชื›ืฃ ื•ืžื™ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ
ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉืคื•ื™ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
01:35
and lucid and of good intelligence,
24
95132
3792
ื•ืฆืœื•ืœื” ื•ืฉื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ.
01:38
but she'd been very startled and very bewildered,
25
98948
3365
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื‘ื•ื”ืœืช ื•ืžืื•ื“ ื ื‘ื•ื›ื”
01:42
because she'd been seeing things.
26
102337
2010
ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืจืืชื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
01:45
And she told me -- the nurses hadn't mentioned this --
27
105832
4304
ื•ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืคืจื” ืœื™,
ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื–ื”,
01:50
that she was blind,
28
110160
2276
ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช,
01:52
that she had been completely blind from macular degeneration for five years.
29
112460
4821
ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืขืงื‘ ื ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืœืจื™.
01:57
But now, for the last few days, she'd been seeing things.
30
117305
3550
ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
02:00
So I said, "What sort of things?"
31
120879
1997
ืื– ืฉืืœืชื™, "ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื?"
02:02
And she said, "People in Eastern dress,
32
122900
3717
ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื ืชื”, "ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืžื–ืจื—ื™,
02:06
in drapes, walking up and down stairs.
33
126641
2994
ื‘ื’ืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช;
02:10
A man who turns towards me and smiles,
34
130450
3159
ืื“ื ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืœืขื‘ืจื™ ื•ืžื—ื™ื™ืš,
02:13
but he has huge teeth on one side of his mouth.
35
133633
3339
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื”;
02:17
Animals too.
36
137670
1335
ื•ื’ื ื—ื™ื•ืช.
02:19
I see a white building. It's snowing, a soft snow.
37
139757
3008
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ. ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ ืฉืœื’, ืฉืœื’ ืจืš.
02:22
I see this horse with a harness, dragging the snow away.
38
142789
3985
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืกื•ืก, ืขื ืจืชืžื”, ื’ื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื’ ื”ืœืื”.
02:27
Then, one night, the scene changes.
39
147687
3275
ื•ืื–, ืœื™ืœื” ืื—ื“, ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉืชื ื”.
02:30
I see cats and dogs walking towards me.
40
150986
2554
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืงืจืืชื™.
02:33
They come to a certain point and then stop.
41
153564
2634
ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืขื“ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื•ืื– ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื.
02:36
Then it changes again.
42
156730
1563
ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืฉืชื ื”.
02:38
I see a lot of children. They're walking up and down stairs.
43
158317
3122
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื”ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช.
02:41
They wear bright colors, rose and blue,
44
161463
2937
ื”ื ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื–ื™ื - ื•ืจื•ื“ ื•ื›ื—ื•ืœ,
02:44
like Eastern dress."
45
164424
1590
ื›ืžื• ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืžื–ืจื—ื™."
02:47
Sometimes, she said, before the people come on,
46
167017
3577
ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื
02:50
she may hallucinate pink and blue squares on the floor,
47
170618
3518
ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืื” ืจื™ื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื”,
02:54
which seem to go up to the ceiling.
48
174160
1888
ืฉืขื•ืœื™ื ืืœ ื”ืชืงืจื”.
02:57
I said, "Is this like a dream?"
49
177016
4598
"ืื–," ืืžืจืชื™, "ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื—ืœื•ื?"
03:01
And she said, "No, it's not like a dream. It's like a movie."
50
181638
3359
ื•ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื”, "ืœื, ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืžื• ื—ืœื•ื. ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืกืจื˜."
ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื”, "ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืฆื‘ืขื™ื. ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืชื ื•ืขื”.
03:05
She said, "It's got color. It's got motion.
51
185021
2639
03:07
But it's completely silent, like a silent movie."
52
187684
3452
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉืงื˜ ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื›ืžื• ืกืจื˜ ืื™ืœื."
03:11
And she said it's a rather boring movie.
53
191160
2254
ื•ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืฉื–ื” ืกืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืฉืขืžื.
03:13
(Laughter)
54
193438
1001
ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื”, "ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™
03:14
She said, "All these people with Eastern dress,
55
194463
2205
03:16
walking up and down, very repetitive, very limited."
56
196692
3994
ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื. ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•. ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ."
03:20
(Laughter)
57
200710
1402
[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
03:22
And she had a sense of humor.
58
202136
2771
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ.
03:24
She knew it was a hallucination, but she was frightened.
59
204931
3302
ื”ื™ื ื™ื“ืขื” ืฉืืœื• ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช.
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืคื•ื—ื“ืช.
03:28
She had lived 95 years,
60
208257
1364
03:29
and she'd never had a hallucination before.
61
209645
2277
ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื” 95 ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช.
03:32
She said that the hallucinations were unrelated to anything she was thinking
62
212407
5056
ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืฉื”ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช
ืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœื™ื• ืื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืื• ืขื•ืฉื”.
03:37
or feeling or doing,
63
217487
2594
ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืขืฆืžืŸ ื•ื ืขืœืžื•ืช ืžืขืฆืžืŸ.
03:40
that they seemed to come on by themselves, or disappear.
64
220105
3767
03:43
She had no control over them.
65
223896
2200
ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืฉื•ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ.
ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื–ื”ื”
03:46
She said she didn't recognize any of the people or places
66
226120
3518
ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
03:49
in the hallucinations,
67
229662
1746
ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช.
03:51
and none of the people or the animals --
68
231432
2249
ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช
03:53
well, they all seemed oblivious of her.
69
233705
2805
ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžืžื ื”.
03:57
And she didn't know what was going on.
70
237383
2017
ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”.
03:59
She wondered if she was going mad or losing her mind.
71
239424
3932
ื”ื™ื ืชื”ืชื” ืื ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชื’ืขืช,
ืื• ืžืื‘ื“ืช ืืช ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช ื“ืขืชื”.
04:03
Well, I examined her carefully.
72
243380
2509
ื‘ื“ืงืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.
04:05
She was a bright old lady,
73
245913
2389
ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื‘ืจืช ื–ืงื ื” ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื”.
ืฉืคื•ื™ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ืœืœื ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช.
04:08
perfectly sane.
74
248326
1341
04:09
She had no medical problems.
75
249691
1910
04:11
She wasn't on any medications which could produce hallucinations.
76
251625
3596
ื”ื™ื ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื–ื™ื•ืช.
04:15
But she was blind.
77
255245
1481
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช.
04:17
And I then said to her, "I think I know what you have."
78
257817
3803
ื•ืื– ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื”,
"ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืžื” ื–ื” ื ื•ื‘ืข."
04:21
I said, "There is a special form of visual hallucination
79
261644
3617
ืืžืจืชื™, "ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ื” ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช
04:25
which may go with deteriorating vision or blindness.
80
265285
3952
ืฉื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจืื™ื”, ืื• ืžืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ."
04:29
This was originally described," I said,
81
269800
2217
"ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืชื™ืืจื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื”," ืืžืจืชื™,
04:32
"right back in the 18th century,
82
272041
2222
"ื‘ืžืื” ื”-18,
04:34
by a man called Charles Bonnet.
83
274287
2955
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื ืฆ'ืจืœืก ื‘ื•ื ื”.
04:37
And you have Charles Bonnet syndrome.
84
277266
2847
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืกื™ื ื“ืจื•ื ืฆ'ืจืœืก ื‘ื•ื ื”.
04:40
There's nothing wrong with your brain. There's nothing wrong with your mind.
85
280137
3660
ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœืš ืชืงื™ืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœืš ืชืงื™ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืกื™ื ื“ืจื•ื ืฆ'ืจืœืก ื‘ื•ื ื”."
04:43
You have Charles Bonnet syndrome."
86
283821
1832
04:45
And she was very relieved at this,
87
285677
2825
ื•ื”ื•ืงืœ ืœื” ืžืื•ื“
04:48
that there was nothing seriously the matter,
88
288526
2746
ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื”
04:51
and also rather curious.
89
291296
3467
ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื“ื™ ื”ืกืชืงืจื ื”.
04:54
She said, "Who is this Charles Bonnet?"
90
294787
2983
ื”ื™ื ืฉืืœื”, "ืžื™ ื–ื” ื”ืฆ'ืจืœืก ื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื”?"
04:57
She said, "Did he have them himself?"
91
297794
1973
ื”ื™ื ืฉืืœื”, "ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”?"
05:00
And she said, "Tell all the nurses that I have Charles Bonnet syndrome."
92
300267
5472
ื•ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื”, "ืชืกืคืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืกื™ื ื“ืจื•ื ืฆ'ืจืœืก ื‘ื•ื ื”."
05:05
(Laughter)
93
305763
1500
[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
05:07
"I'm not crazy. I'm not demented. I have Charles Bonnet syndrome."
94
307287
4037
"ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืฉื•ื’ืขืช. ืœื ืื™ื‘ื“ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืกื™ื ื“ืจื•ื ืฆ'ืจืœืก ื‘ื•ื ื”."
05:12
Well, so, I did tell the nurses.
95
312160
2101
ืื– ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœืื—ื™ื•ืช.
05:14
Now this, for me, is a common situation.
96
314285
2851
ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ื–ื”ื• ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื’ืจืชื™.
05:17
I work in old-age homes, largely.
97
317160
2746
ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ.
05:19
I see a lot of elderly people
98
319930
2167
ืื ื™ ืคื•ื’ืฉ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
ืขื ืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™ ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืื• ืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™ ืจืื™ื”.
05:22
who are hearing-impaired or visually impaired.
99
322121
2957
05:25
About 10 percent of the hearing-impaired people
100
325102
2652
ื›-10 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืงื•ื™ื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื”
05:27
get musical hallucinations.
101
327778
2570
ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช.
05:30
And about 10 percent of the visually impaired people
102
330372
2981
ื›-10 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืงื•ื™ื™ ื”ืจืื™ื”
05:33
get visual hallucinations.
103
333377
1897
ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
05:35
You don't have to be completely blind,
104
335298
2261
ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื,
05:37
only sufficiently impaired.
105
337583
2270
ืจืง ืœืงื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกืคืงืช.
05:39
Now, with the original description in the 18th century,
106
339877
3887
ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-18
05:43
Charles Bonnet did not have them.
107
343788
1815
ืฆ'ืจืœืก ื‘ื•ื ื” ืœื ืกื‘ืœ ืžื”ืŸ,
05:45
His grandfather had these hallucinations.
108
345627
2742
ืœืกื‘ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
05:48
His grandfather was a magistrate, an elderly man.
109
348393
3340
ืกื‘ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฉืœื•ื, ืื“ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ.
05:51
He'd had cataract surgery.
110
351757
2233
ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืงื˜ืจืงื˜.
05:54
His vision was pretty poor.
111
354014
2251
ื”ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ื™ ื—ืœืฉื”.
05:56
And in 1759, he described to his grandson
112
356289
5165
ื‘-1759 ื”ื•ื ืชื™ืืจ ืœื ื›ื“ ืฉืœื•
06:01
various things he was seeing.
113
361478
2317
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื”.
06:03
The first thing he said was he saw a handkerchief in midair.
114
363819
3448
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื”
ื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ืคื—ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
06:07
It was a large blue handkerchief with four orange circles.
115
367291
3845
ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื˜ืคื—ืช ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
ืขื 4 ืขื™ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืชื•ืžื™ื.
06:11
And he knew it was a hallucination.
116
371616
2371
ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื–ื™ื”.
06:14
You don't have handkerchiefs in midair.
117
374011
2363
ืžื˜ืคื—ื•ืช ืœื ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
06:16
And then he saw a big wheel in midair.
118
376398
3287
ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ื’ืœื’ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
06:20
But sometimes he wasn't sure whether he was hallucinating or not,
119
380487
4950
ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื–ื” ืื• ืœื.
06:25
because the hallucinations would fit in the context of the visions.
120
385461
3675
ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ืžื•
ืœื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื”.
06:29
So on one occasion, when his granddaughters were visiting them,
121
389160
3821
ืคืขื ืื—ืช, ื›ืฉื”ื ื›ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ื™ืงืจื• ืื•ืชื•
ื”ื•ื ืฉืืœ, "ื•ืžื™ ื”ื ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื ืื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืื™ืชื›ืŸ?"
06:33
he said, "And who are these handsome young men with you?"
122
393005
3143
06:36
(Laughter)
123
396172
1015
06:37
And they said, "Alas, Grandpapa, there are no handsome young men."
124
397211
4634
ื•ื”ืŸ ืืžืจื•, "ืื‘ืœ, ืกื‘ื, ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืฉื•ื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ื ืื™ื."
06:41
And then the handsome young men disappeared.
125
401869
2393
ื•ืื– ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืขืœืžื•.
06:45
It's typical of these hallucinations
126
405619
2517
ื–ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืœื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
06:48
that they may come in a flash and disappear in a flash.
127
408160
2976
ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ื‘ื–ืง ื•ื ืขืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื‘ื–ืง.
06:51
They don't usually fade in and out.
128
411160
2568
ื‘ื“"ื› ื”ืŸ ืœื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื ืžื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”.
06:53
They are rather sudden, and they change suddenly.
129
413752
3343
ื”ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
ืฆ'ืจืœืก ืœื•ืœื ื“, ื”ืกื‘ื
06:57
Charles Lullin, the grandfather,
130
417119
2017
06:59
saw hundreds of different figures,
131
419160
2976
ืจืื” ืžืื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
07:02
different landscapes of all sorts.
132
422160
2611
ื ื•ืคื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื.
07:04
On one occasion, he saw a man in a bathrobe smoking a pipe,
133
424795
3813
ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ืื“ื ื‘ื—ืœื•ืง ืจื—ืฆื” ืžืขืฉืŸ ืžืงื˜ืจืช,
07:08
and realized it was himself.
134
428632
2072
ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื•.
07:11
That was the only figure he recognized.
135
431466
2670
ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื™ื”ื”.
07:14
On one occasion, when he was walking in the streets of Paris,
136
434854
3282
ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืœืš ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคืจื™ืก,
07:18
he saw -- this was real -- a scaffolding.
137
438160
3039
ื”ื•ื ืจืื”, ื•ื”ืคืขื ื‘ืืžืช, ืคื™ื’ื•ืžื™ื.
07:21
But when he got back home, he saw a miniature of the scaffolding,
138
441223
3514
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืžื™ื
07:24
six inches high,
139
444761
1726
ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 15 ืก"ืž ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื•.
07:26
on his study table.
140
446511
1768
07:28
This repetition of perception is sometimes called "palinopsia."
141
448303
4832
ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื”
ื ืงืจืืช ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืคืœื™ื ื•ืคืกื™ื”.
ืืฆืœื•, ื•ืืฆืœ ืจื•ื–ืœื™,
07:34
With him and with Rosalie,
142
454605
3927
07:38
what seems to be going on --
143
458556
1580
ืžื” ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ืงื•ืจื”...
07:40
and Rosalie said, "What's going on?" --
144
460160
2148
ื•ืจื•ื–ืœื™ ืืžืจื”, "ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืคื”?"
07:42
and I said that as you lose vision,
145
462332
2804
ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื” ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื”,
07:45
as the visual parts of the brain are no longer getting any input,
146
465160
3048
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื,
07:48
they become hyperactive and excitable,
147
468232
3082
ื”ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ื”ื™ืคืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
07:51
and they start to fire spontaneously.
148
471338
2701
ื•ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™.
ื•ืื– ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
07:54
And you start to see things.
149
474063
2150
07:56
The things you see can be very complicated indeed.
150
476237
4530
ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื.
ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœื™,
08:00
With another patient of mine who also had some vision,
151
480791
5050
ืฉื’ื ืœื” ื ื•ืชืจื• ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืจืื™ื”,
ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ืžืจืื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื™ื.
08:06
the visions she had could be disturbing.
152
486989
2536
08:09
On one occasion, she said she saw a man in a striped shirt in a restaurant.
153
489549
5587
ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืคืจื” ืฉืคืขื ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืจืืชื”
ืื“ื ื‘ื—ื•ืœืฆืช ืคืกื™ื ื‘ืžืกืขื“ื”.
08:15
And he turned round,
154
495160
1296
ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘.
08:16
and then he divided into six figures in striped shirts,
155
496480
4103
ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ืœืง ืœืฉืฉ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช ืคืกื™ื
08:20
who started walking towards her.
156
500607
2410
ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืœืขื‘ืจื”.
08:23
And then the six figures came together, like a concertina.
157
503041
3409
ื•ืื– ืฉืฉ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืื—ื“ื• ื›ืžื• ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ื”.
08:26
Once, when she was driving,
158
506474
1722
ืคืขื, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื”ื’ื”,
08:28
or rather, her husband was driving,
159
508220
1916
ืื• ื‘ืขืฆื, ื›ืฉื‘ืขืœื” ื ื”ื’,
08:30
the road divided into four
160
510160
2292
ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื—ืœืงื” ืœืืจื‘ืข.
08:32
and she felt herself going simultaneously up four roads.
161
512476
3876
ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื.
ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ื’ื ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื ื•ืขื”.
08:37
She had very mobile hallucinations as well.
162
517019
4791
08:41
A lot of them had to do with a car.
163
521834
2170
ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช.
08:44
Sometimes she would see a teenage boy sitting on the hood of the car.
164
524028
4830
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ืจืืชื” ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ
ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืžื›ืกื” ื”ืžื ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช.
08:48
He was very tenacious,
165
528882
1497
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืข ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ื™ื•ืช
08:50
and he moved rather gracefully when the car turned.
166
530403
3300
ื›ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื”.
08:53
And then when they came to a stop,
167
533727
2409
ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืขืฆืจื”,
08:56
the boy would do a sudden vertical takeoff, 100 foot in the air,
168
536160
3537
ื”ื ืขืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืชืื•ืžื™ ืžืžืจื™ื ืื ื›ื™ืช
08:59
and then disappear.
169
539721
1412
ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 30 ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื•ืื– ื ืขืœื.
09:02
Another patient of mine had a different sort of hallucination.
170
542537
4599
ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช.
09:07
This was a woman who didn't have trouble with her eyes
171
547160
2887
ืœืื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขืฆืžืŸ,
09:10
but the visual parts of her brain,
172
550071
2065
ืืœื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— -
09:12
a little tumor in the occipital cortex.
173
552160
3658
ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื” ื”ืขื•ืจืคื™ืช.
09:15
And, above all, she would see cartoons.
174
555842
3781
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ, ื”ื™ื ืจืืชื” ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื.
09:20
And these cartoons would be transparent,
175
560448
4507
ื•ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื
09:24
and would cover half the visual field, like a screen.
176
564979
3963
ื•ื›ื™ืกื• ื—ืฆื™ ืžืฉื“ื” ื”ืจืื™ื”, ื›ืžื• ืžืกืš.
09:28
And especially, she saw cartoons of Kermit the Frog.
177
568966
4779
ื•ื”ื™ื ืจืืชื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจืžื™ื˜ ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืข.
09:33
(Laughter)
178
573769
1452
[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
09:35
Now, I don't watch Sesame Street,
179
575245
4706
ืื ื™ ืœื ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืกื•ืžืกื•ื.
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ื•ืืžืจื”,
09:39
but she made a point of saying,
180
579975
1771
09:41
"Why Kermit?" she said, "Kermit the Frog means nothing to me."
181
581770
3366
"ืœืžื” ืงืจืžื™ื˜? ืœืงืจืžื™ื˜ ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื™."
09:45
You know, I was wondering about Freudian determinants: Why Kermit?
182
585160
5111
ื•ืื ื™ ืชื”ื™ืชื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื“.
ืœืžื” ืงืจืžื™ื˜?
09:50
"Kermit the Frog means nothing to me."
183
590295
2365
"ืœืงืจืžื™ื˜ ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื™."
09:52
She didn't mind the cartoons too much.
184
592684
2182
ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ื˜ืจื™ื“ื• ืื•ืชื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš,
09:54
But what did disturb her
185
594890
1588
ืื‘ืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืขืงืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื
09:56
was she got very persistent images or hallucinations of faces,
186
596502
4570
ื”ืคืจื™ืขื• ืœื” ืžืื•ื“.
10:01
and as with Rosalie, the faces were often deformed,
187
601096
3487
ื•ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ืจื•ื–ืœื™, ื”ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืขื•ื•ืชื™ื
10:04
with very large teeth or very large eyes.
188
604607
3138
ืขื ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืื• ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืื•ื“.
10:08
And these frightened her.
189
608160
2254
ื•ื”ื ื”ืคื—ื™ื“ื• ืื•ืชื”.
10:11
Well, what is going on with these people?
190
611422
3778
ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืืฆืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
10:15
As a physician, I have to try and define what's going on
191
615224
3614
ื›ืจื•ืคื, ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืฉื
10:18
and to reassure people,
192
618862
1706
ื•ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข ืื ืฉื™ื.
10:20
especially to reassure them that they're not going insane.
193
620592
3544
ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข ืื•ืชื ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื’ืข.
ื›-10 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™,
10:25
Something like 10 percent, as I said,
194
625179
2225
10:27
of visually impaired people get these.
195
627428
2953
ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืงื•ื™ื™ ื”ืจืื™ื” ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืคืขื”.
10:30
But no more than one percent of the people acknowledge them,
196
630405
3731
ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืš.
10:34
because they are afraid they will be seen as insane or something.
197
634160
3356
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆืื• ืžื“ืขืชื.
10:37
And if they do mention them to their own doctors,
198
637540
2448
ื•ืื ื”ื ืžืชื™ื™ืขืฆื™ื ืขื ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉืœื”ื -
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื‘ื•ืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื‘ื—ื ื•ืช.
10:40
they may be misdiagnosed.
199
640012
1855
10:42
In particular, the notion is that if you see things or hear things,
200
642240
3516
ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
ืื• ืฉื•ืžืข ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืืชื” ืžืฉืชื’ืข.
10:45
you're going mad.
201
645780
1226
10:47
But the psychotic hallucinations are quite different.
202
647030
3025
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
10:50
Psychotic hallucinations, whether they are visual or vocal,
203
650079
3199
ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืื• ืงื•ืœื™ื•ืช
10:53
they address you.
204
653302
1176
ืคื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื™ื›ื. ื”ืŸ ืžืืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืืชื›ื.
10:54
They accuse you, they seduce you, they humiliate you, they jeer at you.
205
654502
4710
ื”ืŸ ืžืคืชื•ืช ืืชื›ื. ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืคื™ืœื•ืช ืืชื›ื.
ื”ืŸ ืœื•ืขื’ื•ืช ืœื›ื.
11:00
You interact with them.
206
660232
1585
ืืชื ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืื™ืชืŸ.
11:02
There is none of this quality of being addressed
207
662803
2971
ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืงื•ืจื”
11:05
with these Charles Bonnet hallucinations.
208
665798
2461
ื‘ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืจืœืก ื‘ื•ื ื”.
11:08
There is a film. You're seeing a film which has nothing to do with you --
209
668283
4603
ื™ืฉ ืกืจื˜ ื•ืืชื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืฉื›ืœืœ ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ ืืœื™ื›ื.
11:12
or that's how people think about it.
210
672910
2542
ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
11:15
There is also a rare thing called temporal lobe epilepsy,
211
675888
3809
ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื“ื™ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ืืคื™ืœืคืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื” ื”ืจืงืชื™ืช.
11:19
and sometimes, if one has this,
212
679721
2415
ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžื›ืš,
11:22
one may feel oneself transported back to a time and place in the past.
213
682160
5025
ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืกืข ืœืื—ื•ืจ
ืœื–ืžืŸ ืื• ืœืžืงื•ื ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ.
11:27
You're at a particular road junction.
214
687209
2469
ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
11:29
You smell chestnuts roasting.
215
689702
2027
ื”ื•ื ืžืจื™ื— ืขืจืžื•ื ื™ื ืงืœื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืืฉ.
11:31
You hear the traffic. All the senses are involved.
216
691753
3246
ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืžืข ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื.
ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื›ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื•.
11:35
And you're waiting for your girl.
217
695023
1710
11:36
And it's that Tuesday evening back in 1982.
218
696757
4189
ื•ื–ื”ื• ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1982.
11:40
The temporal lobe hallucinations are all sense hallucinations,
219
700970
3898
ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื” ื”ืจืงืชื™ืช
ื”ืŸ ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื,
11:44
full of feeling, full of familiarity,
220
704892
2537
ืžืœืื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช, ืžืœืื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื,
11:47
located in space and time,
221
707453
2067
ื”ืŸ ืžืžื•ืงืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ,
11:49
coherent, dramatic.
222
709544
1704
ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช.
11:51
The Charles Bonnet ones are quite different.
223
711882
2254
ื”ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืจืœืก ื‘ื•ื ื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™.
11:54
In the Charles Bonnet hallucinations, you have all sorts of levels,
224
714676
5331
ื‘ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืจืœืก ื‘ื•ื ื”
ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืจืžื•ืช.
12:00
from the geometrical hallucinations --
225
720031
2105
ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช,
12:02
the pink and blue squares the woman had --
226
722160
3264
ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื”ื•ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื”ืืฉื” ืจืืชื”,
12:05
up to quite elaborate hallucinations
227
725448
4447
ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช
12:09
with figures and especially faces.
228
729919
2681
ืขื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื ืคื ื™ื.
12:12
Faces, and sometimes deformed faces,
229
732624
3112
ืคื ื™ื, ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืคื ื™ื ืžืขื•ื•ืชื•ืช,
12:15
are the single commonest thing in these hallucinations.
230
735760
4438
ื”ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื—
ื‘ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
12:20
And one of the second commonest is cartoons.
231
740222
2914
ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื— ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื.
12:23
So, what is going on?
232
743564
2836
ืื– ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ?
12:26
Fascinatingly, in the last few years,
233
746424
1991
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืจืชืง, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
12:28
it's been possible to do functional brain imagery,
234
748439
3919
ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื•ื— ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™,
12:32
to do fMRI on people as they are hallucinating,
235
752382
4753
ืœื‘ืฆืข fMRI ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
12:37
and, in fact, to find that different parts of the visual brain are activated
236
757159
6165
ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื
12:43
as they are hallucinating.
237
763348
1836
ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช.
12:45
When people have these simple, geometrical hallucinations,
238
765208
3350
ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช
12:48
the primary visual cortex is activated.
239
768582
3554
ืžื•ืคืขืœืช ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืจืื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช.
12:52
This is the part of the brain which perceives edges and patterns.
240
772160
3736
ื–ื”ื• ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืชื•ืคืก ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื.
12:55
You don't form images with your primary visual cortex.
241
775920
4008
ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืจืื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช.
12:59
When images are formed,
242
779952
2322
ื›ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
13:02
a higher part of the visual cortex is involved, in the temporal lobe.
243
782298
5587
ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื—ืœืง ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืจืื™ื”
ื‘ืื•ื ื” ื”ืจืงืชื™ืช.
ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื” ื”ืจืงืชื™ืช
13:07
And in particular, one area of the temporal lobe
244
787909
3069
13:11
is called the fusiform gyrus.
245
791002
2849
ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ืคื™ืชื•ืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจ (fusiform gyrus).
13:13
And it's known that if people have damage in the fusiform gyrus,
246
793875
3647
ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืื ื ื’ืจื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื ื–ืง ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจ
13:17
they may lose the ability to recognize faces.
247
797546
3409
ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื.
13:21
But if there's an abnormal activity in the fusiform gyrus,
248
801693
3572
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ืฉ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจ,
13:25
they may hallucinate faces,
249
805289
2158
ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื.
13:27
and this is exactly what you find in some of these people.
250
807471
3202
ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
13:30
There is an area in the anterior part of this gyrus
251
810697
4183
ื™ืฉื ื• ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืงื“ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”
13:34
where teeth and eyes are represented,
252
814904
4232
ื‘ื• ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.
13:39
and that part of the gyrus is activated
253
819160
3612
ื•ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ืœ ืžื•ืคืขืœ
13:42
when people get the deformed hallucinations.
254
822796
3769
ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ื•ืชื•ืช.
13:46
There is another part of the brain which is especially activated
255
826589
3797
ื™ืฉื ื• ื—ืœืง ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—
ืฉืžื•ืคืขืœ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
13:50
when one sees cartoons.
256
830410
1976
ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื.
13:52
It's activated when one recognizes cartoons,
257
832873
2885
ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคืขืœ ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื,
13:55
when one draws cartoons and when one hallucinates them.
258
835782
3230
ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืื• ื”ื•ื–ื™ื ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื.
13:59
It's very interesting that that should be specific.
259
839036
3256
ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื—ืœืง ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™.
14:02
There are other parts of the brain which are specifically involved
260
842316
3128
ื™ืฉื ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™
14:05
with the recognition and hallucination of buildings and landscapes.
261
845468
4487
ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื•ื‘ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช
ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ื ื•ืคื™ื.
14:09
Around 1970, it was found that there were not only parts of the brain,
262
849979
3938
ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1970 ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืฉืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—
14:13
but particular cells.
263
853941
1880
ืืœื ื‘ืชืื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื.
14:15
"Face cells" were discovered around 1970.
264
855845
4184
ืชืื™ ืคื ื™ื ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1970.
14:20
And now we know that there are hundreds of other sorts of cells,
265
860053
4086
ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื
ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื,
14:24
which can be very, very specific.
266
864163
2254
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื.
14:26
So you may not only have "car" cells, you may have "Aston Martin" cells.
267
866441
6972
ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืœื ืจืง
ืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ.
14:33
(Laughter)
268
873437
2274
[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
14:35
I saw an Aston Martin this morning. I had to bring it in.
269
875735
3222
ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ.
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื”.
14:38
(Laughter)
270
878981
1023
ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืื™ืคืฉื”ื•.
14:40
And now it's in there, somewhere.
271
880028
2816
14:42
So --
272
882868
1158
[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
14:44
(Laughter)
273
884050
1464
14:45
now, at this level, in what's called the inferotemporal cortex,
274
885538
4729
ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื–ืืช, ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื” ื”ืจืงืชื™ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”
ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืจืง ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืฆืคื•
14:50
there are only visual images,
275
890291
2286
14:52
or figments or fragments.
276
892601
2572
ืื• ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืคืจื™ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืื• ืžืงื˜ืขื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช.
14:55
It's only at higher levels that the other senses join in
277
895197
5037
ืจืง ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื
15:00
and there are connections with memory and emotion.
278
900258
2925
ื•ื™ืฉื ื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืขื ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืขื ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช.
ื•ื‘ืกื™ื ื“ืจื•ื ืฆ'ืจืœืก ื‘ื•ื ื”
15:03
And in the Charles Bonnet syndrome,
279
903207
1701
15:04
you don't go to those higher levels.
280
904932
2215
ืœื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืจืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืืœื”.
15:07
You're in these levels of inferior visual cortex,
281
907171
3011
ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืจืื™ื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”
15:10
where you have thousands and tens of thousands
282
910206
2676
ื‘ื” ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืืœืคื™ ื•ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™
15:12
and millions of images,
283
912906
2317
ื•ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช,
15:15
or figments or fragmentary figments,
284
915247
2406
ืื• ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืคืจื™ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ, ืื• ืžืงื˜ืขื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
15:17
all neurally encoded in particular cells or small clusters of cells.
285
917677
5797
ื›ื•ืœื ืžืงื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆื‘ื™
ื‘ืชืื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื.
15:23
Normally, these are all part of the integrated stream of perception,
286
923847
5389
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ื ื—ืœืง
ืžื–ืจื ืžืื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืกื” ืื• ืฉืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ,
15:29
or imagination,
287
929260
1673
15:30
and one is not conscious of them.
288
930957
2038
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื”ื.
15:33
It is only if one is visually impaired or blind
289
933019
4075
ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื“ื ืœืงื•ื™ื™ ืจืื™ื”, ืื• ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ,
15:37
that the process is interrupted.
290
937118
2570
ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื•ืคืจืข.
15:39
And instead of getting normal perception,
291
939712
2473
ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืชืคื™ืกื” ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช
15:42
you're getting an anarchic,
292
942209
2539
ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืื ืจื›ื™ืช,
15:44
convulsive stimulation, or release,
293
944772
2989
ืขื•ื•ื™ืชื™ืช, ืื• ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ
15:47
of all of these visual cells in the inferotemporal cortex.
294
947785
3867
ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื” ื”ืจืงืชื™ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”.
15:51
So, suddenly, you see a face. Suddenly, you see a car.
295
951676
2789
ื•ืื–, ืคืชืื•ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ. ืคืชืื•ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช.
15:54
Suddenly this and suddenly that.
296
954489
2714
ืคืชืื•ื ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ืคืชืื•ื ืืช ื–ื”.
15:57
The mind does its best to organize
297
957227
2373
ื”ืžื•ื— ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืจื’ืŸ,
15:59
and to give some sort of coherence to this,
298
959624
2678
ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช.
16:02
but not terribly successfully.
299
962326
2539
ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
16:04
When these were first described,
300
964889
1648
ื›ืฉืชื™ืืจื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”
16:06
it was thought that they could be interpreted like dreams.
301
966561
3565
ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืจืฉ ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ืžื• ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช.
16:10
But, in fact, people say,
302
970150
1826
ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
16:12
"I don't recognize the people. I can't form any associations.
303
972000
4412
"ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื–ื”ื” ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื. ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืงืฉืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ."
"ืœืงืจืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื™."
16:16
Kermit means nothing to me."
304
976436
1950
16:18
You don't get anywhere, thinking of them as dreams.
305
978410
5651
ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืืœ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืœื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื.
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืžืจืชื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื•ืžืจ.
16:24
Well, I've more or less said what I wanted.
306
984085
4301
16:28
I think I just want to recapitulate and say this is common.
307
988410
4914
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื™ ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื›ื
ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื–ื” ืฉื›ื™ื—.
16:33
Think of the number of blind people.
308
993348
1779
ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื.
16:35
There must be hundreds of thousands of blind people
309
995151
2591
ื™ืฉื ื ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื
16:37
who have these hallucinations
310
997766
1714
ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
16:39
but are too scared to mention them.
311
999504
2121
ืื‘ืœ ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ.
16:41
So this sort of thing needs to be brought into notice,
312
1001649
5488
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืœืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘.
16:47
for patients, for doctors, for the public.
313
1007161
2431
16:49
Finally, I think they are infinitely interesting and valuable,
314
1009973
5026
ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืŸ
ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืจืš
16:55
for giving one some insight as to how the brain works.
315
1015023
4274
ื•ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืœื ื• ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
16:59
Charles Bonnet said, 250 years ago --
316
1019321
3597
ืฆ'ืจืœืก ื‘ื•ื ื” ืืžืจ ืœืคื ื™ 250 ืฉื ื™ื
17:02
he wondered how, thinking of these hallucinations,
317
1022942
3444
ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ืชื•ื”ื”,
17:06
how, as he put it, the theater of the mind
318
1026410
2680
ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื— ืืช ื–ื”, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื ืคืฉ
17:09
could be generated by the machinery of the brain.
319
1029114
3350
ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
17:12
Now, 250 years later,
320
1032964
2422
ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืื—ืจ 250 ืฉื ื™ื, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘
17:15
I think we're beginning to glimpse how this is done.
321
1035410
3286
ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืฆื” ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชื‘ืฆืข.
17:18
Thanks very much.
322
1038720
1200
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
17:19
(Applause)
323
1039944
2977
[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
17:22
Chris Anderson: That was superb. Thank you so much.
324
1042945
2977
ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืคืœื. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš.
17:25
You speak about these things with so much insight
325
1045946
2970
ืืชื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
17:28
and empathy for your patients.
326
1048940
2451
ืขื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื ื” ื•ืืžืคืชื™ื” ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœืš.
17:31
Have you yourself experienced any of the syndromes you write about?
327
1051783
3820
ื”ืื ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ืืช ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืกื™ื ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื ืฉืืชื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื?
17:35
Oliver Sacks: I was afraid you would ask that.
328
1055627
2217
ืื•ืœื™ื‘ืจ ืกืืงืก: ื—ืฉืฉืชื™ ืฉืชืฉืืœ ืืช ื–ื”.
17:37
(Laughter)
329
1057868
1828
[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
17:39
Well, yeah, a lot of them.
330
1059720
2368
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืŸ, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื.
17:42
And, actually, I'm a little visually impaired myself.
331
1062112
3067
ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืงืฆืช ืœืงื•ื™ื™ ืจืื™ื”.
17:45
I'm blind in one eye and not terribly good in the other.
332
1065203
3183
ืื ื™ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ืื—ืช, ื•ื’ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืœื ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื”.
17:48
And I see the geometrical hallucinations.
333
1068410
4050
ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
17:52
But they stop there.
334
1072484
1473
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ื” ื–ื” ืžืกืชื™ื™ื.
17:53
CA: And they don't disturb you?
335
1073981
1893
ื›.ื.: ื•ื”ืŸ ืœื ืžืคืจื™ืขื•ืช ืœืš?
17:55
Because you understand what's doing it, it doesn't make you worried?
336
1075898
3239
ื›ื™ ืืชื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ืš. ื”ืŸ ืœื ืžื“ืื™ื’ื•ืช ืื•ืชืš?
ื.ืก.: ื”ืŸ ืœื ืžืคืจื™ืขื•ืช ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ื ื™ื˜ื•ืก ืฉืœื™,
17:59
OS: Well, they don't disturb me any more than my tinnitus,
337
1079161
3225
18:02
which I ignore.
338
1082410
3105
ืžืžื ื• ืื ื™ ืžืชืขืœื.
18:05
They occasionally interest me,
339
1085539
1688
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื™.
18:07
and I have many pictures of them in my notebooks.
340
1087251
2909
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
18:10
I've gone and had an fMRI myself,
341
1090184
2852
ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ fMRI
18:13
to see how my visual cortex is ticking over.
342
1093060
3055
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœื™ ืžืฉืชืœื˜ืช.
18:16
And when I see all these hexagons
343
1096139
4154
ื•ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”
18:20
and complex things, which I also have,
344
1100317
2069
ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื,
18:22
in visual migraine,
345
1102410
1763
ื‘ืžื™ื’ืจื ื” ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ืช,
18:24
I wonder whether everyone sees things like this
346
1104197
2452
ืื ื™ ืชื•ื”ื” ื”ืื ื›ื•ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
18:26
and whether things like cave art or ornamental art
347
1106673
2950
ื•ื”ืื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช, ืื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช
18:29
may have been derived from them a bit.
348
1109647
2074
ืฉืื‘ื• ืงืฆืช ืžื”ื.
18:32
CA: That was an utterly, utterly fascinating talk.
349
1112219
2422
ื›.ื.: ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื™ื—ื” ืžืจืชืงืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
18:34
Thank you so much for sharing.
350
1114665
1812
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉืฉืชืคืช ืื•ืชื ื•.
18:36
OS: Thank you. Thank you.
351
1116501
1580
ื.ืก: ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื. ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
18:38
(Applause)
352
1118105
1888
[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7