Defend our freedom to share (or why SOPA is a bad idea) | Clay Shirky

Prevodilac: Ivana Veljkovic Lektor: Ivana Korom

I'm going to start here.

Počeću ovime.

This is a hand-lettered sign

Ovo je rukom ispisan znak

that appeared in a mom and pop bakery

koji se pojavio u jednoj porodičnoj pekari

in my old neighborhood in Brooklyn a few years ago.

u mom starom kraju u Bruklinu pre nekoliko godina.

The store owned one of those machines

Radnja je imala jednu od onih mašina

that can print on plates of sugar.

koje mogu da štampaju na pločama šećera.

And kids could bring in drawings

Deca su mogla da donesu svoje crteže

and have the store print a sugar plate

i u radnji su mogli da ih odštampaju na ploči šećera

for the top of their birthday cake.

i da ih stave na vrh svoje rođendanske torte.

But unfortunately, one of the things kids liked to draw

Ali nažalost, jedna od stvari koju su deca volela da crtaju

was cartoon characters.

su bili crtani likovi.

They liked to draw the Little Mermaid,

Voleli su da crtaju Malu Sirenu,

they'd like to draw a smurf, they'd like to draw Micky Mouse.

voleli su da crtaju štrumpfa, voleli su da crtaju Mikija Mausa.

But it turns out to be illegal

Ali ispostavilo se da je protivzakonito

to print a child's drawing of Micky Mouse

štampati dečije crteže Mikija Mausa

onto a plate of sugar.

na ploči šećera.

And it's a copyright violation.

To je povreda autorskih prava.

And policing copyright violations

I nadzorni organi za povredu autorskih prava

for children's birthday cakes

za dečije rođendanske torte

was such a hassle

su izazvali takvu frku

that the College Bakery said,

da su u Koledž pekari rekli

"You know what, we're getting out of that business.

"Znate šta, mi se povlačimo iz tog posla.

If you're an amateur,

Ako ste amater,

you don't have access to our machine anymore.

nećete više moći da koristite našu mašinu.

If you want a printed sugar birthday cake,

Ako želite rođendansku tortu štampanu šećerom,

you have to use one of our prefab images --

moraćete da koristite neke od naših fabričkih slika

only for professionals."

samo za profesionalce."

So there's two bills in Congress right now.

Sada u Kongresu postoje dva predloga zakona.

One is called SOPA, the other is called PIPA.

Jedan se zove SOPA, a drugi PIPA.

SOPA stands for the Stop Online Piracy Act.

SOPA znači Zakon za sprečavanje onlajn piraterije.

It's from the Senate.

Taj zakon predlaže Senat.

PIPA is short for PROTECTIP,

PIPA je skraćeno od PROTECTIP,

which is itself short for

što je samo po sebi skraćenica za

Preventing Real Online Threats

"prevenciju ozbiljnih onlajn pretnji

to Economic Creativity

ekonomskoj kreativnosti

and Theft of Intellectual Property --

i krađi intelektualne svojine" -

because the congressional aides who name these things

jer savetnici u kongresu koji smišljaju ovakve nazive

have a lot of time on their hands.

imaju puno slobodnog vremena.

And what SOPA and PIPA want to do

A šta SOPA i PIPA žele da urade

is they want to do this.

je sledeće.

They want to raise the cost

Oni žele da podignu cenu

of copyright compliance

poštovanja autorskih prava

to the point where people simply get out of the business

do te mere gde ljudi jednostavno izlaze iz poslova

of offering it as a capability to amateurs.

koji nude mogućnosti amaterima.

Now the way they propose to do this

Oni predlažu da se to uradi tako

is to identify sites

što će se identifikovati sajtovi

that are substantially infringing on copyright --

koji u osnovi krše autorska prava -

although how those sites are identified

međutim na koji način će se ti sajtovi identifikovati

is never fully specified in the bills --

nije tačno precizirano u predlogu zakona -

and then they want to remove them from the domain name system.

i oni žele da ih sklone iz sistema imena domena.

They want to take them out of the domain name system.

Oni žele da ih uklone iz sistema domena.

Now the domain name system

Sistem imena domena

is the thing that turns human-readable names, like Google.com,

je ono što pretvara čitljive ljudske nazive, kao Google.com,

into the kinds of addresses

u neku vrstu adresa

machines expect --

koju mašine razumeju --

74.125.226.212.

74.125.226.212.

Now the problem with this model of censorship,

Problem sa ovom vrstom cenzure,

of identifying a site

sa identifikovanjem sajta

and then trying to remove it from the domain name system,

i zatim pokušajem da se on ukloni iz sistema imena domena,

is that it won't work.

je to što to neće funkcionisati.

And you'd think that would be a pretty big problem for a law,

I vi biste pomislili da će to biti prilično veliki problem za zakonodavce

but Congress seems not to have let that bother them too much.

ali Kongres ne dozvoljava da ih to preterano muči.

Now the reason it won't work

Razlog zbog čega to neće funkcionisati

is that you can still type 74.125.226.212 into the browser

je to što vi i dalje možete da ukucate 74.125.226.212. u pretraživač

or you can make it a clickable link

ili da ga pretvorite u link na koji možete da kliknete

and you'll still go to Google.

i on će vas odvesti do Gugla.

So the policing layer

Tako da sloj nadzora

around the problem

koji obavija ovaj problem

becomes the real threat of the act.

postaje prava pretnja za celu stvar.

Now to understand how Congress came to write a bill

Da biste razumeli kako je Kongres uspeo da napiše predlog zakona

that won't accomplish its stated goals,

koji neće postići svoje zacrtane ciljeve,

but will produce a lot of pernicious side effects,

ali će proizvesti mnogo opasnih sporednih efekata,

you have to understand a little bit about the back story.

morate imati uvid u pozadinu priče.

And the back story is this:

A pozadina je ovo:

SOPA and PIPA, as legislation,

SOPA i PIPA, su kao zakoni

were drafted largely by media companies

napisani u velikoj meri od strane medijskih kompanija

that were founded in the 20th century.

koje su osnovane u dvadesetom veku.

The 20th century was a great time to be a media company,

Dvadeseti vek je bio odlično vreme za medijske kompanije,

because the thing you really had on your side was scarcity.

jer ono što ste imali kao kec u rukavu je oskudica.

If you were making a TV show,

Ako ste pravili TV emisiju,

it didn't have to be better than all other TV shows ever made;

ona nije morala da bude bolja od ostalih TV emisija;

it only had to be better

samo je morala da bude bolja

than the two other shows

od ostale dve emisije

that were on at the same time --

koje su bile na programu u isto vreme -

which is a very low threshold

što je prilično nizak stepen

of competitive difficulty.

konkurencije.

Which meant

Što je značilo

that if you fielded average content,

da ako imate sasvim prosečan sadržaj,

you got a third of the U.S. public for free --

dobijate trećinu gledanosti u SAD za džabe -

tens of millions of users

desetine miliona korisnika,

for simply doing something

kad uradite bilo šta

that wasn't too terrible.

što nije mnogo strašno.

This is like having a license to print money

To je kao da imate dozvolu da štampate novac,

and a barrel of free ink.

a onda i bure besplatnog mastila.

But technology moved on, as technology is wont to do.

Ali tehnologija je napredovala, kao što tehnologije inače rade.

And slowly, slowly, at the end of the 20th century,

I polako, do kraja dvadesetog veka

that scarcity started to get eroded --

ta oskudica je počela da erodira -

and I don't mean by digital technology;

i to ne mislim zbog digitalne tehnologije;

I mean by analog technology.

već zbog analogne tehnologije.

Cassette tapes, video cassette recorders,

Video kasete, video rekorderi,

even the humble Xerox machine

čak i skormna fotokopir mašina

created new opportunities

omogućila nam je

for us to behave in ways

da se ponašamo na način

that astonished the media business.

koji je zaprepastio biznis medija.

Because it turned out

Jer se ispostavilo da

we're not really couch potatoes.

mi zapravo nismo samo zalepljeni za kućne fotelje.

We don't really like to only consume.

I da mi ne želimo samo da konzumiramo.

We do like to consume,

Mi volimo da konzumiramo

but every time one of these new tools came along,

ali svaki put kad je izašla neka od ovih novih spravica,

it turned out we also like to produce

ispostavilo se da mi isto tako volimo i da proizvodimo

and we like to share.

i da volimo da delimo to sa drugima.

And this freaked the media businesses out --

I to je uplašilo biznis medija -

it freaked them out every time.

i svaki put ih je izbezumilo.

Jack Valenti, who was the head lobbyist

Džek Velenti, koji je bio glavni lobista

for the Motion Picture Association of America,

za Američku filmsku asocijaciju,

once likened the ferocious video cassette recorder

je jednom prilikom uporedio opaki video rekorder

to Jack the Ripper

sa Džekom Trbosekom

and poor, helpless Hollywood

a jadni, bespomoćni Holivud

to a woman at home alone.

sa ženom koja je sama kod kuće.

That was the level of rhetoric.

To je bio taj nivo retorike.

And so the media industries

Tako da su medijske industrije

begged, insisted, demanded

molile, insistirale, zahtevale

that Congress do something.

da Kongres nešto preduzme.

And Congress did something.

I Kongres jeste nešto preduzeo.

By the early 90s, Congress passed the law

Do ranih devedesetih, Kongres je izglasao zakon

that changed everything.

koji je sve promenio.

And that law was called the Audio Home Recording Act

I taj zakon se zvao Odredba o kućnom snimanju

of 1992.

1992.

What the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 said was,

Ono što Odredba o kućnom snimanju iz 1992. kaže je

look, if people are taping stuff off the radio

da ako ljudi nešto snimaju sa radija

and then making mixtapes for their friends,

i onda prave mikseve na kasetama za svoje prijatelje,

that is not a crime. That's okay.

to nije zločin. To je okej.

Taping and remixing

Snimanje i remiksovanje

and sharing with your friends is okay.

i zatim deljenje toga sa svojim prijateljima je okej.

If you make lots and lots of high quality copies and you sell them,

Ako napravite gomilu kopija viskog kvaliteta

that's not okay.

i prodajete ih, to nije u redu.

But this taping business,

Ali ovaj posao sa presnimavanjem,

fine, let it go.

dobro, neka bude.

And they thought that they clarified the issue,

I oni su mislili da je stvar jasna,

because they'd set out a clear distinction

jer su postavili jasnu razliku

between legal and illegal copying.

između legalnog i neleganog kopiranja.

But that wasn't what the media businesses wanted.

Ali to nije ono što su medijske kompanije želele.

They had wanted Congress

One su htele da Kongres

to outlaw copying full-stop.

protera presnimavanje i tačka.

So when the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 was passed,

Tako da kada je Odredba o kućnom snimanju iz 1992. usvojena,

the media businesses gave up on the idea

medijske kompanije su odustale od ideje

of legal versus illegal distinctions for copying

razlikovanja legalnog i nelegalnog presnimavanja

because it was clear

jer je bilo jasno

that if Congress was acting in their framework,

da ako Kongres deluje u njihovom okviru,

they might actually increase the rights of citizens

oni zapravo mogu povećati prava građana

to participate in our own media environment.

da učestvuju u svom medijskom okruženju.

So they went for plan B.

Tako da su krenuli na plan B.

It took them a while to formulate plan B.

Formulisanje plana B je potrajalo.

Plan B appeared in its first full-blown form

Plan B se pojavio u svojoj

in 1998 --

prvoj punoj formi 1998.

something called the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.

nešto što se zvalo Digitalna milenijumska uredba o presnimavanju.

It was a complicated piece of legislation, a lot of moving parts.

To je bio komplikovani zakon, sa puno poglavlja.

But the main thrust of the DMCA

Ali glavni udarac DMUP

was that it was legal to sell you

je taj što je legalno kupovati

uncopyable digital material --

digitalni materiajal koji ne može da se kopira

except that there's no such things as uncopyable digital material.

s tim što ne postoji digitalni materijal koji ne može da se kopira.

It would be, as Ed Felton once famously said,

To je, kao što je Ed Felton jednom rekao,

"Like handing out water

"Kao davati vodu

that wasn't wet."

koja nije mokra".

Bits are copyable. That's what computers do.

Bitovi mogu da se kopiraju. To je ono što kompjuteri rade.

That is a side effect of their ordinary operation.

To je deo njihove uobičajene operacije.

So in order to fake the ability

Da bi lažirali mogućnost

to sell uncopyable bits,

prodaje bitova koji se ne kopiraju,

the DMCA also made it legal

DMUP je takođe ozakonila

to force you to use systems

nametanje korišćenja sistema

that broke the copying function of your devices.

koji su kvarili funkciju kopiranja na vašem uređaju.

Every DVD player and game player

Svaki DVD plejer i igračka konzola

and television and computer you brought home --

i televizor i računar koji ste doneli kući

no matter what you thought you were getting when you bought it --

bez obzira na to šta ste vi mislila da kupujete -

could be broken by the content industries,

je mogao da bude pokvaren od strane industrije sadržaja

if they wanted to set that as a condition of selling you the content.

ako su oni želeli da postave to kao uslov da vam prodaju sadržaj.

And to make sure you didn't realize,

I da bi se pobrinuli da vi ne shvatite

or didn't enact their capabilities

ili ako ne podrazumevate njihove karakteristike

as general purpose computing devices,

kao komjuterske naprave za generalnu upotrebu,

they also made it illegal

oni su takođe učinili nezakonitim

for you to try to reset

da probate da resetujete

the copyability of that content.

mogućnost kopiranja tog sadržaja.

The DMCA marks the moment

DMUP beleži trenutak

when the media industries

kada je medijska industrija

gave up on the legal system

odustala od pravnog sistema

of distinguishing between legal and illegal copying

koji postavlja razliku između legalnog i nelegalnog kopiranja

and simply tried to prevent copying

i jednostavno probala da spreči kopiranje

through technical means.

tehničkim onemogućavanjem.

Now the DMCA had, and is continuing to have, a lot of complicated effects,

DMUP je imao i još uvek ima neke probleme,

but in this one domain, limiting sharing,

ali u domenu limitiranog deljenja sadržaja,

it has mostly not worked.

uglavnom nije radio kako treba.

And the main reason it hasn't worked

A glavni razlog zašto to nije radilo

is the Internet has turned out to be far more popular and far more powerful

je to što je Internet postao mnogo popularniji i moćniji

than anyone imagined.

nego što se moglo zamisliti.

The mixtape, the fanzine,

Kopirane kasete, magazini za fanove,

that was nothing compared to what we're seeing now

nisu bili ništa u poređenju sa ovim što sada

with the Internet.

omogućava Internet.

We are in a world

Mi smo u svetu

where most American citizens

gde većina američkih državljana

over the age of 12

preko 12 godina

share things with each other online.

deli onlajn sadržaje jedni sa drugima.

We share written things, we share images,

Delimo tekstove, slike

we share audio, we share video.

audio i video fajlove.

Some of the stuff we share is stuff we've made.

Nešto od onoga što delimo su stvari koje smo mi napravili.

Some of the stuff we share is stuff we've found.

Neke stvari smo pronašli.

Some of the stuff we share

Neke stvari

is stuff we've made out of what we've found,

smo napravili od onoga što smo pronašli

and all of it horrifies those industries.

i sve to užasava te industrije.

So PIPA and SOPA

Tako da su PIPA i SOPA

are round two.

zapravo druga runda.

But where the DMCA was surgical --

Ali dok je DMUP bila hiruška -

we want to go down into your computer,

mi želimo da uđemo u vaš računar,

we want to go down into your television set, down into your game machine,

mi želimo da uđemo u vaš televizor, u vaše konzole,

and prevent it from doing

i da ih sprečimo da rade

what they said it would do at the store --

ono što su u prodavnici rekli da će raditi -

PIPA and SOPA are nuclear

PIPA i SOPA su nuklearni

and they're saying, we want to go anywhere in the world

i oni kažu, mi želimo da idemo gde god poželimo na svetu

and censor content.

i da cenzurišemo sadržaj.

Now the mechanism, as I said, for doing this,

Kao što sam rekao, mehanizam koji ovo omogućava

is you need to take out anybody

mora da ukloni svakoga

pointing to those IP addresses.

ko vodi do tih IP adresa.

You need to take them out of search engines,

Moraju da se uklone iz pretraživača,

you need to take them out of online directories,

iz onlajn direktorijuma,

you need to take them out of user lists.

da ih uklone sa liste korisnika.

And because the biggest producers of content on the Internet

A s obzirom da najveći proizvođači sadržaja na Internetu

are not Google and Yahoo,

nisu Gugle i Jahu,

they're us,

već mi

we're the people getting policed.

mi smo oni koje treba kazniti.

Because in the end,

Jer na kraju krajeva

the real threat

prava pretnja

to the enactment of PIPA and SOPA

ozakonjavanju PIPE i SOPE

is our ability to share things with one another.

je mogućnost da delimo sadržaje jedni sa drugima.

So what PIPA and SOPA risk doing

Ono što PIPA i SOPA rizikuju da urade

is taking a centuries-old legal concept,

je da uzmu vekovima star pravni koncept,

innocent until proven guilty,

nevin dok se ne dokaže suprotno,

and reversing it --

i da ga preokrenu -

guilty until proven innocent.

kriv dok se ne dokaže da je nevin.

You can't share

Ne možete da delite sadržaj

until you show us

dok nam ne pokažete

that you're not sharing something

da ne delite nešto

we don't like.

što se nama ne sviđa.

Suddenly, the burden of proof for legal versus illegal

Odjednom, teret dokazivanja da li je legalno ili ne

falls affirmatively on us

sigurno pada na nas

and on the services

i na servise

that might be offering us any new capabilities.

koji nam nude nove mogućnosti.

And if it costs even a dime

I ako nadgledanje korisnika

to police a user,

košta i samo jednu paru

that will crush a service

to će servis sa stotinu miliona korisnika

with a hundred million users.

dovesti do bankrota.

So this is the Internet they have in mind.

Tako su oni zamislili Internet.

Imagine this sign everywhere --

Zamislite ovaj znak svuda -

except imagine it doesn't say College Bakery,

samo da ne piše Koledž pekara

imagine it says YouTube

već da piše Jutjub

and Facebook and Twitter.

i Fejsbuk i Tviter.

Imagine it says TED,

Zamislite da piše TED,

because the comments can't be policed

jer komentari mogu da se nadgledaju i ukinu

at any acceptable cost.

po svaku prihvatljivu cenu.

The real effects of SOPA and PIPA

Prave posledice SOPE i PIPE

are going to be different than the proposed effects.

će biti drugačije od pretpostavljenih posledica.

The threat, in fact,

Pretnja je zapravo

is this inversion of the burden of proof,

preokretanje tereta dokazivanja,

where we suddenly

gde nas odjednom

are all treated like thieves

tretiraju kao lopove

at every moment we're given the freedom to create,

u svakom trenutku gde nam je omogućeno da stvaramo,

to produce or to share.

da proizvodimo ili da delimo.

And the people who provide those capabilities to us --

A ljudi koji su nam to omogućili -

the YouTubes, the Facebooks, the Twitters and TEDs --

Jutjubovi, Fejsbukovi, Tviteri i TEDovi -

are in the business

će morati da nas nadgledaju,

of having to police us,

i uklanjanju,

or being on the hook for contributory infringement.

ili da budu učesnici u kršenju zakona.

There's two things you can do

Postoje dve stvari koje vi možete da uradite

to help stop this --

da pomognete da ovo prestane -

a simple thing and a complicated thing,

jedna je jednostavna, a jedna je komplikovna stvar,

an easy thing and a hard thing.

laka stvar i teška stvar.

The simple thing, the easy thing, is this:

Jednostavna stvar je ova:

if you're an American citizen,

ako ste američki državljanin,

call your representative, call your senator.

nazovite svog predstavnika, nazovite svog senatora.

When you look at

Ako pogledate ljude koji su

the people who co-signed on the SOPA bill,

potpisivali SOPA predlog zakona

people who've co-signed on PIPA,

ljude koji su potpisivali PIPA

what you see is that they have cumulatively received

ono što vidite je da su oni kumulativno dobijali

millions and millions of dollars

milione i milione dolara

from the traditional media industries.

od tradicionalnih medijskih industrija.

You don't have millions and millions of dollars,

Vi nemate milione i milione dolara,

but you can call your representatives,

ali možete pozvati vaše predstavnike,

and you can remind them that you vote,

i podsetiti ih da ste glasači

and you can ask not to be treated like a thief,

i zamoliti ih da vas ne tretiraju kao lopove,

and you can suggest that you would prefer

i možete da im predložite da biste više voleli

that the Internet not be broken.

da se Intenet ne pokvari.

And if you're not an American citizen,

A ako niste američki državljanin,

you can contact American citizens that you know

možete kontaktirati Amerikance koje poznajete

and encourage them to do the same.

i ohrabriti ih da učine isto.

Because this seems like a national issue,

Jer ovo izgleda kao nacionalno pitanje,

but it is not.

ali nije.

These industries will not be content

Ove industrije neće biti zadovoljne

with breaking our Internet.

ako slome naš Internet.

If they break it, they will break it for everybody.

Ako ga slome, biće slomljen za sve.

That's the easy thing.

To je laka stvar.

That's the simple thing.

To je jednostavna stvar.

The hard thing is this:

Teška stvar je ovo:

get ready, because more is coming.

budite spremni, jer biće još toga.

SOPA is simply a reversion of COICA,

SOPA je jednostavno samo verzija COICA

which was purposed last year, which did not pass.

koji je predložen prošle godine, ali nije ozakonjen.

And all of this goes back

I sve ovo ide do

to the failure of the DMCA

neuspeha DMUP

to disallow sharing as a technical means.

da zabrani deljenje tehničkim onemogućavanjem.

And the DMCA goes back to the Audio Home Recording Act,

A DMUP ide od Uredbe o kućnom presnimavanju,

which horrified those industries.

koje je užasavalo te industrije.

Because the whole business

Jer čitava stvar

of actually suggesting that someone is breaking the law

pretpostavljanja da neko krši zakon

and then gathering evidence and proving that,

i onda nalaženja dokaza za to

that turns out to be really inconvenient.

je ustvari zaista neugodna.

"We'd prefer not to do that,"

"Mi radije ne bismo da to radimo"

says the content industries.

kažu industrije koje omogućavaju sadržaj.

And what they want is not to have to do that.

A one žele da ne moraju to da rade.

They don't want legal distinctions

Ne žele pravnu razliku

between legal and illegal sharing.

između legalnog i nelegalnog deljenja sadržaja.

They just want the sharing to go away.

One samo žele da deljenje sadržaja nestane.

PIPA and SOPA are not oddities, they're not anomalies,

PIPA i SOPA nisu čudni, nisu anomalije,

they're not events.

nisu događaji.

They're the next turn of this particular screw,

Oni su sledeće okretanje jednog posebnog šrafa,

which has been going on 20 years now.

koji se okreće već proteklih 20 godina.

And if we defeat these, as I hope we do,

I ako uspemo da ih porazimo ovde, kao što se ja nadam,

more is coming.

još tek sledi.

Because until we convince Congress

Jer dok ne ubedimo Kongres

that the way to deal with copyright violation

da je način na koji treba tretirati povrede autorskih prava

is the way copyright violation was dealt with with Napster, with YouTube,

način na koji su one rešene sa Nepsterom, sa Jutjubom,

which is to have a trial with all the presentation of evidence

a to je suđenje sa predstavljanjem svih dokaza

and the hashing out of facts and the assessment of remedies

i diskutovanjem o činjenicama i proceni pravnih lekova

that goes on in democratic societies.

kako se inače dešava u demokratskim društvima.

That's the way to handle this.

To je način na koji bi ovo trebalo da se rešava.

In the meantime,

U međuvremenu,

the hard thing to do is to be ready.

teža stvar je biti spreman,

Because that's the real message of PIPA and SOPA.

Jer to je prava poruka koju šalju PIPA i SOPA.

Time Warner has called

Tajm Vorner je zvao

and they want us all back on the couch,

i oni žele da se vratimo u fotelje

just consuming --

i da konzumiramo -

not producing, not sharing --

ne da proizvodimo, ne da delimo -

and we should say, "No."

i mi treba da kažemo "Ne".

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)