Defend our freedom to share (or why SOPA is a bad idea) | Clay Shirky

Translator: Cristiano Eriksen Reviewer: Morten Kelder Skouboe

I'm going to start here.

Jeg vil begynde med dette.

This is a hand-lettered sign

Dette er et håndlavet skilt,

that appeared in a mom and pop bakery

som dukkede op i et lille familieejet bageri

in my old neighborhood in Brooklyn a few years ago.

i mit gamle kvarter i Brooklyn for et par år siden.

The store owned one of those machines

Butikken ejede en af de maskiner,

that can print on plates of sugar.

som kan printe på sukkerplader.

And kids could bring in drawings

Og børn kunne komme med tegninger

and have the store print a sugar plate

og få butikken til at printe en sukkerplade

for the top of their birthday cake.

til toppen af deres fødselsdagskage.

But unfortunately, one of the things kids liked to draw

Men en af de ting, som børn uheldigvis kunne lide at tegne,

was cartoon characters.

var tegneseriefigurer.

They liked to draw the Little Mermaid,

De kunne lide at tegne Den Lille Havfrue,

they'd like to draw a smurf, they'd like to draw Micky Mouse.

de kunne lide at tegne en smølf og Mickey Mouse.

But it turns out to be illegal

Men det viste sig at være ulovligt

to print a child's drawing of Micky Mouse

at printe et barns tegning af Mickey Mouse

onto a plate of sugar.

på en sukkerplade.

And it's a copyright violation.

Og det er en krænkelse af copyright.

And policing copyright violations

Og at føre opsyn med krænkelser af copyright

for children's birthday cakes

fra børns fødselsdagskager

was such a hassle

var sådan et besvær,

that the College Bakery said,

at College bageriet sagde,

"You know what, we're getting out of that business.

"Ved du hvad, vi stopper med den forretning.

If you're an amateur,

Hvis du er en amatør,

you don't have access to our machine anymore.

har du ikke adgang til vores maskine mere.

If you want a printed sugar birthday cake,

Hvis du vil have en printet sukker-fødselsdagskage,

you have to use one of our prefab images --

er du nød til at bruge en af vores præfabrikerede billeder --

only for professionals."

kun for professionelle."

So there's two bills in Congress right now.

Så lige nu er der 2 lovforslag i kongressen.

One is called SOPA, the other is called PIPA.

Den ene hedder SOPA, den anden hedder PIPA.

SOPA stands for the Stop Online Piracy Act.

SOPA står for 'Stop Online Piracy Act'.

It's from the Senate.

Den kommer fra senatet.

PIPA is short for PROTECTIP,

PIPA er en forkortelse for 'PROTECTIP'

which is itself short for

som selv er en forkortelse for

Preventing Real Online Threats

Forhindre reelle online trusler

to Economic Creativity

imod økonomisk kreativitet

and Theft of Intellectual Property --

og tyveri af immaterialret --

because the congressional aides who name these things

fordi kongesionelle hjælpere, som navngiver disse ting,

have a lot of time on their hands.

har meget tid til overs.

And what SOPA and PIPA want to do

Og det, SOPA og PIPA vil gøre,

is they want to do this.

er, de vil gøre dette.

They want to raise the cost

De vil få omkostningerne til at stige

of copyright compliance

for copyrightoverholdelse

to the point where people simply get out of the business

til punktet, hvor folk simpelthen stopper med

of offering it as a capability to amateurs.

at tilbyde det som en mulighed for amatører.

Now the way they propose to do this

Måden, de vil gøre dette på,

is to identify sites

er at identificere sider,

that are substantially infringing on copyright --

som substantielt krænker copyright --

although how those sites are identified

selvom hvordan disse sider bliver identificeret

is never fully specified in the bills --

aldrig bliver fuldt specificeret i lovteksterne --

and then they want to remove them from the domain name system.

og de vil fjerne dem fra domænenavnssystemet.

They want to take them out of the domain name system.

De vil tage dem ud af domænenavnssystemet.

Now the domain name system

Domænenavnssystemet er den ting,

is the thing that turns human-readable names, like Google.com,

som forvandler menneskelig-forståelige navne, som Google.com,

into the kinds of addresses

til den slags adresser,

machines expect --

maskiner forventer --

74.125.226.212.

74.125.226.212.

Now the problem with this model of censorship,

Problemet med denne form for censur,

of identifying a site

med at identificere en side

and then trying to remove it from the domain name system,

og derefter forsøge at fjerne den fra domænenavnssystemet

is that it won't work.

er, at det ikke vil virke.

And you'd think that would be a pretty big problem for a law,

Og man skulle tro, at det ville være et rimeligt stort problem for en lov,

but Congress seems not to have let that bother them too much.

men Kongressen virker ikke til at lade det bekymre dem så meget.

Now the reason it won't work

Grunden til, at det ikke vil virke,

is that you can still type 74.125.226.212 into the browser

er, at man stadig kan skrive 74.125.226.212 ind i browseren,

or you can make it a clickable link

eller man kan lave det til et link, man kan klikke på,

and you'll still go to Google.

og man kommer stadig ind på Google.

So the policing layer

Så det kontrollerende element

around the problem

omkring dette problem

becomes the real threat of the act.

bliver den virkelige trussel fra loven.

Now to understand how Congress came to write a bill

For at forstå hvordan Kongressen kom til at skrive et lovforslag,

that won't accomplish its stated goals,

som ikke vil opnå sine oplyste mål,

but will produce a lot of pernicious side effects,

men producere en masse skadelige sideeffekter,

you have to understand a little bit about the back story.

er man nødt til at forstå en del af baggrunden.

And the back story is this:

Og baggrunden er denne:

SOPA and PIPA, as legislation,

SOPA og PIPA som lovgivning

were drafted largely by media companies

blev hovedsageligt udfærdiget af medievirksomheder,

that were founded in the 20th century.

som blev grundlagt i det 20. århundrede.

The 20th century was a great time to be a media company,

Det 20. århundrede var en fantastisk tid at være medievirksomhed,

because the thing you really had on your side was scarcity.

fordi det, man virkelig havde på din side, var knaphed.

If you were making a TV show,

Hvis man lavede et TV show,

it didn't have to be better than all other TV shows ever made;

behøvede det ikke at være bedre end alle andre TV shows, der nogensinde var lavet,

it only had to be better

det skulle kun være bedre

than the two other shows

end de 2 andre shows

that were on at the same time --

som var på på samme tid --

which is a very low threshold

hvilket er en meget lav bundgrænse

of competitive difficulty.

for konkurrence.

Which meant

Hvilket betød,

that if you fielded average content,

at hvis man leverede gennemsnitligt indhold,

you got a third of the U.S. public for free --

fik man en tredjedel af USA's befolkning gratis --

tens of millions of users

10 millionvis af forbrugere

for simply doing something

for simpelthen at levere noget,

that wasn't too terrible.

som ikke var for forfærdeligt.

This is like having a license to print money

Det er som at have en tilladelse til at printe penge

and a barrel of free ink.

og en tønde fuld af gratis blæk.

But technology moved on, as technology is wont to do.

Men teknologien udviklede sig, som teknologi vil gøre.

And slowly, slowly, at the end of the 20th century,

Og langsomt, langsomt, ved slutningen af det 20. århundrede

that scarcity started to get eroded --

begyndte den knaphed at nedbrydes --

and I don't mean by digital technology;

og jeg mener ikke af digital teknologi;

I mean by analog technology.

jeg mener af analog teknologi.

Cassette tapes, video cassette recorders,

Videobånd, videobåndoptagere,

even the humble Xerox machine

selv den ydmyge Xerox maskine

created new opportunities

skabte nye muligheder

for us to behave in ways

for os til at opføre os på måder,

that astonished the media business.

der forbløffede mediebranchen.

Because it turned out

For som det viste sig,

we're not really couch potatoes.

er vi ikke rigtig sofakartofler.

We don't really like to only consume.

Vi kan virkelig ikke lide kun at konsumere.

We do like to consume,

Vi kan godt lide at forbruge,

but every time one of these new tools came along,

men hver gang en af disse nye værktøjer opstod,

it turned out we also like to produce

viste det sig, at vi også kan lide at producere,

and we like to share.

og vi kan lide at dele.

And this freaked the media businesses out --

Og dette forskrækkede mediebranchen --

it freaked them out every time.

det forskrækkede dem hver gang.

Jack Valenti, who was the head lobbyist

Jack Valenti, som var hovedlobbyist

for the Motion Picture Association of America,

for 'Motion Picture Association of America',

once likened the ferocious video cassette recorder

sammenlignede engang den glubske videobåndoptager

to Jack the Ripper

til Jack the Ripper

and poor, helpless Hollywood

og stakkels, hjælpeløse Hollywood

to a woman at home alone.

med en kvinde alene hjemme.

That was the level of rhetoric.

Det var niveauet af retorik.

And so the media industries

Og derfor begyndte mediebranchen

begged, insisted, demanded

at tigge, insistere og forlange,

that Congress do something.

at Kongressen gjorde noget.

And Congress did something.

Og Kongressen gjorde noget.

By the early 90s, Congress passed the law

I begyndelsen af 90'erne vedtog Kongressen loven,

that changed everything.

som ændrede alt.

And that law was called the Audio Home Recording Act

Loven blev kaldt 'Audio Home Recodring Act'

of 1992.

af 1992.

What the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 said was,

Det, 'Audio Home Recording Act' af 1992 sagde, var,

look, if people are taping stuff off the radio

hør her, hvis folk optager fra radioen

and then making mixtapes for their friends,

og laver mixtape til deres venner,

that is not a crime. That's okay.

er det ikke en forbrydelse. Det er okay.

Taping and remixing

Optagning og remixing

and sharing with your friends is okay.

og deling med ens venner er okay.

If you make lots and lots of high quality copies and you sell them,

Hvis man laver mange højkvalitetskopier og sælger dem,

that's not okay.

så er det ikke okay.

But this taping business,

Men det med at optage,

fine, let it go.

fint, lad det gå.

And they thought that they clarified the issue,

Og de troede, de havde afklaret stridspunktet,

because they'd set out a clear distinction

fordi de havde lavet en klar skelnen

between legal and illegal copying.

mellem lovlig og ulovlig kopiering.

But that wasn't what the media businesses wanted.

Men det var ikke, hvad mediebranchen ville have.

They had wanted Congress

De ville have Kongressen

to outlaw copying full-stop.

til at forbyde kopiering fuldstændigt.

So when the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 was passed,

Så da 'Audio Home Recording Act' af 1992 blev vedtaget,

the media businesses gave up on the idea

opgav mediebranchen idéen

of legal versus illegal distinctions for copying

om adskillelser imellem lovlig contra ulovlig kopiering,

because it was clear

for det var klart,

that if Congress was acting in their framework,

at hvis Kongressen virkede i deres ramme,

they might actually increase the rights of citizens

ville de måske give borgerne flere rettigheder

to participate in our own media environment.

til at deltage i vores eget mediemiljø.

So they went for plan B.

So de gik efter plan B.

It took them a while to formulate plan B.

Det tog dem noget tid at formulere plan B.

Plan B appeared in its first full-blown form

Plan B opstod i sin første fuldendte form

in 1998 --

i 1998 --

something called the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.

noget kaldet 'Digital Millennium Copyright Act'.

It was a complicated piece of legislation, a lot of moving parts.

Det var et kompliceret stykke lovgivning, med mange bevægende dele.

But the main thrust of the DMCA

Men hovedpointen med 'DMCA'

was that it was legal to sell you

var, at det var lovligt at sælge en

uncopyable digital material --

ikke-kopierbart digitalt materiale --

except that there's no such things as uncopyable digital material.

men der er ikke noget digitalt materiale, som er ikke-kopierbart.

It would be, as Ed Felton once famously said,

Det ville være, som Ed Felton engang berømt sagde,

"Like handing out water

"Som at dele vand ud

that wasn't wet."

som ikke var vådt."

Bits are copyable. That's what computers do.

Bits er kopierbare. Det er, hvad computere gør.

That is a side effect of their ordinary operation.

Det er en sideeffekt af deres normale funktion.

So in order to fake the ability

Så for at foregive evnen

to sell uncopyable bits,

til at sælge ikke-kopierbare bits,

the DMCA also made it legal

gjorde 'DMCA' det også lovligt

to force you to use systems

at tvinge en til at bruge systemer,

that broke the copying function of your devices.

som ødelagde kopifunktionen i ens apparater.

Every DVD player and game player

Enhver DVD-afspiller og spillekonsol

and television and computer you brought home --

og fjernsyn og computer man bragte hjem --

no matter what you thought you were getting when you bought it --

lige meget, hvad man troede, man fik, når man købte det --

could be broken by the content industries,

kunne blive ødelagt af indholdsbranchen,

if they wanted to set that as a condition of selling you the content.

hvis de ville sætte det som en forudsætning for at sælge en indholdet.

And to make sure you didn't realize,

Og for at være sikker på, at man ikke opdagede,

or didn't enact their capabilities

eller ikke gjorde brug af deres evner

as general purpose computing devices,

som generelle formålsberegnende apparater,

they also made it illegal

gjorde de det også ulovligt

for you to try to reset

for en at forsøge at nulstille

the copyability of that content.

muligheden for at kopiere det indhold.

The DMCA marks the moment

DMCA'en markerer tidspunktet,

when the media industries

hvor mediebranchen

gave up on the legal system

opgav det juridiske system

of distinguishing between legal and illegal copying

med at differentiere mellem lovlig og ulovlig kopiering

and simply tried to prevent copying

og bare forsøgte at forhindre kopiering

through technical means.

gennem tekniske midler.

Now the DMCA had, and is continuing to have, a lot of complicated effects,

DMCA'en havde og fortsætter med at have en masse komplicerede effekter,

but in this one domain, limiting sharing,

men på dette ene område, begrænse deling,

it has mostly not worked.

har den for det meste ikke virket.

And the main reason it hasn't worked

Og hovedårsagen til, at den ikke har virket,

is the Internet has turned out to be far more popular and far more powerful

er, at internettet har vist sig at være langt mere populært og langt mere kraftfuldt,

than anyone imagined.

end nogen forestillede sig.

The mixtape, the fanzine,

Mixbåndet, fanbladet,

that was nothing compared to what we're seeing now

det var intet i forhold til, hvad vi ser nu

with the Internet.

med internettet.

We are in a world

Vi er i en verden,

where most American citizens

hvor de fleste amerikanske borgere

over the age of 12

over 12 år

share things with each other online.

deler ting med hinanden online.

We share written things, we share images,

Vi deler skrevne ting, vi deler billeder,

we share audio, we share video.

vi deler lydfiler, vi deler video.

Some of the stuff we share is stuff we've made.

Noget af det, vi deler, er noget, vi har lavet.

Some of the stuff we share is stuff we've found.

Noget af det, vi deler, er noget, vi har fundet.

Some of the stuff we share

Noget af det, vi deler,

is stuff we've made out of what we've found,

er noget, vi lavet ud af noget, vi har fundet,

and all of it horrifies those industries.

og alt det forfærder disse brancher.

So PIPA and SOPA

Så PIPA og SOPA

are round two.

er runde nummer 2.

But where the DMCA was surgical --

Men hvor DMCA var kirugisk --

we want to go down into your computer,

vi vil gå ind i din computer,

we want to go down into your television set, down into your game machine,

vi vil gå ind i dit fjernsyn, ind i din spillekonsol,

and prevent it from doing

og forhindre det i at gøre,

what they said it would do at the store --

hvad de sagde i butikken, det ville gøre --

PIPA and SOPA are nuclear

PIPA and SOPA er nukleare,

and they're saying, we want to go anywhere in the world

og de siger, vi vil tage alle steder hen i verden

and censor content.

og censurere indhold.

Now the mechanism, as I said, for doing this,

Så mekanismen, som jeg sagde, til at gøre dette

is you need to take out anybody

er, at man er nødt til at nedlægge alle,

pointing to those IP addresses.

som peger på disse IP adresser.

You need to take them out of search engines,

Man er nødt til at tage dem ud af søgemaskiner,

you need to take them out of online directories,

man er nødt til at tage dem ud af online vejledere,

you need to take them out of user lists.

man er nødt til at tage dem ud af brugerlister.

And because the biggest producers of content on the Internet

Og fordi de største producenter af indhold på internettet

are not Google and Yahoo,

ikke er Google og Yahoo,

they're us,

men os,

we're the people getting policed.

er det os, folket, som bliver kontrolleret.

Because in the end,

For når alt kommer til alt,

the real threat

er den virkelige trussel

to the enactment of PIPA and SOPA

ved vedtagelsen af PIPA og SOPA

is our ability to share things with one another.

vores mulighed for at dele ting med hinanden.

So what PIPA and SOPA risk doing

Så det, PIPA og SOPA risikerer at gøre,

is taking a centuries-old legal concept,

er at tage et århundrede år gammelt legalt koncept,

innocent until proven guilty,

uskyldig indtil det modsatte er bevist,

and reversing it --

og vende det om --

guilty until proven innocent.

skyldig indtil det modsatte er bevist.

You can't share

Man må ikke dele,

until you show us

indtil man har vist os,

that you're not sharing something

at man ikke deler noget,

we don't like.

vi ikke kan lide.

Suddenly, the burden of proof for legal versus illegal

Pludselig falder bevisbyrden for lovlig contra ulovlig

falls affirmatively on us

udelukkende på os

and on the services

og på de ydelser,

that might be offering us any new capabilities.

som måske tilbyder os nogle nye muligheder.

And if it costs even a dime

Og hvis det koster blot en øre

to police a user,

at kontrollere en bruger,

that will crush a service

vil det knuse en ydelse

with a hundred million users.

med hundred millioner brugere.

So this is the Internet they have in mind.

Så det er den form for internet, de har i tankerne.

Imagine this sign everywhere --

Forestil jer dette skilt overalt --

except imagine it doesn't say College Bakery,

men forstil, at det ikke siger College bageri,

imagine it says YouTube

forestil jer, at det siger YouTube

and Facebook and Twitter.

og Facebook og Twitter.

Imagine it says TED,

Forestil jer, det siger TED,

because the comments can't be policed

for kommentarerne kan ikke blive kontrolleret

at any acceptable cost.

til nogen acceptabel omkostning.

The real effects of SOPA and PIPA

De virkelige effekter af SOPA og PIPA

are going to be different than the proposed effects.

vil blive markant anderledes end de foreslåede effekter.

The threat, in fact,

Truslen er faktisk

is this inversion of the burden of proof,

denne omvending af bevisbyrden,

where we suddenly

hvor vi pludselig

are all treated like thieves

alle bliver behandlet som tyve

at every moment we're given the freedom to create,

på ethvert tidspunkt, vi bliver givet muligheden for at skabe,

to produce or to share.

at producere eller at dele.

And the people who provide those capabilities to us --

Og folkene, som stiller disse muligheder til rådighed for os --

the YouTubes, the Facebooks, the Twitters and TEDs --

Youtube'erne, Facebook'erne, Twitter'ne og TED'erne --

are in the business

er i virke med

of having to police us,

at kontrollere os

or being on the hook for contributory infringement.

eller være på krogen for medvirkende krænkelser.

There's two things you can do

Der er to ting, man kan gøre

to help stop this --

for at stoppe dette --

a simple thing and a complicated thing,

en simpel ting og en kompliceret ting,

an easy thing and a hard thing.

en let ting og en hård ting.

The simple thing, the easy thing, is this:

Den simple ting, den lette ting, er dette:

if you're an American citizen,

hvis du er amerikansk statsborger,

call your representative, call your senator.

ring til din repræsentant, ring til din senator.

When you look at

Når du ser på

the people who co-signed on the SOPA bill,

personerne, som medunderskrev SOPA-lovforslaget,

people who've co-signed on PIPA,

personer, der medunderskrev PIPA,

what you see is that they have cumulatively received

det, du ser, er, at de tilsammen har modtaget

millions and millions of dollars

millioner og millioner af dollars

from the traditional media industries.

fra de traditionelle mediebrancher.

You don't have millions and millions of dollars,

Du har ikke millioner og millioner af dollar,

but you can call your representatives,

men du kan ringe til din repræsentant,

and you can remind them that you vote,

og du kan minde dem om, at du stemmer,

and you can ask not to be treated like a thief,

og du kan bede dem om ikke at blive behandlet som en tyv,

and you can suggest that you would prefer

og du kan foreslå, at du ville foretrække,

that the Internet not be broken.

at internettet ikke bliver ødelagt.

And if you're not an American citizen,

Og hvis du ikke er en amerikansk statsborger,

you can contact American citizens that you know

kan du kontakte amerikanske statsborger, som du kender

and encourage them to do the same.

og opfordre dem til at gøre det samme.

Because this seems like a national issue,

Fordi dette ligner et nationalt problem,

but it is not.

men det er det ikke.

These industries will not be content

Disse industrier vil ikke være tilfredse

with breaking our Internet.

med at ødelægge vores internet.

If they break it, they will break it for everybody.

Hvis de ødelægger det, vil de ødelægge det for alle.

That's the easy thing.

Det er den lette ting.

That's the simple thing.

Det er den simple ting.

The hard thing is this:

Den hårde ting er dette:

get ready, because more is coming.

vær parat, for mere kommer.

SOPA is simply a reversion of COICA,

SOPA er simpelthen en revision of COICA,

which was purposed last year, which did not pass.

som blev foreslået sidste år, som ikke blev vedtaget.

And all of this goes back

Og alt dette går tilbage

to the failure of the DMCA

til DMCA'ens fiasko

to disallow sharing as a technical means.

med at underkende deling som en teknisk foranstaltning.

And the DMCA goes back to the Audio Home Recording Act,

Og DMCA'en går tilbage til 'Audio Home Recording Act'en,

which horrified those industries.

som forskrækkede disse brancher.

Because the whole business

Fordi hele processen

of actually suggesting that someone is breaking the law

med faktisk at foreslå, nogle bryder loven,

and then gathering evidence and proving that,

og så samle beviser og bevise det,

that turns out to be really inconvenient.

det viste sig at være rigtig besværligt.

"We'd prefer not to do that,"

"Vi ville foretrække ikke at skulle gøre det,"

says the content industries.

siger indholdsbranchen.

And what they want is not to have to do that.

Og det, de vil have, er, at de ikke behøver at gøre det.

They don't want legal distinctions

De vil ikke have juridiske sondringer

between legal and illegal sharing.

mellem lovlig og ulovlig deling.

They just want the sharing to go away.

De vil bare have deling til at gå væk.

PIPA and SOPA are not oddities, they're not anomalies,

PIPA og SOPA er ikke sjældenheder, de er ikke afvigelser,

they're not events.

de er ikke begivenheder.

They're the next turn of this particular screw,

De er den næste tur af denne specifikke spiral,

which has been going on 20 years now.

som nu har været i gang de sidste 20 år.

And if we defeat these, as I hope we do,

Og hvis vi besejrer disse, som jeg håber, vi gør,

more is coming.

kommer der mere.

Because until we convince Congress

Fordi indtil vi overbeviser Kongressen

that the way to deal with copyright violation

om, at måden at håndtere copyrightkrænkelser på,

is the way copyright violation was dealt with with Napster, with YouTube,

er måden copyrightkrænkelser blev håndteret med Napster, med YouTube,

which is to have a trial with all the presentation of evidence

som er ved at have en retssag med præsentation af beviser

and the hashing out of facts and the assessment of remedies

og blotlæggelsen af fakta og vurderingen af retsmidler,

that goes on in democratic societies.

som finder sted i demokratiske samfund.

That's the way to handle this.

Det er måden at håndtere det på.

In the meantime,

Men i mellemtiden

the hard thing to do is to be ready.

er den hårde ting at gøre at være beredt.

Because that's the real message of PIPA and SOPA.

For det er den virkelige besked med PIPA og SOPA.

Time Warner has called

Time Warner har ringet,

and they want us all back on the couch,

og de vil have os alle tilbage på sofaen,

just consuming --

bare forbruge --

not producing, not sharing --

ikke producere, ikke dele --

and we should say, "No."

og vi bør sige, "Nej."

Thank you.

Tak.

(Applause)

(Bifald)