Defend our freedom to share (or why SOPA is a bad idea) | Clay Shirky

Prevoditelj: Davorin Jelačić Recezent: Ivona Papa

I'm going to start here.

Počet ću s ovime.

This is a hand-lettered sign

Ovo je rukom pisana obavijest

that appeared in a mom and pop bakery

koja se pojavila u obiteljskoj pekarnici

in my old neighborhood in Brooklyn a few years ago.

u mom nekadašnjem naselju u Brooklynu prije nekoliko godina.

The store owned one of those machines

Dućan je posjedovao jedan od onih strojeva

that can print on plates of sugar.

koji su ispisivali na šećerne table.

And kids could bring in drawings

Djeca su mogla donijeti svoje crteže

and have the store print a sugar plate

i dućan bi im otisnuo šećernu tablu

for the top of their birthday cake.

za gornji dio njihove rođendanske torte.

But unfortunately, one of the things kids liked to draw

Nažalost, jedna od stvari koje su djeca voljela crtati

was cartoon characters.

bili su likovi iz crtića.

They liked to draw the Little Mermaid,

Voljeli su crtati Malu sirenu,

they'd like to draw a smurf, they'd like to draw Micky Mouse.

voljeli su crtati Štrumpfove, Mickyja Mousea.

But it turns out to be illegal

Ali je protiv zakona tiskati

to print a child's drawing of Micky Mouse

dječje crteže Mickyja Mousea

onto a plate of sugar.

na šećernu tablu.

And it's a copyright violation.

Riječ je o kršenju autorskih prava.

And policing copyright violations

A nadzirati kršenje autorskih prava

for children's birthday cakes

na dječjim rođendanskim tortama

was such a hassle

je bilo toliko zeznuto

that the College Bakery said,

da je College pekarnica rekla,

"You know what, we're getting out of that business.

"Znate što, izlazimo iz ovog posla.

If you're an amateur,

Ako ste amater,

you don't have access to our machine anymore.

više nemate pravo pristupa našem stroju.

If you want a printed sugar birthday cake,

Ako želite rođendansku tortu s ilustracijom,

you have to use one of our prefab images --

morate prihvatiti jednu od ponuđenih slika --

only for professionals."

samo za profesionalce."

So there's two bills in Congress right now.

Danas su pred Kongresom dva zakona.

One is called SOPA, the other is called PIPA.

Jedan se zove SOPA, a drugi PIPA.

SOPA stands for the Stop Online Piracy Act.

SOPA je skraćenica za zaustavite internetsko piratstvo.

It's from the Senate.

Predlaže ga Senat.

PIPA is short for PROTECTIP,

PIPA je skraćeno od PROTECTIP,

which is itself short for

što je opet skraćenica za

Preventing Real Online Threats

Sprečavanje stvarnih internetskih prijetnji

to Economic Creativity

ekonomskoj kreativnosti

and Theft of Intellectual Property --

i krađe intelektualnog vlasništva --

because the congressional aides who name these things

pomoćnici u Kongresu koji daju ovakva imena

have a lot of time on their hands.

imaju jako puno slobodnog vremena.

And what SOPA and PIPA want to do

Ono što SOPA i PIPA žele učiniti

is they want to do this.

je sljedeće:

They want to raise the cost

Žele povisiti troškove

of copyright compliance

poštivanja autorskih prava

to the point where people simply get out of the business

do razine na kojoj ljudi jednostavno izlaze iz posla

of offering it as a capability to amateurs.

i više ne daju te mogućnosti amaterima.

Now the way they propose to do this

Predlažu da se to postigne na način

is to identify sites

da se utvrde internetske stranice

that are substantially infringing on copyright --

koje značajno krše copyright --

although how those sites are identified

premda u zakonima nije sasvim definirano

is never fully specified in the bills --

kako će se utvrditi te stranice --

and then they want to remove them from the domain name system.

a zatim ih žele ukloniti iz sustava domena.

They want to take them out of the domain name system.

Žele ih isključiti iz sustava domena.

Now the domain name system

Sustav domena je sustav

is the thing that turns human-readable names, like Google.com,

koji pretvara ljudima razumljive nazive, poput Google.com,

into the kinds of addresses

u adrese

machines expect --

koje očekuju uređaji --

74.125.226.212.

74.125.226.212.

Now the problem with this model of censorship,

Problem s ovim modelom cenzure,

of identifying a site

određivanja stranica

and then trying to remove it from the domain name system,

i potom pokušaja da ih se ukloni iz sustava domena,

is that it won't work.

je u tome da neće uspjeti.

And you'd think that would be a pretty big problem for a law,

Pomislili biste da će to biti velik problem za jedan zakon,

but Congress seems not to have let that bother them too much.

no čini se da Kongres nije baš nešto zabrinut zbog toga.

Now the reason it won't work

Razlog zašto ovo neće uspjeti je u tome

is that you can still type 74.125.226.212 into the browser

što još uvijek možete ukucati 74.125.226.212 u vaš preglednik

or you can make it a clickable link

ili od adrese možete napraviti poveznicu na koju se klikne

and you'll still go to Google.

i ipak ćete otići na Google.

So the policing layer

I tako ogrtač nadzora

around the problem

oko ovog problema

becomes the real threat of the act.

postaje prava prijetnja ovog zakona.

Now to understand how Congress came to write a bill

Da biste razumjeli kako je to Kongres napisao zakon

that won't accomplish its stated goals,

koji neće postići svoje proklamirane ciljeve,

but will produce a lot of pernicious side effects,

ali će stvoriti mnoge štetne popratne učinke,

you have to understand a little bit about the back story.

morate znati dio priče koji stoji iza svega.

And the back story is this:

A ta priča je sljedeća:

SOPA and PIPA, as legislation,

SOPA-u i PIPA-u, kao zakonske prijedloge,

were drafted largely by media companies

skicirale su uglavnom medijske kompanije

that were founded in the 20th century.

osnovane u dvadesetom stoljeću.

The 20th century was a great time to be a media company,

20. stoljeće je bilo sjajno doba za medijske kompanije,

because the thing you really had on your side was scarcity.

jer vam je u prilog išla oskudnost ponude.

If you were making a TV show,

Ako ste snimali TV emisiju,

it didn't have to be better than all other TV shows ever made;

nije morala biti bolja od svih drugih TV emisija ikad snimljenih;

it only had to be better

morala je samo biti bolja

than the two other shows

od druge dvije emisije

that were on at the same time --

koje su se prikazivale u isto vrijeme --

which is a very low threshold

što je vrlo nizak prag

of competitive difficulty.

konkurentske zahtjevnosti.

Which meant

Što znači

that if you fielded average content,

da ako nudite prosječan sadržaj,

you got a third of the U.S. public for free --

dobijate trećinu američke publike besplatno --

tens of millions of users

desetke milijuna korisnika

for simply doing something

jednostavno pružajući im nešto

that wasn't too terrible.

što nije odviše grozno.

This is like having a license to print money

To vam je kao da dobijete dozvolu tiskanja novca

and a barrel of free ink.

i bure besplatne tinte.

But technology moved on, as technology is wont to do.

Ali tehnologija napreduje, kako to već tehnologija hoće.

And slowly, slowly, at the end of the 20th century,

I polako, polako, krajem 20. stoljeća,

that scarcity started to get eroded --

ta je oskudnost počela nestajati --

and I don't mean by digital technology;

i to ne zbog digitalne tehnologije;

I mean by analog technology.

zbog analogne tehnologije.

Cassette tapes, video cassette recorders,

Kasetne vrpce, video rekorderi,

even the humble Xerox machine

čak i skromne Xerox fotokopirke

created new opportunities

stvorili su nove mogućnosti

for us to behave in ways

da se ponašamo na načine

that astonished the media business.

koji su zaprepastili medijski biznis.

Because it turned out

Budući da se pokazalo

we're not really couch potatoes.

da nismo zaista mrtva puhala na kauču.

We don't really like to only consume.

Nije da stvarno želimo samo konzumirati.

We do like to consume,

Volimo konzumirati,

but every time one of these new tools came along,

ali kad god se pojavio neki novi alat,

it turned out we also like to produce

pokazalo se da također volimo i proizvoditi

and we like to share.

i volimo dijeliti.

And this freaked the media businesses out --

I ovo je izbezumljivalo medijske kompanije --

it freaked them out every time.

izbezumilo ih svaki puta.

Jack Valenti, who was the head lobbyist

Jack Valenti, glavni lobist

for the Motion Picture Association of America,

Filmskog Udruženja (Motion Picture Association of America),

once likened the ferocious video cassette recorder

nekoć je usporedio krvožedni video rekorder

to Jack the Ripper

s Jackom Trbosjekom

and poor, helpless Hollywood

a jadni, bespomoćni Hollywood

to a woman at home alone.

sa ženom koja je sama kod kuće.

That was the level of rhetoric.

To je bila razina retorike.

And so the media industries

I tako je medijska industrija

begged, insisted, demanded

molila, inzistirala, zahtijevala

that Congress do something.

da Kongres nešto poduzme.

And Congress did something.

i Kongres je poduzeo.

By the early 90s, Congress passed the law

Ranih 90-tih, Kongres je donio zakon

that changed everything.

koji je sve promijenio.

And that law was called the Audio Home Recording Act

Taj zakon je nazvan Zakon o kućnom audio snimanju

of 1992.

iz 1992.

What the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 said was,

Taj je zakon propisao da

look, if people are taping stuff off the radio

ako ljudi snimaju s radija

and then making mixtapes for their friends,

i zatim izrađuju mješovite vrpce za prijatelje,

that is not a crime. That's okay.

to nije kazneno djelo. To je u redu.

Taping and remixing

Snimanje na vrpcu i miješanje

and sharing with your friends is okay.

i dijeljenje s prijateljima je u redu.

If you make lots and lots of high quality copies and you sell them,

Ako napravite mnogo visokokvalitetnih kopija i prodajete ih,

that's not okay.

to nije u redu.

But this taping business,

Ali to snimanje na vrpce,

fine, let it go.

dobro je, pustimo ih.

And they thought that they clarified the issue,

I mislili su da je time stvar raščišćena,

because they'd set out a clear distinction

jer su postavili jasno razgraničenje

between legal and illegal copying.

između zakonitog i nezakonitog kopiranja.

But that wasn't what the media businesses wanted.

Ali medijska industrija nije to željela.

They had wanted Congress

Oni su željeli da Kongres

to outlaw copying full-stop.

u cijelosti zabrani kopiranje.

So when the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 was passed,

Kad je Zakon o audio snimanju izglasan 1992.,

the media businesses gave up on the idea

mediji su napustili ideju

of legal versus illegal distinctions for copying

o razlikama između zakonitog i nezakonitog kopiranja

because it was clear

jer je bilo jasno

that if Congress was acting in their framework,

da ako Kongres bude djelovao u tim okvirima,

they might actually increase the rights of citizens

mogli bi zapravo povećati prava građana

to participate in our own media environment.

da sudjeluju u našem medijskom okruženju.

So they went for plan B.

Pa su pristupili planu B.

It took them a while to formulate plan B.

Trebalo im je neko vrijeme da formuliraju plan B.

Plan B appeared in its first full-blown form

Plan B se u svojem potpuno razvijenom obliku

in 1998 --

pojavio 1998. godine --

something called the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.

pod nazivom Digitalni milenijski zakon o autorskim pravima (DMCA).

It was a complicated piece of legislation, a lot of moving parts.

Bio je to kompliciran zakon s puno pomičnih dijelova.

But the main thrust of the DMCA

Ali glavni koncept DMCA

was that it was legal to sell you

je u tome da vam imaju zakonito pravo prodati

uncopyable digital material --

digitalni materijal koji se ne može kopirati --

except that there's no such things as uncopyable digital material.

osim što ne postoji digitalni materijal koji se ne može kopirati.

It would be, as Ed Felton once famously said,

Bilo je to, kako je Ed Felton jednom slavno rekao,

"Like handing out water

"Kao da dajete vodu

that wasn't wet."

koja nije mokra."

Bits are copyable. That's what computers do.

Bitovi se mogu kopirati. To je ono što računala čine.

That is a side effect of their ordinary operation.

To je prateći učinak njihovog uobičajenog rada.

So in order to fake the ability

Pa je zakon DMCA, da bi se lažirala sposobnost

to sell uncopyable bits,

prodaje bitova koji se ne mogu kopirati,

the DMCA also made it legal

također proglasio da vas se zakonito

to force you to use systems

može natjerati da koristite sustave

that broke the copying function of your devices.

koji eliminiraju kopirnu funkciju vaših uređaja.

Every DVD player and game player

Svaki DVD uređaj i igraća konzola

and television and computer you brought home --

i televizor i računalo koje ste donijeli kući --

no matter what you thought you were getting when you bought it --

bez obzira na to što ste mislili da dobivate kad ste ga kupili --

could be broken by the content industries,

može se ograničiti od strane pružatelja sadržaja,

if they wanted to set that as a condition of selling you the content.

ako bi oni to poželjeli postaviti kao uvjet prodaje sadržaja.

And to make sure you didn't realize,

I da se osiguraju da to ne otkrijete,

or didn't enact their capabilities

ili ne aktivirate sve sposobnosti

as general purpose computing devices,

koje općenamjenski računalni uređaji imaju,

they also made it illegal

također su proglasili nezakonitim

for you to try to reset

vaš pokušaj da omogućite

the copyability of that content.

kopirljivost sadržaja.

The DMCA marks the moment

Zakon DMCA označava trenutak

when the media industries

kada je medijska industrija

gave up on the legal system

digla ruke od zakona

of distinguishing between legal and illegal copying

koji razlikuju zakonito od nezakonitog kopiranja

and simply tried to prevent copying

i naprosto pokušala spriječiti kopiranje

through technical means.

tehničkim sredstvima.

Now the DMCA had, and is continuing to have, a lot of complicated effects,

DMCA je imao, i ima, mnogo kompliciranih učinaka,

but in this one domain, limiting sharing,

ali na ovom području, u ograničavanju dijeljenja,

it has mostly not worked.

uglavnom nije uspio.

And the main reason it hasn't worked

Glavni razlog zašto nisu uspjeli je u tome

is the Internet has turned out to be far more popular and far more powerful

što se internet pokazao daleko popularniji i moćniji

than anyone imagined.

nego što je itko zamišljao.

The mixtape, the fanzine,

Miješane vrpce, fanzini,

that was nothing compared to what we're seeing now

nisu bili ništa u usporedbi s onim što sada vidimo

with the Internet.

na internetu.

We are in a world

Živimo u svijetu

where most American citizens

u kojem većina američkih građana

over the age of 12

starijih od 12 godina

share things with each other online.

međusobno dijeli stvari na mreži.

We share written things, we share images,

Dijelimo zapise, dijelimo slike,

we share audio, we share video.

dijelimo zvuk, dijelimo snimke.

Some of the stuff we share is stuff we've made.

Nešto od onoga što dijelimo smo sami napravili.

Some of the stuff we share is stuff we've found.

Nešto od onoga što dijelimo smo pronašli.

Some of the stuff we share

Nešto od onoga što dijelimo

is stuff we've made out of what we've found,

je ono što smo sami napravili pomoću onoga što smo našli,

and all of it horrifies those industries.

i sve to užasava medijsku industriju.

So PIPA and SOPA

I tako su PIPA i SOPA

are round two.

druga runda.

But where the DMCA was surgical --

Ali dok je zakon DMCA bio kirurški --

we want to go down into your computer,

mi želimo ući u vaše računalo,

we want to go down into your television set, down into your game machine,

želimo ući u vaš televizor, u vašu konzolu,

and prevent it from doing

i spriječiti ih da rade ono

what they said it would do at the store --

što su vam u trgovini rekli da mogu raditi --

PIPA and SOPA are nuclear

PIPA i SOPA su nuklearni

and they're saying, we want to go anywhere in the world

i kažu: želimo doći bilo gdje u svijetu

and censor content.

i cenzurirati sadržaj.

Now the mechanism, as I said, for doing this,

Mehanizam, kao što rekoh, kojim se ovo postiže,

is you need to take out anybody

je da uklonite svakoga

pointing to those IP addresses.

tko upućuje na te IP adrese.

You need to take them out of search engines,

Morate ih eliminirati iz tražilica,

you need to take them out of online directories,

morate ih eliminirati iz mrežnih direktorija,

you need to take them out of user lists.

iz korisničkih lista.

And because the biggest producers of content on the Internet

A budući da najveći proizvođači sadržaja na internetu

are not Google and Yahoo,

nisu Google i Yahoo,

they're us,

već smo to mi,

we're the people getting policed.

mi smo ti koje će se nadzirati.

Because in the end,

Naposlijetku,

the real threat

stvarna prijetnja

to the enactment of PIPA and SOPA

provedbi PIPA-e i SOPA-e

is our ability to share things with one another.

je naša mogućnost da dijelimo stvari jedan s drugim.

So what PIPA and SOPA risk doing

Ono što PIPA i SOPA ovime riskiraju

is taking a centuries-old legal concept,

je da stoljetni pravni koncept,

innocent until proven guilty,

nedužan si dok ti se ne dokaže krivica,

and reversing it --

preokrenu u --

guilty until proven innocent.

kriv si dok ti se ne dokaže nedužnost.

You can't share

Ne možeš dijeliti

until you show us

dok nam ne dokažeš

that you're not sharing something

da ne dijeliš nešto

we don't like.

što nam se ne sviđa.

Suddenly, the burden of proof for legal versus illegal

Iznenada, teret dokazivanja zakonitog i nezakonitog

falls affirmatively on us

pozitivno pada na nas

and on the services

i na usluge

that might be offering us any new capabilities.

koje bi nam mogle nuditi nove mogućnosti.

And if it costs even a dime

A ako košta makar i sitnicu

to police a user,

da se nadzire korisnik,

that will crush a service

to će uništiti uslužnu kompaniju

with a hundred million users.

koja ima stotinu milijuna korisnika.

So this is the Internet they have in mind.

To je Internet kakav su oni zamislili.

Imagine this sign everywhere --

Zamislite posvuda ovaj znak --

except imagine it doesn't say College Bakery,

ali zamislite da ne piše pekarnica College,

imagine it says YouTube

zamislite da piše YouTube

and Facebook and Twitter.

i Facebook i Twitter.

Imagine it says TED,

Zamislite da piše TED,

because the comments can't be policed

jer se komentari ne mogu nadzirati

at any acceptable cost.

s prihvatljivim troškovima.

The real effects of SOPA and PIPA

Pravi učinci SOPA-e i PIPA-e

are going to be different than the proposed effects.

će biti drugačiji od zamišljenih.

The threat, in fact,

Prijetnja se, zapravo, sastoji

is this inversion of the burden of proof,

u promjeni na kome je teret dokazivanja,

where we suddenly

kada nas se iznenada

are all treated like thieves

sve tretira kao lopove

at every moment we're given the freedom to create,

u svakom trenutku u kojem imamo slobodu stvaranja,

to produce or to share.

proizvodnje ili dijeljenja.

And the people who provide those capabilities to us --

A oni koji nam pružaju te mogućnosti --

the YouTubes, the Facebooks, the Twitters and TEDs --

razni YouTube, Facebook, Twitter i TED --

are in the business

dobivaju posao

of having to police us,

u kojem nas moraju nadzirati,

or being on the hook for contributory infringement.

i nalaze se na rubu kršenja zakona zbog nečijeg priloga.

There's two things you can do

Možete učiniti dvije stvari

to help stop this --

da pomognete da ovo zaustavimo --

a simple thing and a complicated thing,

jednostavnu stvar i kompliciranu stvar,

an easy thing and a hard thing.

laku stvar i tešku stvar.

The simple thing, the easy thing, is this:

Jednostavna, laka stvar je ova:

if you're an American citizen,

ako ste američki državljanin,

call your representative, call your senator.

nazovite svog predstavnika, nazovite svog senatora.

When you look at

Ako pogledate ljude

the people who co-signed on the SOPA bill,

koji su supotpisali prijedlog SOPA,

people who've co-signed on PIPA,

ljude koji su supotpisali prijedlog PIPA,

what you see is that they have cumulatively received

vidjet ćete da su ukupno primili

millions and millions of dollars

milijune i milijune dolara

from the traditional media industries.

od tradicionalnih medijskih kuća.

You don't have millions and millions of dollars,

Vi nemate milijune i milijune dolara,

but you can call your representatives,

ali možete nazvati vaše predstavnike,

and you can remind them that you vote,

i možete ih podsjetiti da izlazite na biralište,

and you can ask not to be treated like a thief,

i možete zahtijevati da vas se ne tretira kao lopova,

and you can suggest that you would prefer

i možete sugerirati da biste više voljeli

that the Internet not be broken.

da ne unište internet.

And if you're not an American citizen,

A ako niste američki državljanin,

you can contact American citizens that you know

možete kontaktirati Amerikance koje znate

and encourage them to do the same.

i motivirati ih da učine isto.

Because this seems like a national issue,

Ovo izgleda kao nacionalna stvar,

but it is not.

ali nije.

These industries will not be content

Te industrije se neće zadovoljiti

with breaking our Internet.

uništenjem našeg interneta.

If they break it, they will break it for everybody.

Ako ga unište, uništit će ga svima.

That's the easy thing.

To je lagana stvar.

That's the simple thing.

To je ono jednostavno.

The hard thing is this:

Teška stvar je ova:

get ready, because more is coming.

pripremite se, jer slijedi još.

SOPA is simply a reversion of COICA,

SOPA je jednostavno varijanta COICA-e,

which was purposed last year, which did not pass.

koji je predložen prošle godine, a koji nije prošao.

And all of this goes back

A sve ovo proistječe

to the failure of the DMCA

iz propasti zakona DMCA

to disallow sharing as a technical means.

koji je trebao spriječiti dijeljenje tehničkim putem.

And the DMCA goes back to the Audio Home Recording Act,

A DMCA slijedi iz Zakona o audio snimanju,

which horrified those industries.

koji je užasnuo te industrije.

Because the whole business

Kada se bavite sugeriranjem

of actually suggesting that someone is breaking the law

da je netko prekršio zakon

and then gathering evidence and proving that,

i skupljate dokaze i tvrdnju dokazujete,

that turns out to be really inconvenient.

to je zaista nezgodan posao.

"We'd prefer not to do that,"

"Mi bismo radije da to ne moramo raditi,"

says the content industries.

govore proizvođači sadržaja.

And what they want is not to have to do that.

I oni žele da to ne moraju raditi.

They don't want legal distinctions

Oni ne žele zakonsku razliku

between legal and illegal sharing.

između zakonitog i nezakonitog dijeljenja.

They just want the sharing to go away.

Oni samo žele da se prestane dijeliti.

PIPA and SOPA are not oddities, they're not anomalies,

PIPA i SOPA nisu ekstremi, nisu anomalije,

they're not events.

nisu izuzetni događaji.

They're the next turn of this particular screw,

Oni su novi okretaj ovog konkretnog zavrtnja,

which has been going on 20 years now.

koji se zbiva evo već 20 godina.

And if we defeat these, as I hope we do,

A ako i pobijedimo ove zakone, kako se i nadam,

more is coming.

bit će ih još.

Because until we convince Congress

Jer dok ne uvjerimo Kongres

that the way to deal with copyright violation

da se protiv kršenja autorskih prava

is the way copyright violation was dealt with with Napster, with YouTube,

treba boriti kako se učinilo s Napsterom i s YouTube-om,

which is to have a trial with all the presentation of evidence

na suđenju s izvođenjem dokaza

and the hashing out of facts and the assessment of remedies

i analizom činjenica i utvrđivanjem rješenja

that goes on in democratic societies.

kako se to radi u demokratskim društvima.

That's the way to handle this.

Tako se treba nositi s ovim problemom.

In the meantime,

U međuvremenu,

the hard thing to do is to be ready.

teška stvar je ostati spreman.

Because that's the real message of PIPA and SOPA.

Jer je to prava poruka PIPA-e i SOPA-e.

Time Warner has called

Time Warner se izjasnio

and they want us all back on the couch,

i žele da se svi vratimo na kauč,

just consuming --

i samo konzumiramo --

not producing, not sharing --

ne proizvodimo, ne dijelimo --

and we should say, "No."

i mi bismo trebali odgovoriti, "Ne."

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)