Defend our freedom to share (or why SOPA is a bad idea) | Clay Shirky

翻译人员: Chunxiang Qian 校对人员: Angelia King

I'm going to start here.

我想从这儿开始。

This is a hand-lettered sign

这是一个手写告示

that appeared in a mom and pop bakery

在数年前出现在布鲁克林

in my old neighborhood in Brooklyn a few years ago.

我住过的旧社区里一个家庭式面包店里

The store owned one of those machines

店中的机器中有一台

that can print on plates of sugar.

可以用糖打印图文的机器

And kids could bring in drawings

孩子们会带着画来

and have the store print a sugar plate

让面包店在他们的

for the top of their birthday cake.

生日蛋糕上画上一幅糖画。

But unfortunately, one of the things kids liked to draw

但不幸地是，孩子们最喜欢画的东西之一

was cartoon characters.

就是卡通人物。

They liked to draw the Little Mermaid,

他们喜欢画小美人鱼，

they'd like to draw a smurf, they'd like to draw Micky Mouse.

蓝精灵，米老鼠。

But it turns out to be illegal

但结果，把一副孩子画的

to print a child's drawing of Micky Mouse

米老鼠画做成糖画

onto a plate of sugar.

竟是非法的

And it's a copyright violation.

并且侵犯了版权

And policing copyright violations

监管孩子生日蛋糕的

for children's birthday cakes

版权侵犯

was such a hassle

真是个麻烦事

that the College Bakery said,

学院面包店如是说，

"You know what, we're getting out of that business.

“你知道么，这个业务我们不能再提供了

If you're an amateur,

如果你是个外行

you don't have access to our machine anymore.

你可不能擅用我们的机器。

If you want a printed sugar birthday cake,

如果你制作一份带糖画的生日蛋糕，

you have to use one of our prefab images --

你必须用从我们的预制图像中选取一个 ——

only for professionals."

机器只对专业人士开放。”

So there's two bills in Congress right now.

这是目前国会的两个议案。

One is called SOPA, the other is called PIPA.

一个名为SOPA，另一个名为PIPA。

SOPA stands for the Stop Online Piracy Act.

SOPA表示禁止网络盗版法案（Stop Online Piracy Act）。

It's from the Senate.

它出自参议院。

PIPA is short for PROTECTIP,

PIPA是PROTECTIP的缩写，

which is itself short for

这本身又是

Preventing Real Online Threats

防止实时在线

to Economic Creativity

对经济创新能力

and Theft of Intellectual Property --

的威胁和对知识产权的盗窃法案的缩写——

because the congressional aides who name these things

提出这些法案的国会助手

have a lot of time on their hands.

有着大把的时间。

And what SOPA and PIPA want to do

SOPA和PIPA想做的

is they want to do this.

就是他们想做的。

They want to raise the cost

他们想把遵守版权的成本

of copyright compliance

提高到某个程度，

to the point where people simply get out of the business

这样外行人就

of offering it as a capability to amateurs.

直接无法参与了

Now the way they propose to do this

现在他们的方法是

is to identify sites

识别出那些

that are substantially infringing on copyright --

严重侵犯版权的网站 ——

although how those sites are identified

但是到底怎么鉴别这些网站

is never fully specified in the bills --

法案到说得不明不白--

and then they want to remove them from the domain name system.

识别后他们就要删除其域名

They want to take them out of the domain name system.

把他们的域名删了

Now the domain name system

域名系统就是

is the thing that turns human-readable names, like Google.com,

把我们能读的名字，比如Google.com

into the kinds of addresses

转化成

machines expect --

机器阅读的地址－

74.125.226.212.

74.125.226.212

Now the problem with this model of censorship,

这个审查模式的问题是

of identifying a site

鉴定一个网站

and then trying to remove it from the domain name system,

然后移除其域名

is that it won't work.

这根本行不通

And you'd think that would be a pretty big problem for a law,

而且在法律上来说也相当棘手

but Congress seems not to have let that bother them too much.

但是国会似乎根本不操心这个

Now the reason it won't work

这个方法不奏效的原因是

is that you can still type 74.125.226.212 into the browser

如果你在浏览器输入74.125.226.212

or you can make it a clickable link

或者做一个链接

and you'll still go to Google.

你仍然能打开谷歌

So the policing layer

所以这个问题的

around the problem

监管层面

becomes the real threat of the act.

是这个法案本身最大的问题

Now to understand how Congress came to write a bill

国会是怎么写了一个

that won't accomplish its stated goals,

自己没法达成目标

but will produce a lot of pernicious side effects,

还导致负面效果的法案呢

you have to understand a little bit about the back story.

你得再深入了解点此问题

And the back story is this:

这个问题的背景就是

SOPA and PIPA, as legislation,

SOPA和PIPA的立法

were drafted largely by media companies

主要是由上世纪成立的

that were founded in the 20th century.

媒体公司起草的

The 20th century was a great time to be a media company,

20世纪的媒体公司风华正茂的时候

because the thing you really had on your side was scarcity.

因为他们掌握着稀缺资源

If you were making a TV show,

如果拍个电视

it didn't have to be better than all other TV shows ever made;

根本不必做得比以前的好

it only had to be better

只要比

than the two other shows

另两家的电视好就成了

that were on at the same time --

同时放映的只有这么多－

which is a very low threshold

这个对竞争难度

of competitive difficulty.

是个很低的门槛

Which meant

也就是说

that if you fielded average content,

你只要作出平均水平的东西

you got a third of the U.S. public for free --

就有了全美三分之一的观众－

tens of millions of users

那可是上千万人

for simply doing something

只要简单做点东西

that wasn't too terrible.

不太烂就可以了

This is like having a license to print money

这就好像有印钞的许可证

and a barrel of free ink.

还有一桶免费的墨水

But technology moved on, as technology is wont to do.

但是技术在发展，一直在进步

And slowly, slowly, at the end of the 20th century,

渐渐地，到了20世纪末

that scarcity started to get eroded --

稀缺性坐吃山空--

and I don't mean by digital technology;

我不是说数字技术

I mean by analog technology.

我是说模拟技术

Cassette tapes, video cassette recorders,

磁带录像带，录像机

even the humble Xerox machine

甚至是不起眼的复印机

created new opportunities

提供给我们新机会

for us to behave in ways

让媒体行业

that astonished the media business.

大大吃了一惊

Because it turned out

因为不是每个人

we're not really couch potatoes.

都窝在沙发上看电视

We don't really like to only consume.

我们不愿意只做消费者

We do like to consume,

我们的确喜欢消费

but every time one of these new tools came along,

但每当有新工具问世

it turned out we also like to produce

我们就希望做出点什么

and we like to share.

来分享

And this freaked the media businesses out --

这可让媒体行业不爽了－

it freaked them out every time.

每次都是

Jack Valenti, who was the head lobbyist

杰克･瓦伦蒂是美国电影协会的

for the Motion Picture Association of America,

首席说客

once likened the ferocious video cassette recorder

他有次把盒带式录像机比喻成

to Jack the Ripper

开膛手杰克

and poor, helpless Hollywood

把可怜的无助的好莱坞

to a woman at home alone.

比喻成独自在家的女人

That was the level of rhetoric.

就是这么比喻的

And so the media industries

媒体行业

begged, insisted, demanded

乞求，强调，要求

that Congress do something.

国会得做点什么

And Congress did something.

国会确实做了

By the early 90s, Congress passed the law

九十年代初国会通过了一个法案

that changed everything.

改变了一切

And that law was called the Audio Home Recording Act

该法案就是

of 1992.

1992年的《家庭录制法》

What the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 said was,

1992年的《家庭录制法》规定

look, if people are taping stuff off the radio

如果人们自己录像

and then making mixtapes for their friends,

然后和朋友分享

that is not a crime. That's okay.

这不是犯罪，没事

Taping and remixing

录像，制作

and sharing with your friends is okay.

和朋友分享是可以的

If you make lots and lots of high quality copies and you sell them,

但是如果制作很多高质量的然后出售

that's not okay.

就不行了

But this taping business,

但是录像的行为

fine, let it go.

就放行吧

And they thought that they clarified the issue,

他们觉得话说得很明白了

because they'd set out a clear distinction

因为他们划清了

between legal and illegal copying.

合法和非法翻拍的界线

But that wasn't what the media businesses wanted.

但那可不是媒体行业想的

They had wanted Congress

他们要的是

to outlaw copying full-stop.

国会禁止翻拍行为

So when the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 was passed,

所以当1992年《家庭录制法》通过的时候

the media businesses gave up on the idea

媒体行业放弃了

of legal versus illegal distinctions for copying

划定合法和非法翻拍行为的想法

because it was clear

因为很明显

that if Congress was acting in their framework,

如果国会真的执行的话

they might actually increase the rights of citizens

这可能反而促使

to participate in our own media environment.

更多人参与媒体活动

So they went for plan B.

他们另辟蹊径

It took them a while to formulate plan B.

找到这另一个法子不容易

Plan B appeared in its first full-blown form

这个方法1998年终于

in 1998 --

全面问世

something called the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.

称作《数字千年著作权法案》

It was a complicated piece of legislation, a lot of moving parts.

这个立法内容非常复杂，有很多灵活的部分

But the main thrust of the DMCA

但是DMCA的杀手锏是

was that it was legal to sell you

销售不可复制的

uncopyable digital material --

数字内容是合法的－

except that there's no such things as uncopyable digital material.

但是根本就不存在不可复制的数字内容阿

It would be, as Ed Felton once famously said,

就像爱德･费尔顿说的

"Like handing out water

“像泼出

that wasn't wet."

不湿的水一样。”

Bits are copyable. That's what computers do.

比特位是可以复制的，这是电脑的功能

That is a side effect of their ordinary operation.

这是电脑正常操作的一个副产品

So in order to fake the ability

所以假装

to sell uncopyable bits,

存在出售无法复制的比特位的可能

the DMCA also made it legal

DMCA也把

to force you to use systems

强制你使用

that broke the copying function of your devices.

可破坏设备复制功能的系统定为合法

Every DVD player and game player

你买回家的DVD播放器和游戏机

and television and computer you brought home --

还有电视电脑－

no matter what you thought you were getting when you bought it --

无论买的时候你以为会有什么东西到手--

could be broken by the content industries,

都可能被内容供应商破坏

if they wanted to set that as a condition of selling you the content.

如果他们想以此作为出售给你内容的条件的话

And to make sure you didn't realize,

为了确保你不知情

or didn't enact their capabilities

或者说不让他们的条款

as general purpose computing devices,

对一般性的电子设备适用

they also made it illegal

他们还规定

for you to try to reset

重新设置内容的复制性设置

the copyability of that content.

也是违法的

The DMCA marks the moment

DMCA标志着

when the media industries

媒体行业

gave up on the legal system

放弃了用法律手段

of distinguishing between legal and illegal copying

来区分合法和非法复制

and simply tried to prevent copying

而是采用技术手段

through technical means.

来防止复制

Now the DMCA had, and is continuing to have, a lot of complicated effects,

DMCA产生了很多复杂的作用

but in this one domain, limiting sharing,

但在网域限制分享的范围内

it has mostly not worked.

它是不适用的

And the main reason it hasn't worked

不适用的原因是

is the Internet has turned out to be far more popular and far more powerful

互联网的流行及其力量

than anyone imagined.

远超人们的想象

The mixtape, the fanzine,

自制录像 爱好者杂志

that was nothing compared to what we're seeing now

这些有了互联网

with the Internet.

就完全不一样了

We are in a world

我们身处的世界

where most American citizens

大多数12岁以上的

over the age of 12

美国人

share things with each other online.

在线上与别人分享

We share written things, we share images,

我们分享文稿，图片

we share audio, we share video.

声频，视频

Some of the stuff we share is stuff we've made.

分享的东西有些是我们制作的

Some of the stuff we share is stuff we've found.

有些是我们找到的

Some of the stuff we share

有些是

is stuff we've made out of what we've found,

在那些找到的东西上加工出来的

and all of it horrifies those industries.

这可让媒体行业吓坏了

So PIPA and SOPA

PIPA和SOPA

are round two.

可是第二回合

But where the DMCA was surgical --

但好比DMCA是外科手术式的

we want to go down into your computer,

要进入你的电脑

we want to go down into your television set, down into your game machine,

你的电视机，还有游戏机

and prevent it from doing

并且阻止店员

what they said it would do at the store --

告诉你它们的功能

PIPA and SOPA are nuclear

PIPA和SOPA就好比是核武器

and they're saying, we want to go anywhere in the world

他们要插手世界上每一个角落

and censor content.

去审查内容

Now the mechanism, as I said, for doing this,

现在用于此目的的机制

is you need to take out anybody

是移除任何一个

pointing to those IP addresses.

指向IP地址的人

You need to take them out of search engines,

把他们移出搜索引擎

you need to take them out of online directories,

移出线上目录

you need to take them out of user lists.

从用户名单里删除

And because the biggest producers of content on the Internet

因为线上内容的最大生产者

are not Google and Yahoo,

既不是谷歌也不是雅虎

they're us,

而是我们

we're the people getting policed.

是我们被管制了

Because in the end,

因为说到底

the real threat

实施

to the enactment of PIPA and SOPA

PIPA和SOPA的真正威胁

is our ability to share things with one another.

是我们与他人分享的能力

So what PIPA and SOPA risk doing

PIPA和SOPA是在逆行倒施

is taking a centuries-old legal concept,

把一个几百年来的法律概念

innocent until proven guilty,

及“无罪推定”的概念

and reversing it --

反过来－

guilty until proven innocent.

变成“有罪推定”

You can't share

除非你能

until you show us

证明你分享的东西

that you're not sharing something

是我们允许的

we don't like.

否则就不能分享

Suddenly, the burden of proof for legal versus illegal

这样一来，区分有罪无罪的证据负担

falls affirmatively on us

就落到了我们身上

and on the services

以及那些

that might be offering us any new capabilities.

提供我们分享功能的服务商身上

And if it costs even a dime

就算一名使用者

to police a user,

只需一毛钱成本来管制

that will crush a service

那么成千上万的使用者

with a hundred million users.

无疑会压垮一个服务商

So this is the Internet they have in mind.

这就是他们理想的互联网

Imagine this sign everywhere --

想象一下这个标示随处可见的样子－

except imagine it doesn't say College Bakery,

除了想象它不是叫学院面包房

imagine it says YouTube

想象一下如果是YouTube

and Facebook and Twitter.

脸书和推特

Imagine it says TED,

如果是TED

because the comments can't be policed

因为评论管制的

at any acceptable cost.

成本无可估量

The real effects of SOPA and PIPA

SOPA和PIPA的实际效果

are going to be different than the proposed effects.

和预期效果是不同的

The threat, in fact,

真正的威胁是

is this inversion of the burden of proof,

供证的逆转

where we suddenly

我们突然

are all treated like thieves

成了做贼的

at every moment we're given the freedom to create,

只要我们尝试自由地创作

to produce or to share.

和分享

And the people who provide those capabilities to us --

而提供此功能的人们

the YouTubes, the Facebooks, the Twitters and TEDs --

YouTube，脸书，推特或者TED此类种种

are in the business

就不得不

of having to police us,

管制我们

or being on the hook for contributory infringement.

或者被牵连构成间接侵权

There's two things you can do

有两件事

to help stop this --

你可以来帮助阻止这一切－

a simple thing and a complicated thing,

一个简单一个复杂

an easy thing and a hard thing.

一个容易一个困难

The simple thing, the easy thing, is this:

这个简单容易的事就是

if you're an American citizen,

如果你是美国公民

call your representative, call your senator.

告诉你的众议员和参议员

When you look at

当你看到

the people who co-signed on the SOPA bill,

共同签署SOPA法案的人

people who've co-signed on PIPA,

共同签署PIPA法案的人

what you see is that they have cumulatively received

他们从

millions and millions of dollars

传统媒体逐渐地收受了

from the traditional media industries.

数以百万的钱财

You don't have millions and millions of dollars,

你没有那么多钱

but you can call your representatives,

但你可以告诉那些参议员

and you can remind them that you vote,

提醒他们你握着投票权

and you can ask not to be treated like a thief,

你可以要求不被作对一个贼来对待

and you can suggest that you would prefer

你可以建议你宁愿要

that the Internet not be broken.

一个健全的互联网

And if you're not an American citizen,

如果你不是美国公民

you can contact American citizens that you know

你可以告诉你认识的美国公民

and encourage them to do the same.

劝他们这么做

Because this seems like a national issue,

因为这个虽然看上去是美国国内的问题

but it is not.

但不是的

These industries will not be content

打击互联网

with breaking our Internet.

是不能满足传统媒体产业的

If they break it, they will break it for everybody.

如果他们打击了互联网，每个人都会受到损害

That's the easy thing.

这是容易的这件事

That's the simple thing.

简单的一件事

The hard thing is this:

难的是

get ready, because more is coming.

因为有更多的还在等着我们

SOPA is simply a reversion of COICA,

SOPA是COICA的简版

which was purposed last year, which did not pass.

COICA是去年提出的，没有通过

And all of this goes back

这个源于

to the failure of the DMCA

DMCA没有能够

to disallow sharing as a technical means.

禁止分享技术手段的失败

And the DMCA goes back to the Audio Home Recording Act,

而DMCA又是源于《家庭录制法》

which horrified those industries.

那是让那些公司闻之胆寒的事

Because the whole business

因为如果某人

of actually suggesting that someone is breaking the law

违反了那个条例然后举证

and then gathering evidence and proving that,

并证明的整个过程

that turns out to be really inconvenient.

非常麻烦

"We'd prefer not to do that,"

“我们不太喜欢那么干”

says the content industries.

内容提供商如此自述

And what they want is not to have to do that.

他们真正想要的是不必那么干

They don't want legal distinctions

他们不想在合法和非法分享间

between legal and illegal sharing.

有明确的司法界定

They just want the sharing to go away.

他们只是想让分享彻底消失

PIPA and SOPA are not oddities, they're not anomalies,

PIPA和SOPA不是异想天开，不是异常现象

they're not events.

也不是个体事件

They're the next turn of this particular screw,

它们是给螺丝又上紧了一圈

which has been going on 20 years now.

而这已经持续了二十年

And if we defeat these, as I hope we do,

如果我们反抗的话，我希望我们能

more is coming.

还有更多的等着

Because until we convince Congress

直到我们能说服国会

that the way to deal with copyright violation

处理侵犯版权的做法

is the way copyright violation was dealt with with Napster, with YouTube,

应该像处理Napster和YouTube的侵权那样

which is to have a trial with all the presentation of evidence

也就是在民主社会中

and the hashing out of facts and the assessment of remedies

通过举证，核对事实

that goes on in democratic societies.

和补救措施评估的审讯的做法

That's the way to handle this.

这才是正确的做法

In the meantime,

同时

the hard thing to do is to be ready.

困难之处还有要做好准备

Because that's the real message of PIPA and SOPA.

这是PIPA和SOPA的真正要传达的信息

Time Warner has called

时代华纳曾呼吁

and they want us all back on the couch,

要我们坐回沙发上去

just consuming --

单纯消费--

not producing, not sharing --

别去创作，分享--

and we should say, "No."

我们应该说“不。”

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）