The history of our world in 18 minutes | David Christian | TED

Translator: Rok Vidmar Reviewer: Nika Kotnik

First, a video.

Najprej video.

Yes, it is a scrambled egg.

Da, to so umešana jajca.

But as you look at it,

Ampak ko to gledate,

I hope you'll begin to feel just slightly uneasy.

upam, da boste začutili rahlo nelagodje.

Because you may notice that what's actually happening

Kajti morda ste opazili, da video v resnici prikazuje,

is that the egg is unscrambling itself.

da se jajce samo od-mešava.

And you'll now see the yolk and the white have separated.

In zdaj vidite, da so se rumenjaki in beljaki ločili.

And now they're going to be poured back into the egg.

In zdaj se bodo zlili nazaj v lupino.

And we all know in our heart of hearts

In vsi globoko v našem srcu vemo,

that this is not the way the universe works.

da vesolje ne deluje tako.

A scrambled egg is mush -- tasty mush -- but it's mush.

Umešano jajce je zmešnjava – sicer okusna – ampak je zmešnjava.

An egg is a beautiful, sophisticated thing

Jajce je lepa, prefinjena stvar,

that can create even more sophisticated things,

ki lahko ustvari še bolj zapletene stvari,

such as chickens.

denimo piščance.

And we know in our heart of hearts

In globoko v našem srcu vemo,

that the universe does not travel from mush to complexity.

da vesolje ne potuje od zmešnjave k zapletenemu.

In fact, this gut instinct

V resnici se ta instinkt

is reflected in one of the most fundamental laws of physics,

odraža v enem izmed najbolj temeljnih zakonov fizike,

the second law of thermodynamics, or the law of entropy.

v drugem zakonu termodinamike, ali zakonu o entropiji.

What that says basically

Kar pravi, je v bistvu,

is that the general tendency of the universe

da je splošna težnja v vesolju

is to move from order and structure

prehajanje iz reda in strukture

to lack of order, lack of structure --

v pomanjkanje reda, v pomanjkanje strukture

in fact, to mush.

– v resnici, v zmešnjavo.

And that's why that video feels a bit strange.

In to daje videu malce čuden občutek.

And yet, look around us.

Pa vendar, poglejmo okrog sebe.

What we see around us is staggering complexity.

Kar vidimo okoli nas, je neverjetna zapletenost.

Eric Beinhocker estimates that in New York City alone,

Eric Beinhocker ocenjuje, da se samo v New Yorku

there are some 10 billion SKUs, or distinct commodities, being traded.

trguje s približno 10 milijardami vrst različnega blaga.

That's hundreds of times as many species as there are on Earth.

To je skoraj stokrat več, kot je vrst živih organizmov na Zemlji.

And they're being traded by a species of almost seven billion individuals,

Trgovanje poteka zaradi vrste skoraj sedem milijard posameznikov,

who are linked by trade, travel, and the Internet

ki so povezani s trgovino, potovanjem in internetom

into a global system of stupendous complexity.

v globalen sistem gromozanske zapletenosti.

So here's a great puzzle:

No, tukaj je velika uganka:

in a universe ruled by the second law of thermodynamics,

v vesolju, kjer vlada drugi zakon termodinamike,

kako je mogoče

how is it possible

to generate the sort of complexity I've described,

porajati zapletenost take vrste, kot sem jo opisal,

the sort of complexity represented by you and me

zapletenost, ki jo predstavljava ti in jaz

and the convention center?

in kongresni center?

Well, the answer seems to be,

No, zdi se, da je odgovor,

the universe can create complexity,

da vesolje lahko ustvari zapletenost,

but with great difficulty.

vendar z velikimi težavami.

In pockets,

V žepih

there appear what my colleague, Fred Spier,

se pojavijo, kar moj kolega Fred Spier

calls "Goldilocks conditions" --

imenuje "Zlatolaskini pogoji" –

not too hot, not too cold,

ne prevroče, ne premrzlo,

just right for the creation of complexity.

ravno prav za ustvarjanje zapletenosti.

And slightly more complex things appear.

In pojavijo se nekoliko bolj zapletene stvari.

And where you have slightly more complex things,

In kjer so nekoliko bolj zapletene stvari,

you can get slightly more complex things.

lahko dobiš nekoliko bolj zapletene stvari.

And in this way, complexity builds stage by stage.

In na ta način se zapletenost gradi stopnja za stopnjo.

Each stage is magical

Vsaka stopnja je čarobna,

because it creates the impression of something utterly new

ker naredi vtis nečesa popolnoma novega,

appearing almost out of nowhere in the universe.

ki se v vesolju pojavi skoraj od nikoder.

We refer in big history to these moments as threshold moments.

V veliki zgodovini tem trenutkom pravimo trenutki prehoda praga.

And at each threshold, the going gets tougher.

In pri vsakem pragu postane prehod težji.

The complex things get more fragile,

Zapletene stvari postanejo bolj krhke,

more vulnerable;

bolj ranljive;

the Goldilocks conditions get more stringent,

Zlatolaskini pogoji postanejo bolj strogi,

and it's more difficult to create complexity.

in težje je narediti zapletenost.

Now, we, as extremely complex creatures,

Mi, kot skrajno zapletena bitja,

desperately need to know this story

obupno potrebujemo poznati zgodbo

of how the universe creates complexity despite the second law,

o tem, kako vesolje ustvarja zapletenost kljub drugemu zakonu,

and why complexity means vulnerability and fragility.

in zakaj zapletenost pomeni ranljivost in krhkost.

And that's the story that we tell in big history.

In to zgodbo povemo v veliki zgodovini.

But to do it, you have do something

A zato je treba narediti nekaj,

that may, at first sight, seem completely impossible.

kar lahko na prvi pogled izgleda popolnoma nemogoče.

You have to survey the whole history of the universe.

Treba je pregledati vso zgodovino vesolja.

So let's do it.

Pa dajmo.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Let's begin by winding the timeline back

Previjmo časovnico nazaj

13.7 billion years,

za 13,7 milijard let,

to the beginning of time.

na začetek časa.

Around us, there's nothing.

Okoli nas ni nič.

There's not even time or space.

Ni niti časa niti prostora.

Imagine the darkest, emptiest thing you can

Predstavljajte si najtemnejšo, najbolj prazno reč, ki si jo morete,

and cube it a gazillion times and that's where we are.

in jo dvignite na tretjo potenco gazilijon krat in natanko tam smo.

And then suddenly,

In tedaj kar naenkrat

bang!

pok!

A universe appears, an entire universe.

Pojavi se vesolje, vse vesolje.

And we've crossed our first threshold.

In prešli smo prvi prag.

The universe is tiny; it's smaller than an atom.

Vesolje je majceno; manjše kot atom.

It's incredibly hot.

Neverjetno vroče je.

It contains everything that's in today's universe,

Vsebuje vse, kar je v vesolju danes,

so you can imagine, it's busting.

lahko si predstavljate, da kipi.

And it's expanding at incredible speed.

In veča se z neverjetno hitrostjo.

And at first, it's just a blur,

In spočetka je vse nejasno,

but very quickly distinct things begin to appear in that blur.

a zelo hitro se v tej megli začenjajo pojavljati različne stvari.

Within the first second,

V prvi sekundi

energy itself shatters into distinct forces

se energija sama razbije na različne sile,

including electromagnetism and gravity.

tudi na elektromagnetno in gravitacijsko.

And energy does something else quite magical:

In energija naredi nekaj drugega, kar je čisto čarobno:

it congeals to form matter --

strdi se, da naredi snov –

quarks that will create protons

kvarke, ki bodo naredili protone

and leptons that include electrons.

in leptone, ki vključujejo elektrone.

And all of that happens in the first second.

Vse to se zgodi v prvi sekundi.

Now we move forward 380,000 years.

Gremo naprej 380.000 let.

That's twice as long as humans have been on this planet.

To je dvakrat toliko, kot smo ljudje bili na tem planetu.

And now simple atoms appear of hydrogen and helium.

In zdaj se pojavijo preprosti atomi vodika in helija.

Now I want to pause for a moment,

Rad bi se ustavil za hip,

380,000 years after the origins of the universe,

380.000 let po začetku vesolja,

because we actually know quite a lot about the universe at this stage.

ker o vesolju na tej stopnji vemo kar precej.

We know above all that it was extremely simple.

Predvsem vemo, da je bilo skrajno preprosto.

It consisted of huge clouds of hydrogen and helium atoms,

Sestavljali so ga orjaški oblaki vodikovih in helijevih atomov,

and they have no structure.

in so brez zgradbe.

They're really a sort of cosmic mush.

V resnici so nekakšna kozmična zmešnjava.

But that's not completely true.

Vendar to ni popolnoma res.

Recent studies

Nedavne študije

by satellites such as the WMAP satellite

s sateliti, kot je satelit WMAP

have shown that, in fact,

so pokazale, da so v resnici

there are just tiny differences in that background.

v tem ozadju majcene razlike.

What you see here,

To vidite tu,

the blue areas are about a thousandth of a degree cooler

modra področja so kakšno tisočinko stopinje bolj hladna

than the red areas.

od rdečih področij.

These are tiny differences,

Te razlike so majcene,

but it was enough for the universe to move on

a so dovolj, da je vesolje napredovalo

to the next stage of building complexity.

k naslednji stopnji gradnje zapletenosti.

And this is how it works.

In tako to gre.

Gravity is more powerful where there's more stuff.

Gravitacija je močnejša, kjer je več snovi.

So where you get slightly denser areas,

V nekoliko gostejših področjih

gravity starts compacting clouds of hydrogen and helium atoms.

začne gravitacija zgoščati oblake vodikovih in helijevih atomov.

So we can imagine the early universe breaking up into a billion clouds.

Lahko si predstavljamo, da se je rano vesolje razbilo na milijardo oblakov.

And each cloud is compacted,

Vsak oblak se zgošča,

gravity gets more powerful as density increases,

gravitacija postane močnejša in ko gostota narašča,

the temperature begins to rise at the center of each cloud,

narašča temperatura v središču vsakega oblaka

and then, at the center,

in potem, v središču,

the temperature crosses the threshold temperature

temperatura preseže toplotni prag

of 10 million degrees,

10 milijonov stopinj,

protons start to fuse,

protoni se začnejo zlivati,

there's a huge release of energy,

sprošča se ogromno energije

and --

in –

bam!

bum!

We have our first stars.

Imamo prve zvezde.

From about 200 million years after the Big Bang,

Nekako 200 milijonov let po Velikem poku

stars begin to appear all through the universe,

se začnejo zvezde pojavljati po vsem vesolju,

billions of them.

na milijarde.

And the universe is now significantly more interesting

Vesolje je zdaj občutno bolj zanimivo

and more complex.

in bolj zapleteno.

Stars will create the Goldilocks conditions

Zvezde bodo ustvarile Zlatolaskine pogoje

for crossing two new thresholds.

za prehod dveh novih pragov.

When very large stars die,

Ko velike zvezde umrejo,

they create temperatures so high

dvignejo temperature tako visoko,

that protons begin to fuse in all sorts of exotic combinations,

da se protoni začnejo zlivati v vse vrste nenavadnih kombinacij,

to form all the elements of the periodic table.

in tvorijo vse elemente periodnega sistema.

If, like me, you're wearing a gold ring,

Če tako kot jaz nosite zlat prstan,

it was forged in a supernova explosion.

je bil skovan v eksploziji supernove.

So now the universe is chemically more complex.

Zdaj je vesolje kemično bolj zapleteno.

And in a chemically more complex universe,

In v kemično bolj zapletenem vesolju

it's possible to make more things.

se da narediti več reči.

And what starts happening is that, around young suns,

Kar se začne dogajati je, da se okoli mladih sonc,

young stars,

mladih zvezd,

začnejo ti elementi združevati, vrtijo se okoli,

all these elements combine, they swirl around,

the energy of the star stirs them around,

energija zvezde jih meša,

they form particles, they form snowflakes, they form little dust motes,

tvorijo delce, tvorijo snežinke, tvorijo prašne drobce,

they form rocks, they form asteroids,

tvorijo kamne, tvorijo asteroide

and eventually, they form planets and moons.

in na koncu tvorijo planete in lune.

And that is how our solar system was formed,

Tako se je oblikovalo naše osončje

four and a half billion years ago.

pred štirimi milijardami in pol let.

Rocky planets like our Earth are significantly more complex than stars

Kamniti planeti, kot je naša Zemlja, so bistveno bolj zapleteni kot zvezde,

because they contain a much greater diversity of materials.

ker vsebujejo bistveno večjo raznolikost gradiva.

So we've crossed a fourth threshold of complexity.

Tako smo prešli četrti prag zapletenosti.

Now, the going gets tougher.

Napredovanje postane zdaj težavnejše.

The next stage introduces entities that are significantly more fragile,

Naslednja stopnja uvede stvari, ki so bistveno bolj krhke,

significantly more vulnerable,

bistveno bolj ranljive,

but they're also much more creative

a so tudi veliko bolj ustvarjalne

and much more capable of generating further complexity.

in veliko bolj sposobne porajati nadaljnjo zapletenost.

I'm talking, of course, about living organisms.

Govorim seveda o živih organizmih.

Living organisms are created by chemistry.

Žive organizme ustvarja kemija.

We are huge packages of chemicals.

Smo ogromni svežnji kemikalij.

So, chemistry is dominated by the electromagnetic force.

Kemijo obvladuje elektromagnetna sila.

That operates over smaller scales than gravity,

Deluje na manjšem obsegu kot gravitacija,

which explains why you and I are smaller than stars or planets.

kar razloži, zakaj sva ti in jaz manjša od zvezd in planetov.

Now, what are the ideal conditions for chemistry?

Kaj pa so popolni pogoji za kemijo?

What are the Goldilocks conditions?

Kaj so Zlatolaskini pogoji?

Well, first, you need energy,

Najprej potrebuješ energijo,

but not too much.

a ne preveč.

In the center of a star, there's so much energy

V središču zvezde je toliko energije,

that any atoms that combine will just get busted apart again.

da so atomi, ki se združijo, spet takoj raztrgani narazen.

But not too little.

Pa tudi ne premalo.

In intergalactic space,

V prostoru med galaksijami

there's so little energy that atoms can't combine.

je energije tako malo, da se atomi ne morejo združevati.

What you want is just the right amount,

Potrebna je ravno prava količina

and planets, it turns out, are just right,

in izkaže se, da so planeti ravno pravšnji,

because they're close to stars, but not too close.

ker so blizu zvezd, a ne preblizu.

You also need a great diversity of chemical elements,

Potrebna je velika raznolikost kemičnih elementov

and you need liquids, such as water.

in potrebne so tekočine, denimo voda.

Why?

Zakaj?

Well, in gases, atoms move past each other so fast

No, v plinih se atomi tako hitro gibljejo drug mimo drugega,

that they can't hitch up.

da se ne morejo zaplesti.

In solids,

V trdnih snoveh

atoms are stuck together, they can't move.

so atomi ujeti skupaj,

ne morejo se premikati.

In liquids,

V tekočinah

they can cruise and cuddle

lahko križarijo in se stiskajo

and link up to form molecules.

in se zvežejo v molekule.

Now, where do you find such Goldilocks conditions?

Kje najdeš take Zlatolaskine pogoje?

Well, planets are great,

No, planeti so imenitni

and our early Earth was almost perfect.

in naša zgodnja Zemlja je bila skoraj popolna.

It was just the right distance from its star

Ravno prav daleč od svoje zvezde,

to contain huge oceans of liquid water.

da je imela velikanske oceane tekoče vode.

And deep beneath those oceans,

In globoko pod temi oceani,

at cracks in the Earth's crust,

pri razpokah v Zemljini skorji,

you've got heat seeping up from inside the Earth,

je toplota uhajala iz notranjosti Zemlje,

and you've got a great diversity of elements.

in raznolikost elementov je bila velika.

So at those deep oceanic vents,

Ob teh oddušnikih globoko v oceanu

fantastic chemistry began to happen,

se je začela dogajati fantastična kemija

and atoms combined in all sorts of exotic combinations.

in atomi so se začeli združevati v nenavadne kombinacije vseh vrst.

But of course, life is more than just exotic chemistry.

Vendar pa je življenje več, kot le nenavadna kemija.

How do you stabilize those huge molecules

Kako ustališ te velike molekule,

that seem to be viable?

ki, kot je videti, uspešno delujejo?

Well, it's here that life introduces an entirely new trick.

Tu življenje vpelje čisto novo zvijačo.

You don't stabilize the individual;

Ne ustališ posameznika;

you stabilize the template,

ustališ vzorec,

the thing that carries information,

tisto, kar nosi informacijo

and you allow the template to copy itself.

in dovoliš, da se vzorec kopira sam.

And DNA, of course, is the beautiful molecule

Seveda je DNK čudovita molekula,

that contains that information.

ki vsebuje to informacijo.

You'll be familiar with the double helix of DNA.

Saj poznaš dvojno vijačnico DNK.

Each rung contains information.

Vsaka prečka vsebuje informacijo.

So, DNA contains information about how to make living organisms.

Torej DNK vsebuje informacijo o tem, kako narediti živ organizem.

And DNA also copies itself.

In DNK se kopira,

So, it copies itself

dela svoje kopije

and scatters the templates through the ocean.

in sipa vzorce preko oceana.

So the information spreads.

Tako se informacija širi.

Notice that information has become part of our story.

Pazi, informacija je postala del naše zgodbe.

The real beauty of DNA though is in its imperfections.

Resnična lepota DNK pa je v njenih nepopolnostih.

As it copies itself, once in every billion rungs,

Ko se kopira,

se na vsako milijardo prečk rada zgodi napaka.

there tends to be an error.

And what that means is that DNA is, in effect, learning.

In to pravzaprav pomeni, da se DNK uči.

It's accumulating new ways of making living organisms

Zbira nove načine, kako delati žive organizme,

kajti nekatere od teh napak se obnesejo.

because some of those errors work.

So DNA's learning

Ko se DNK uči,

and it's building greater diversity and greater complexity.

gradi večjo raznolikost in večjo zapletenost.

And we can see this happening over the last four billion years.

In to dogajanje lahko vidimo, v zadnjih štirih milijardah let.

For most of that time of life on Earth,

Večino tega časa je bilo življenje na Zemlji,

living organisms have been relatively simple --

so bili živi organizmi razmeroma preprosti –

single cells.

posamezne celice.

But they had great diversity, and, inside, great complexity.

A bili so zelo raznoliki, in v sebi, zelo zapleteni.

Then from about 600 to 800 million years ago,

Potem, pred nekako 600 do 800 milijoni let,

multi-celled organisms appear.

so se pojavili mnogocelični organizmi.

You get fungi, you get fish,

Imamo gobe, imamo ribe,

you get plants,

imamo rastline,

you get amphibia, you get reptiles,

imamo dvoživke, imamo plazilce,

and then, of course, you get the dinosaurs.

in potem, seveda, imamo dinozavre.

And occasionally, there are disasters.

In včasih se zgodijo katastrofe.

Sixty-five million years ago,

Pred petinšestdesetimi milijoni let

an asteroid landed on Earth

je na zemljo padel asteroid

near the Yucatan Peninsula,

blizu polotoka Jukatan,

creating conditions equivalent to those of a nuclear war,

kar je ustvarilo pogoje, enake tistim v jedrski vojni,

and the dinosaurs were wiped out.

in dinozavri so bili izbrisani.

Terrible news for the dinosaurs,

Strašna novica za dinozavre,

but great news for our mammalian ancestors,

a dobra za naše sesalske prednike,

who flourished

ki so uspevali

in the niches left empty by the dinosaurs.

v nišah, ki so ostale prazne po dinozavrih.

And we human beings are part of that creative evolutionary pulse

In mi, ljudje, smo del tega ustvarjalnega impulza evolucije,

that began 65 million years ago

ki se je začel pred 65 milijoni let

with the landing of an asteroid.

s padcem asteroida.

Humans appeared about 200,000 years ago.

Ljudje smo se pojavili pred približno 200.000 leti.

And I believe we count as a threshold in this great story.

In verjamem, da veljamo kot prag v tej veliki zgodbi.

Let me explain why.

Naj razložim, zakaj.

We've seen that DNA learns in a sense,

Videli smo, da se DNK na nek način uči,

it accumulates information.

ko zbira informacijo.

But it is so slow.

A to je tako počasno.

DNA accumulates information through random errors,

DNK zbira informacijo z naključnimi napakami,

some of which just happen to work.

od katerih so samo nekatere dobre.

But DNA had actually generated a faster way of learning:

A DNK je dejansko porodila hitrejši način za učenje:

it had produced organisms with brains,

naredila je organizme z možgani,

and those organisms can learn in real time.

in ti organizmi se lahko učijo v realnem času.

They accumulate information, they learn.

Nabirajo informacije, se učijo.

The sad thing is, when they die,

Žalostno je, da ko umrejo,

the information dies with them.

informacija umre z njimi.

Now what makes humans different is human language.

To, kar naredi ljudi drugačne, je človeški jezik.

We are blessed with a language, a system of communication,

Blagoslovljeni smo z jezikom, sistemom za komuniciranje,

so powerful and so precise

ki je tako močan in tako natančen,

that we can share what we've learned with such precision

da lahko tisto, kar smo se naučili, delimo s tako natančnostjo,

that it can accumulate in the collective memory.

da se lahko zbere v kolektivnem spominu.

And that means

In to pomeni,

it can outlast the individuals who learned that information,

da lahko preživi posameznike, ki so prišli do te informacije,

and it can accumulate from generation to generation.

in se zbira iz generacije v generacijo.

And that's why, as a species, we're so creative and so powerful,

In zato smo, kot vrsta, tako ustvarjalni in tako močni,

and that's why we have a history.

in zato imamo zgodovino.

We seem to be the only species in four billion years

Zdi se, da smo edina vrsta v štirih milijardah let,

to have this gift.

ki imamo ta dar.

I call this ability collective learning.

Tej sposobnosti pravim kolektivno učenje.

It's what makes us different.

To nas naredi drugačne.

We can see it at work in the earliest stages of human history.

To lahko opazimo pri delu v najbolj zgodnjih stopnjah človeške zgodovine.

We evolved as a species in the savanna lands of Africa,

Kot vrsta smo se razvili v savanskih površinah Afrike,

but then you see humans migrating into new environments,

potem pa opažamo, da se ljudje selijo v nova okolja,

into desert lands, into jungles,

v puščave, v džungle,

into the Ice Age tundra of Siberia --

v ledenodobno tundro v Sibiriji –

tough, tough environment --

ostro, neizprosno okolje –

into the Americas, into Australasia.

v obe Ameriki, v Avstralijo in Azijo.

Each migration involved learning --

Vsaka selitev je zahtevala učenje –

learning new ways of exploiting the environment,

učenje, kako na nove načine izkoriščati okolje,

new ways of dealing with their surroundings.

nove načine, kako se spoprijemati z okoljem.

Then 10,000 years ago,

Potem, pred 10.000 leti,

exploiting a sudden change in global climate

ko so izkoristili nenadno spremembo v globalnem podnebju

with the end of the last ice age,

ob koncu zadnje ledene dobe,

humans learned to farm.

so se ljudje naučili kmetovanja.

Farming was an energy bonanza.

Kmetovanje je bila energijska zlata jama.

And exploiting that energy, human populations multiplied.

Ko so izkoristili to energijo, so se človeške populacije namnožile.

Human societies got larger, denser, more interconnected.

Človeške družbe so postale večje, gostejše, bolj med seboj povezane.

And then from about 500 years ago,

Potem so se pred približno 500 leti

humans began to link up globally

ljudje začeli povezovati globalno

through shipping, through trains,

s plovbo, z vlaki,

through telegraph, through the Internet,

s telegrafom, z internetom,

until now we seem to form a single global brain

dokler zdaj ne vidimo, da so ustvarili enotne globalne možgane

of almost seven billion individuals.

iz skoraj sedem milijard posameznikov.

And that brain is learning at warp speed.

In ti možgani se učijo z nadsvetlobno hitrostjo.

And in the last 200 years, something else has happened.

In v zadnjih 200 letih se je zgodilo še nekaj.

We've stumbled on another energy bonanza

Naleteli smo na še eno energijsko zlato jamo,

in fossil fuels.

fosilna goriva.

So fossil fuels and collective learning together

Tako fosilna goriva in kolektivno učenje skupaj razložita

explain the staggering complexity we see around us.

neverjetno zapletenost, ki jo vidimo okoli sebe.

So --

Tako –

Here we are,

pa smo tu,

back at the convention center.

spet v kongresnem centru.

We've been on a journey, a return journey, of 13.7 billion years.

Bili smo na potovanju, na potovanju tja in nazaj, dolgem 13,7 milijard let.

I hope you agree this is a powerful story.

Upam, da se strinjate, da je to mogočna zgodba.

And it's a story in which humans play an astonishing and creative role.

In je zgodba, v kateri ljudje igrajo osupljivo in ustvarjalno vlogo.

But it also contains warnings.

A vsebuje tudi opozorila.

Collective learning is a very, very powerful force,

Kolektivno učenje je zelo, zelo močna sila,

and it's not clear that we humans are in charge of it.

in ni jasno, ali ljudje upravljamo z njo.

I remember very vividly as a child growing up in England,

Zelo živo se spominjam, ko sem kot otrok rasel v Angliji,

living through the Cuban Missile Crisis.

in preživljal kubansko krizo z raketami.

For a few days, the entire biosphere

Nekaj dni je bilo videti, da je celotna biosfera

seemed to be on the verge of destruction.

na robu uničenja.

And the same weapons are still here,

In ista orožja so še tu,

and they are still armed.

in še vedno so usposobljena.

If we avoid that trap, others are waiting for us.

Če se izognemo tej pasti, čakajo druge na nas.

We're burning fossil fuels at such a rate

Fosilna goriva kurimo tako hitro,

that we seem to be undermining the Goldilocks conditions

da zgleda, da spodkupujemo Zlatolaskine pogoje,

that made it possible for human civilizations

ki so človeškim civilizacijam omogočili,

to flourish over the last 10,000 years.

da so cvetele zadnjih 10.000 let.

So what big history can do

Kar lahko velika zgodovina naredi je,

is show us the nature of our complexity and fragility

da nam pokaže naravo naše zapletenosti in krhkosti

and the dangers that face us,

in nevarnosti, ki nas čakajo,

but it can also show us our power with collective learning.

a nam lahko pokaže tudi našo moč s kolektivnim učenjem.

And now, finally --

In zdaj, končno –

this is what I want.

to je tisto, kar hočem.

I want my grandson, Daniel,

Hočem, da moj vnuk Daniel

and his friends and his generation,

in njegovi prijatelji in njegova generacija

throughout the world,

po vsem svetu

to know the story of big history,

poznajo zgodbo o veliki zgodovini,

and to know it so well

in jo poznajo tako dobro,

that they understand both the challenges that face us

da bodo razumeli tako izzive, ki nas čakajo,

and the opportunities that face us.

kot priložnosti, ki nas čakajo.

And that's why a group of us

In zato naša skupina

are building a free, online syllabus

gradi brezplačen učni načrt na spletu

in big history

o veliki zgodovini

for high-school students throughout the world.

za univerzitetne študente po vsem svetu.

We believe that big history

Verjamemo, da bo velika zgodovina

will be a vital intellectual tool for them,

važno umsko orodje zanje,

as Daniel and his generation

kajti Daniel in njegova generacija

face the huge challenges

se soočajo z neznanskimi izzivi

and also the huge opportunities

in tudi neznanskimi priložnostmi,

ahead of them at this threshold moment

ki jih čakajo v tem prelomnem trenutku

in the history of our beautiful planet.

v zgodovini našega lepega planeta.

I thank you for your attention.

Zahvaljujem se vam za pozornost.

(Applause)

(Aplavz)