The history of our world in 18 minutes | David Christian | TED

8,471,830 views ใƒป 2011-04-11

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.
00:16
First, a video.
0
16109
2151
00:24
Yes, it is a scrambled egg.
1
24657
2802
ื›ืŸ, ื–ื• ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืžืงื•ืฉืงืฉืช.
ืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœื™ื”,
00:29
But as you look at it,
2
29411
1333
00:30
I hope you'll begin to feel just slightly uneasy.
3
30768
4111
ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืชืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื—ื•ืฉ
ืžืขื˜ ืื™-ื ื•ื—ื•ืช.
00:36
Because you may notice that what's actually happening
4
36649
3338
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉืžื” ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ
ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืžืกืชื“ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืขืฆืžื”.
00:40
is that the egg is unscrambling itself.
5
40011
2225
00:42
And you'll now see the yolk and the white have separated.
6
42260
2699
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชืจืื• ืฉื”ื—ืœืžื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืชืคืจื“ื™ื.
00:44
And now they're going to be poured back into the egg.
7
44983
3023
ื•ื›ืขืช ื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืคืš ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื”.
ืื‘ืœ ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ืœื™ื‘ื ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
00:48
And we all know in our heart of hearts
8
48030
2468
00:50
that this is not the way the universe works.
9
50522
3015
ืฉืœื ื›ืš ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
00:54
A scrambled egg is mush -- tasty mush -- but it's mush.
10
54696
3105
ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืžืงื•ืฉืงืฉืช ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื™ืกืชื™ืช, ื“ื™ื™ืกื” ื˜ืขื™ืžื”, ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืกื”.
00:57
An egg is a beautiful, sophisticated thing
11
57825
2411
ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืœืขื•ืžืชื”, ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืคื”, ืžื•ืจื›ื‘
01:00
that can create even more sophisticated things,
12
60260
2239
ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื,
01:02
such as chickens.
13
62523
1317
ื›ืžื• ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช.
01:04
And we know in our heart of hearts
14
64332
1904
ื•ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ืœื™ื‘ื ื• ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
01:06
that the universe does not travel from mush to complexity.
15
66260
3764
ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ืœื ื ืข
ืžื“ื™ื™ืกื” ืืœ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
01:10
In fact, this gut instinct
16
70450
2395
ื‘ืขืฆื, ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื•
01:12
is reflected in one of the most fundamental laws of physics,
17
72869
2872
ืžืฉืชืงืคืช ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”,
01:15
the second law of thermodynamics, or the law of entropy.
18
75765
2825
ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื”, ืื• ื—ื•ืง ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื”.
ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ
01:19
What that says basically
19
79162
1759
01:20
is that the general tendency of the universe
20
80945
3127
ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ื˜ื™ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
ื”ื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ืžืกื“ืจ
01:24
is to move from order and structure
21
84096
3603
ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ื•ืช
01:27
to lack of order, lack of structure --
22
87723
2664
ืืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืกื“ืจ, ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ื•ืช --
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืœ ื“ื™ื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช.
01:30
in fact, to mush.
23
90411
1464
01:31
And that's why that video feels a bit strange.
24
91899
3223
ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
ืžืฉืจื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืงืฆืช ืžื•ื–ืจื”.
01:35
And yet, look around us.
25
95685
2729
ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช,
ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
01:39
What we see around us is staggering complexity.
26
99454
3476
ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•
ื–ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
01:43
Eric Beinhocker estimates that in New York City alone,
27
103549
3289
ืืจื™ืง ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืงืจ ืžืขืจื™ืš ืฉื‘ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ืœื‘ื“ื”
01:46
there are some 10 billion SKUs, or distinct commodities, being traded.
28
106862
3554
ื ืกื—ืจื™ื ื›-10 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืžื•ืฆืจื™-ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
01:50
That's hundreds of times as many species as there are on Earth.
29
110932
3968
ืฉื–ื” ืคื™ ืžืื•ืช ืžืžืกืคืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื
ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:55
And they're being traded by a species of almost seven billion individuals,
30
115260
3976
ื•ื”ื ื ืกื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืŸ
ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืžืขื˜ 7 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืคืฉื•ืช
01:59
who are linked by trade, travel, and the Internet
31
119260
3385
ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจ, ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
02:02
into a global system of stupendous complexity.
32
122669
3689
ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
ื‘ืขืœืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืจื”.
02:07
So here's a great puzzle:
33
127826
1476
ืื– ื”ื ื” ื—ื™ื“ื” ืกื‘ื•ื›ื”:
ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื ืฉืœื˜ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™
02:10
in a universe ruled by the second law of thermodynamics,
34
130191
4647
ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื”,
02:14
how is it possible
35
134862
1804
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ
02:16
to generate the sort of complexity I've described,
36
136690
2546
ืฉืชื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื” ืจืžืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ืืจืชื™ --
02:19
the sort of complexity represented by you and me
37
139260
3788
ืื•ืชื” ืจืžืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ื ื•ื‘ื™
ื•ื’ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื?
02:23
and the convention center?
38
143072
1689
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืกืชื‘ืจ,
02:26
Well, the answer seems to be,
39
146119
1953
02:28
the universe can create complexity,
40
148096
3140
ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช,
02:31
but with great difficulty.
41
151260
1555
ืื‘ืœ ืžืชื•ืš ืงื•ืฉื™ ืจื‘.
02:33
In pockets,
42
153870
1097
ื‘ื›ื™ืกื™ื ืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื,
02:34
there appear what my colleague, Fred Spier,
43
154991
2317
ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืžื” ืฉืขืžื™ืชื™, ืคืจื“ ืกืคื™ื™ืจ,
02:37
calls "Goldilocks conditions" --
44
157332
2142
ืžื›ื ื” "ืชื ืื™ ื–ื”ื‘ื™ืช" --
02:39
not too hot, not too cold,
45
159498
2051
ืœื ื—ื ืžื“ื™, ืœื ืงืจ ืžื“ื™;
02:41
just right for the creation of complexity.
46
161573
2663
ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
02:44
And slightly more complex things appear.
47
164260
2267
ื•ืื– ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื.
02:46
And where you have slightly more complex things,
48
166551
2239
ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื,
02:48
you can get slightly more complex things.
49
168814
2372
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื˜ื™ืคื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื.
ื•ื›ืš ื ื‘ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
02:51
And in this way, complexity builds stage by stage.
50
171210
4026
ืฉืœื‘ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœื‘.
ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืงืกื
02:56
Each stage is magical
51
176135
2278
02:58
because it creates the impression of something utterly new
52
178437
3573
ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืจื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™
ืฉืฆืฅ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
03:02
appearing almost out of nowhere in the universe.
53
182034
2803
03:04
We refer in big history to these moments as threshold moments.
54
184861
3231
ืื ื• ืžืชื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืจื’ืขื™ ืกืฃ.
ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืกืฃ,
03:09
And at each threshold, the going gets tougher.
55
189131
3105
ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:12
The complex things get more fragile,
56
192260
3242
ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ื™ื,
03:15
more vulnerable;
57
195526
1710
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื,
03:17
the Goldilocks conditions get more stringent,
58
197260
3531
ืชื ืื™ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื,
03:20
and it's more difficult to create complexity.
59
200815
2987
ื•ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื”
ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
03:24
Now, we, as extremely complex creatures,
60
204728
3304
ืื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™,
ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ื ื•ืืฉื•ืช ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืช ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื”
03:28
desperately need to know this story
61
208056
2180
03:30
of how the universe creates complexity despite the second law,
62
210260
4658
ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช,
ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื ื™,
03:34
and why complexity means vulnerability and fragility.
63
214942
5032
ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช
ื•ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ื•ืช.
03:40
And that's the story that we tell in big history.
64
220745
2920
ื•ืืœื” ื”ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
03:43
But to do it, you have do something
65
223689
1707
ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•
03:45
that may, at first sight, seem completely impossible.
66
225420
2705
ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ืœ.
ื™ืฉ ืœืกืงื•ืจ ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
03:48
You have to survey the whole history of the universe.
67
228149
3180
03:52
So let's do it.
68
232748
1000
ืื– ื”ื‘ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช.
03:54
(Laughter)
69
234260
1909
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:56
Let's begin by winding the timeline back
70
236193
3446
ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืื—ื•ืจื”,
03:59
13.7 billion years,
71
239663
2896
ืžืœืคื ื™ 13.7 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื”
04:02
to the beginning of time.
72
242583
2677
ืืœ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
04:12
Around us, there's nothing.
73
252581
1654
ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœื•ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
04:14
There's not even time or space.
74
254986
2706
ืื™ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื—ืœืœ.
04:18
Imagine the darkest, emptiest thing you can
75
258474
3698
ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืจื™ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืืชื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื
ื•ืชืขืœื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื–ืงื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืคืขื
04:22
and cube it a gazillion times and that's where we are.
76
262196
3317
ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื•.
04:25
And then suddenly,
77
265992
2340
ื•ืื– ืคืชืื•ื,
04:28
bang!
78
268356
1008
ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ! ื™ืงื•ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข, ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื›ื•ืœื•.
04:29
A universe appears, an entire universe.
79
269388
2207
04:31
And we've crossed our first threshold.
80
271619
1856
ื•ื—ืฆื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืกืฃ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
04:33
The universe is tiny; it's smaller than an atom.
81
273499
2373
ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื–ืขื™ืจ; ื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื˜ื•ื.
04:35
It's incredibly hot.
82
275896
1340
ื”ื•ื ื—ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœ-ื™ืชื•ืืจ.
04:37
It contains everything that's in today's universe,
83
277260
2525
ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
04:39
so you can imagine, it's busting.
84
279809
1794
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืขื‘ืข,
04:41
And it's expanding at incredible speed.
85
281627
2609
ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืจืคืช.
04:44
And at first, it's just a blur,
86
284260
1913
ื•ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื›ืœ ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉ,
04:46
but very quickly distinct things begin to appear in that blur.
87
286197
3110
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืฆืžื™ื ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ืฉื˜ื•ืฉ.
04:49
Within the first second,
88
289743
1493
ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
04:51
energy itself shatters into distinct forces
89
291260
2976
ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขืฆืžื” ืžืชืคืฆืœืช ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื
04:54
including electromagnetism and gravity.
90
294260
3082
ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ื ื•ืกืฃ ืงืกื•ื,
04:57
And energy does something else quite magical:
91
297366
2428
04:59
it congeals to form matter --
92
299818
3232
ื”ื™ื ืžืชืขื‘ื” ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื—ื•ืžืจ --
ืงื•ื•ืืจืงื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื
05:03
quarks that will create protons
93
303074
2330
ื•ืœืคื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื.
05:05
and leptons that include electrons.
94
305428
2138
05:07
And all of that happens in the first second.
95
307590
2103
ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
05:09
Now we move forward 380,000 years.
96
309717
4229
ื›ืขืช ื ื ื•ืข 380,000 ืฉื ื” ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
05:14
That's twice as long as humans have been on this planet.
97
314260
3647
ื–ื” ื›ืคืœื™ื™ื ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ.
05:17
And now simple atoms appear of hydrogen and helium.
98
317931
4740
ื•ื›ืขืช ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื
ืฉืœ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืœื™ื•ื.
05:23
Now I want to pause for a moment,
99
323877
1603
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืœืจื’ืข,
05:25
380,000 years after the origins of the universe,
100
325504
2732
380,000 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
05:28
because we actually know quite a lot about the universe at this stage.
101
328260
3976
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”
ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฉืœื‘.
05:32
We know above all that it was extremely simple.
102
332773
2921
ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:35
It consisted of huge clouds of hydrogen and helium atoms,
103
335718
3799
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืขื ื ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื
ืฉืœ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืœื™ื•ื,
05:39
and they have no structure.
104
339541
1928
ื•ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช.
05:41
They're really a sort of cosmic mush.
105
341493
2367
ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืกื” ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช.
05:44
But that's not completely true.
106
344652
1670
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
05:46
Recent studies
107
346732
1504
ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื
05:48
by satellites such as the WMAP satellite
108
348260
2861
ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• WMAP
05:51
have shown that, in fact,
109
351145
1577
ื”ืจืื• ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืงืข ืฉืœื”ื.
05:52
there are just tiny differences in that background.
110
352746
2749
05:55
What you see here,
111
355519
1717
ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ,
05:57
the blue areas are about a thousandth of a degree cooler
112
357260
4306
ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืืœืคื™ืช ื”ืžืขืœื”
ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื.
06:01
than the red areas.
113
361590
1392
ื™ืฉื ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื,
06:03
These are tiny differences,
114
363006
1373
06:04
but it was enough for the universe to move on
115
364403
2270
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ
06:06
to the next stage of building complexity.
116
366697
1975
ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
06:08
And this is how it works.
117
368696
1192
ื•ื›ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
06:10
Gravity is more powerful where there's more stuff.
118
370895
4248
ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ืžืจ.
06:15
So where you get slightly denser areas,
119
375817
2318
ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื,
ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืก ืขื ื ื™ื
06:18
gravity starts compacting clouds of hydrogen and helium atoms.
120
378159
3917
ืฉืœ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืœื™ื•ื.
ืœื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžืชื—ืœืง
06:22
So we can imagine the early universe breaking up into a billion clouds.
121
382100
3550
ืœืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืขื ื ื™ื.
06:25
And each cloud is compacted,
122
385674
1802
ื•ื›ืœ ืขื ืŸ ื ื“ื—ืก,
06:27
gravity gets more powerful as density increases,
123
387500
3016
ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืžืชื—ื–ืงืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืขื•ืœื”,
06:30
the temperature begins to rise at the center of each cloud,
124
390540
3094
ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืขื ืŸ,
ื•ืื–, ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืขื ืŸ,
06:33
and then, at the center,
125
393658
1289
06:34
the temperature crosses the threshold temperature
126
394971
2838
ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกืฃ
06:37
of 10 million degrees,
127
397833
1566
ืฉืœ 10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขืœื•ืช,
06:39
protons start to fuse,
128
399423
2405
ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ,
06:41
there's a huge release of energy,
129
401852
2384
ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”,
06:44
and --
130
404260
1433
ื•ื˜ืจืื—!
06:45
bam!
131
405717
1016
06:46
We have our first stars.
132
406757
1515
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื.
06:48
From about 200 million years after the Big Bang,
133
408938
3858
ื›-200 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
06:52
stars begin to appear all through the universe,
134
412820
3407
ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
06:56
billions of them.
135
416251
1071
06:57
And the universe is now significantly more interesting
136
417759
2856
ื•ื›ืขืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
07:00
and more complex.
137
420639
1095
ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘.
07:03
Stars will create the Goldilocks conditions
138
423188
3116
ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ื‘ืจืื• ืืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ื™ืช
ืœื—ืฆื™ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ืกืคื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
07:06
for crossing two new thresholds.
139
426328
1899
07:08
When very large stars die,
140
428631
2579
ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื,
ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื›ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช
07:11
they create temperatures so high
141
431234
2321
07:13
that protons begin to fuse in all sorts of exotic combinations,
142
433579
3633
ืฉืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืื—ื“ ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื,
ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช.
07:17
to form all the elements of the periodic table.
143
437236
2830
ืื ื›ืžื•ื ื™, ื’ื ืืชื ืฉืžื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื–ื”ื‘,
07:20
If, like me, you're wearing a gold ring,
144
440090
2296
07:22
it was forged in a supernova explosion.
145
442410
2826
ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื”.
07:25
So now the universe is chemically more complex.
146
445878
3199
ื›ืš ืฉื›ืขืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื›ื™ืžื™ืช.
ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื™ืžื™ืช,
07:29
And in a chemically more complex universe,
147
449101
2365
07:31
it's possible to make more things.
148
451490
2444
ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
07:33
And what starts happening is that, around young suns,
149
453958
3492
ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช
ื”ื•ื ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช,
07:37
young stars,
150
457474
1762
ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื,
07:39
all these elements combine, they swirl around,
151
459260
2191
ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื, ืžืชืขืจื‘ืœื™ื,
07:41
the energy of the star stirs them around,
152
461475
2780
ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื‘ื•ื—ืฉืช ืื•ืชื,
ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื, ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืคืชื™ืชื™ื,
07:44
they form particles, they form snowflakes, they form little dust motes,
153
464279
4725
ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื’ืจื’ื™ืจื™ ืื‘ืง ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืกืœืขื™ื, ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื,
07:49
they form rocks, they form asteroids,
154
469028
2196
ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ื•ื™ืจื—ื™ื.
07:51
and eventually, they form planets and moons.
155
471248
2595
07:53
And that is how our solar system was formed,
156
473867
2950
ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•,
07:56
four and a half billion years ago.
157
476841
2395
ืœืคื ื™ ืืจื‘ืข ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื.
ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ืกืœืขื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื ื•
08:00
Rocky planets like our Earth are significantly more complex than stars
158
480453
5373
ื”ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
08:05
because they contain a much greater diversity of materials.
159
485850
2762
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื.
08:08
So we've crossed a fourth threshold of complexity.
160
488636
2781
ื›ืš ืฉื—ืฆื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืกืฃ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
08:12
Now, the going gets tougher.
161
492931
2627
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื”.
08:16
The next stage introduces entities that are significantly more fragile,
162
496411
4278
ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ื’ ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช
ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช,
08:20
significantly more vulnerable,
163
500713
1912
ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช,
08:22
but they're also much more creative
164
502649
2587
ืืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช
08:25
and much more capable of generating further complexity.
165
505260
2976
ื•ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ืจื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:28
I'm talking, of course, about living organisms.
166
508606
3424
ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ
ืขืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
08:32
Living organisms are created by chemistry.
167
512734
2143
ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
08:34
We are huge packages of chemicals.
168
514901
2383
ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื.
08:38
So, chemistry is dominated by the electromagnetic force.
169
518115
3121
ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื
08:41
That operates over smaller scales than gravity,
170
521260
2239
ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”,
08:43
which explains why you and I are smaller than stars or planets.
171
523523
3915
ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื™ ื•ืืชื
ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ื”ืœื›ืช.
ืื– ืžื” ื”ื ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืื™ื“ืืœื™ื™ื ืœื›ื™ืžื™ื”?
08:48
Now, what are the ideal conditions for chemistry?
172
528033
2294
08:50
What are the Goldilocks conditions?
173
530874
1770
ืžื” ื”ื ืชื ืื™ ื–ื”ื‘ื™ืช?
08:52
Well, first, you need energy,
174
532668
2357
ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฆืจื™ืš ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™.
08:55
but not too much.
175
535049
1187
08:56
In the center of a star, there's so much energy
176
536665
2255
ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
08:58
that any atoms that combine will just get busted apart again.
177
538944
3142
ื›ืš ืฉืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืชืคืจืงื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”.
ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“ื™.
09:02
But not too little.
178
542110
1126
09:03
In intergalactic space,
179
543642
1231
ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ื’ืœืงื˜ื™, ื™ืฉ ื›ื” ืžืขื˜ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
09:04
there's so little energy that atoms can't combine.
180
544897
2883
ืฉืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ.
09:08
What you want is just the right amount,
181
548378
1858
ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื–ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
09:10
and planets, it turns out, are just right,
182
550260
2000
ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ื”ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
09:12
because they're close to stars, but not too close.
183
552284
2507
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
09:15
You also need a great diversity of chemical elements,
184
555394
3595
ืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ื ื•ื–ืœ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื.
09:19
and you need liquids, such as water.
185
559013
3008
ืžื“ื•ืข?
09:22
Why?
186
562045
1047
09:23
Well, in gases, atoms move past each other so fast
187
563116
3872
ื›ื™ ื‘ื’ื–ื™ื, ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื ื”ืื—ื“ ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื›ื” ืžื”ืจ
ืฉื”ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ.
09:27
that they can't hitch up.
188
567012
1453
09:28
In solids,
189
568950
1722
ื‘ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื,
09:30
atoms are stuck together, they can't move.
190
570696
2540
ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื“ื‘ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื•ืข.
09:33
In liquids,
191
573260
1718
ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื,
09:35
they can cruise and cuddle
192
575002
3038
ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื™ื™ื˜ ื•ืœื”ืชื’ืคืฃ
ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช.
09:38
and link up to form molecules.
193
578064
2302
ืื– ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืชื ืื™ ื–ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื›ืืœื”?
09:41
Now, where do you find such Goldilocks conditions?
194
581040
2355
09:43
Well, planets are great,
195
583934
1992
ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื,
09:45
and our early Earth was almost perfect.
196
585950
3286
ื•ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืงื“ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•
ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ืฉืœื.
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื•
09:50
It was just the right distance from its star
197
590037
2048
ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉื ืขืœื™ื• ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื.
09:52
to contain huge oceans of liquid water.
198
592109
2127
09:54
And deep beneath those oceans,
199
594260
1976
ื•ืขืžื•ืง ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
09:56
at cracks in the Earth's crust,
200
596260
1976
ื‘ืกื“ืงื™ื ืฉื‘ืงืจื•ื ื”ืืจืฅ,
09:58
you've got heat seeping up from inside the Earth,
201
598260
2976
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื“ืœื™ืคืช ื—ื•ื ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ,
10:01
and you've got a great diversity of elements.
202
601260
2127
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
10:03
So at those deep oceanic vents,
203
603411
2546
ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืคืชื—ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืกื™ื,
10:05
fantastic chemistry began to happen,
204
605981
2255
ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช,
10:08
and atoms combined in all sorts of exotic combinations.
205
608260
3000
ื•ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืงืฉืจื™ื ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื.
10:12
But of course, life is more than just exotic chemistry.
206
612260
4365
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
ืžืืฉืจ ืกืชื ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ืช.
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื
10:17
How do you stabilize those huge molecules
207
617054
3757
ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช
10:20
that seem to be viable?
208
620835
1357
ื”ื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช?
10:22
Well, it's here that life introduces an entirely new trick.
209
622950
4356
ื›ืืŸ ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ืœืคืช
ืชื›ืกื™ืก ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
10:28
You don't stabilize the individual;
210
628220
2535
ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜;
10:30
you stabilize the template,
211
630779
2103
ืžื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช,
10:32
the thing that carries information,
212
632906
2105
ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืฉื ืžื™ื“ืข,
ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืขืชื™ืง ืืช ืขืฆืžื”.
10:35
and you allow the template to copy itself.
213
635035
2217
ื•-DNA, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
10:37
And DNA, of course, is the beautiful molecule
214
637276
3151
ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžื”
10:40
that contains that information.
215
640451
2326
ืืฉืจ ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ื“ืข.
10:42
You'll be familiar with the double helix of DNA.
216
642801
2815
ืืชื ืชื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืกืœื™ืœ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ DNA.
10:45
Each rung contains information.
217
645640
2516
ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข.
ืื– DNA ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข
10:48
So, DNA contains information about how to make living organisms.
218
648180
4573
ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™.
ื•-DNA ื’ื ืžืขืชื™ืง ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.
10:53
And DNA also copies itself.
219
653315
1924
ื”ื•ื ืžืขืชื™ืง ืืช ืขืฆืžื•
10:55
So, it copies itself
220
655263
1206
10:56
and scatters the templates through the ocean.
221
656493
2682
ื•ืžืคื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก.
ื›ืš ื ืคื•ืฅ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข.
10:59
So the information spreads.
222
659199
1794
ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืคืš ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
11:01
Notice that information has become part of our story.
223
661017
2638
ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ DNA ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ
11:04
The real beauty of DNA though is in its imperfections.
224
664137
3645
ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืคื’ืžื™ื ืฉืœื•.
11:07
As it copies itself, once in every billion rungs,
225
667806
3928
ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืžืขืชื™ืง ืืช ืขืฆืžื•,
ืคืขื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื,
11:11
there tends to be an error.
226
671758
1745
ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืฉื’ื™ืื”.
11:13
And what that means is that DNA is, in effect, learning.
227
673527
4709
ื•ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”
ื”ื™ื ืฉ-DNA ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื•ืžื“.
11:18
It's accumulating new ways of making living organisms
228
678260
3320
ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
11:21
because some of those errors work.
229
681604
1620
ื›ืš ืฉ-DNA ืœื•ืžื“
11:23
So DNA's learning
230
683248
1198
11:24
and it's building greater diversity and greater complexity.
231
684470
3234
ื•ื‘ื•ื ื” ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
11:27
And we can see this happening over the last four billion years.
232
687728
3182
ื•ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืš 4 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
11:30
For most of that time of life on Earth,
233
690934
2175
ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ,
ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช --
11:33
living organisms have been relatively simple --
234
693133
2237
ื—ื“-ืชืื™ื™ื.
11:35
single cells.
235
695394
1388
11:36
But they had great diversity, and, inside, great complexity.
236
696806
3430
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘,
ื•ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื, ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
11:40
Then from about 600 to 800 million years ago,
237
700671
2904
ื•ืื– ืœืคื ื™ ื›-600 ืขื“ 800 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”,
11:43
multi-celled organisms appear.
238
703599
2091
ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘-ืชืื™ื™ื.
11:45
You get fungi, you get fish,
239
705714
2501
ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ื“ื’ื™ื,
ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
11:48
you get plants,
240
708239
1515
11:49
you get amphibia, you get reptiles,
241
709778
2711
ื“ื•-ื—ื™ื™ื, ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื,
11:52
and then, of course, you get the dinosaurs.
242
712513
2430
ื•ืœืื—ืจ-ืžื›ืŸ, ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื.
11:55
And occasionally, there are disasters.
243
715999
2509
ื•ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื, ื™ืฉ ืืกื•ื ื•ืช.
11:59
Sixty-five million years ago,
244
719586
2389
ืœืคื ื™ 65 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”,
12:01
an asteroid landed on Earth
245
721999
1964
ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ืคื’ืข ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ
12:03
near the Yucatan Peninsula,
246
723987
1790
ืœื™ื“ ื—ืฆื™-ื”ืื™ ื™ื•ืงืื˜ืŸ,
12:05
creating conditions equivalent to those of a nuclear war,
247
725801
2968
ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืืœื• ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช,
12:08
and the dinosaurs were wiped out.
248
728793
1889
ื•ื›ืš ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื ืžื—ื• ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™-ื”ืื“ืžื”.
ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืจืื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื.
12:11
Terrible news for the dinosaurs,
249
731166
3070
12:14
but great news for our mammalian ancestors,
250
734260
3755
ืื‘ืœ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื ืคืœืื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื‘ื•ืช-ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื
ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ืœืฉื’ืฉื’
12:18
who flourished
251
738039
1197
12:19
in the niches left empty by the dinosaurs.
252
739260
3657
ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ืจื™ืงื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื.
12:22
And we human beings are part of that creative evolutionary pulse
253
742941
5055
ื•ืื ื• ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื,
ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ืชื” ืคืขื™ืžื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจืช
ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ 65 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”
12:28
that began 65 million years ago
254
748020
2336
12:30
with the landing of an asteroid.
255
750380
1880
ืขื ืคื’ื™ืขืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“.
12:33
Humans appeared about 200,000 years ago.
256
753796
2714
ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื›-200,000 ืฉื ื”.
12:36
And I believe we count as a threshold in this great story.
257
756534
4348
ื•ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื’ื ืื ื• ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื
ืžื™ืŸ ืกืฃ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื•.
12:40
Let me explain why.
258
760906
1207
ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื›ื ืืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข.
12:42
We've seen that DNA learns in a sense,
259
762700
3031
ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉ-DNA ืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื”
12:45
it accumulates information.
260
765755
1787
ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื•ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข.
12:47
But it is so slow.
261
767566
1670
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืื™ื˜ื™.
DNA ืฆื•ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข
12:50
DNA accumulates information through random errors,
262
770128
3472
ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช,
12:53
some of which just happen to work.
263
773624
2136
ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื—ืœืงืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘.
12:56
But DNA had actually generated a faster way of learning:
264
776490
2634
ืื‘ืœ DNA ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื“ืจืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืœืœืžื•ื“;
ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื—ื•ืช,
12:59
it had produced organisms with brains,
265
779148
2778
13:01
and those organisms can learn in real time.
266
781950
3219
ื•ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ-ืืžืช.
ื”ื ืฆื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข, ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื.
13:05
They accumulate information, they learn.
267
785193
2326
13:07
The sad thing is, when they die,
268
787543
2825
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื
ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžืชื™ื, ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืช ืื™ืชื.
13:10
the information dies with them.
269
790392
1698
13:12
Now what makes humans different is human language.
270
792479
3987
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื
ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
13:16
We are blessed with a language, a system of communication,
271
796490
2763
ื‘ื•ืจื›ื ื• ื‘ืฉืคื”, ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช,
ื›ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ื›ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช
13:19
so powerful and so precise
272
799277
2621
13:21
that we can share what we've learned with such precision
273
801922
3158
ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืช ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ื–ื”
ืฉื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
13:25
that it can accumulate in the collective memory.
274
805104
2889
ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ
13:28
And that means
275
808017
1219
13:29
it can outlast the individuals who learned that information,
276
809260
3779
ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืœื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉืฆื‘ืจ
ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ื“ืข, ื•ืฉื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ.
13:33
and it can accumulate from generation to generation.
277
813063
3173
13:36
And that's why, as a species, we're so creative and so powerful,
278
816260
4056
ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื“ื•ืข, ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื™ืŸ, ืื ื• ื›ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื
ื•ื›ื” ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ื™ื,
13:40
and that's why we have a history.
279
820340
2056
ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
ื ืจืื” ืฉืื ื• ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื‘-4 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ื
13:43
We seem to be the only species in four billion years
280
823015
3301
ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘ืžืชื ื” ื–ื•.
13:46
to have this gift.
281
826340
1242
ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื–ื•
13:48
I call this ability collective learning.
282
828057
3565
ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
13:51
It's what makes us different.
283
831995
1389
ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื.
13:53
We can see it at work in the earliest stages of human history.
284
833686
3550
ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื
ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
13:57
We evolved as a species in the savanna lands of Africa,
285
837949
3287
ื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื• ื›ืžื™ืŸ
ืขืœ ืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื•ืื ื” ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
14:01
but then you see humans migrating into new environments,
286
841260
3460
ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช --
14:04
into desert lands, into jungles,
287
844744
2150
ืœืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, ืœื™ืขืจื•ืช,
14:06
into the Ice Age tundra of Siberia --
288
846918
2436
ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงืคื•ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ --
ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ --
14:09
tough, tough environment --
289
849378
1445
14:10
into the Americas, into Australasia.
290
850847
2333
ืœื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืืกื™ื”-ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”.
ื›ืœ ื ื“ื™ื“ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืื™ืชื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ --
14:13
Each migration involved learning --
291
853204
2037
ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
14:15
learning new ways of exploiting the environment,
292
855265
2483
14:17
new ways of dealing with their surroundings.
293
857772
2174
ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
14:19
Then 10,000 years ago,
294
859970
1816
ื•ืื– ืœืคื ื™ 10,000 ืฉื ื”,
14:21
exploiting a sudden change in global climate
295
861810
2995
ืชื•ืš ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคืชืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™
ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงืจื— ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
14:24
with the end of the last ice age,
296
864829
1572
ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืœืžื“ื• ืœืขื‘ื“ ืื“ืžื”.
14:26
humans learned to farm.
297
866425
1581
14:28
Farming was an energy bonanza.
298
868623
2436
ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื“ืžื” ื”ื™ื” "ืžื›ืจื” ื–ื”ื‘" ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
ื•ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
14:31
And exploiting that energy, human populations multiplied.
299
871083
3827
ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืชืจื‘ืชื”.
14:34
Human societies got larger, denser, more interconnected.
300
874934
3587
ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื’ื“ืœื• ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืฆืคื•ืคื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
ืœืžืงื•ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื•ืื– ืœืคื ื™ ื›-500 ืฉื ื”,
14:39
And then from about 500 years ago,
301
879101
3351
14:42
humans began to link up globally
302
882476
2039
ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
14:44
through shipping, through trains,
303
884539
2381
ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช, ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช,
14:46
through telegraph, through the Internet,
304
886944
2292
ื˜ืœื’ืจืฃ, ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
14:49
until now we seem to form a single global brain
305
889260
5191
ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื, ื ืจืื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ืฆืจื ื•
ืžื•ื— ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืื—ื“
ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ 7 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื.
14:54
of almost seven billion individuals.
306
894475
2132
ื•ื”ืžื•ื— ืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืืฆืช.
14:56
And that brain is learning at warp speed.
307
896631
3162
15:00
And in the last 200 years, something else has happened.
308
900572
2572
ื•ื‘-200 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืงืจื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ:
ื ืชืงืœื ื• ื‘"ืžื›ืจื” ื–ื”ื‘" ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
15:03
We've stumbled on another energy bonanza
309
903168
2666
ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ืœืง ืžืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
15:05
in fossil fuels.
310
905858
1127
ื›ืš ืฉื“ืœืง ืžืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ื—ื“
15:07
So fossil fuels and collective learning together
311
907009
2703
15:09
explain the staggering complexity we see around us.
312
909736
3524
ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืฆืจืช-ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”
ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
15:16
So --
313
916505
1000
ืื–, ื”ื ื” ืื ื—ื ื•
15:18
Here we are,
314
918668
1317
ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื.
15:20
back at the convention center.
315
920009
1524
15:21
We've been on a journey, a return journey, of 13.7 billion years.
316
921557
4706
ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืกืข, ืžืกืข ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”,
ืฉืœ 13.7 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื.
15:26
I hope you agree this is a powerful story.
317
926967
2469
ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื” ืฉืืชื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืขื•ืฆืžื”.
15:29
And it's a story in which humans play an astonishing and creative role.
318
929460
4665
ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื• ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื
ืžืžืœืื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ืžื•ืคืœื.
15:34
But it also contains warnings.
319
934466
2215
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ื’ื ืื–ื”ืจื•ืช.
15:37
Collective learning is a very, very powerful force,
320
937474
4333
ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ื— ื‘ืขืœ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืจื‘ื”,
15:41
and it's not clear that we humans are in charge of it.
321
941831
4405
ื•ื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•
ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื•.
ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ ื”ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”,
15:47
I remember very vividly as a child growing up in England,
322
947123
3069
ื”ื—ื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื‘ื”.
15:50
living through the Cuban Missile Crisis.
323
950216
2020
15:52
For a few days, the entire biosphere
324
952847
3611
ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื,
ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื•ืœื•
15:56
seemed to be on the verge of destruction.
325
956482
2299
ื ืจืื” ืขืœ ืกืฃ ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”.
15:59
And the same weapons are still here,
326
959474
3165
ื•ืื•ืชื ื›ืœื™-ื ืฉืง ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืื™ืชื ื•,
16:02
and they are still armed.
327
962663
1573
ื•ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื.
ืื ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื–ื•,
16:05
If we avoid that trap, others are waiting for us.
328
965004
3232
ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืžืชื™ื ื•ืช ืœื ื•.
16:08
We're burning fossil fuels at such a rate
329
968647
2589
ืื ื• ืฉื•ืจืคื™ื ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื”
16:11
that we seem to be undermining the Goldilocks conditions
330
971260
3411
ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื ื• ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ื–ื”ื‘
16:14
that made it possible for human civilizations
331
974695
2228
ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจื• ืœืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช
16:16
to flourish over the last 10,000 years.
332
976947
3082
ืœืฉื’ืฉื’ ื‘ืžืฉืš 10,000 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
16:20
So what big history can do
333
980633
2276
ืื– ืžื” ืฉื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช
16:22
is show us the nature of our complexity and fragility
334
982933
3321
ื–ื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื ื• ืืช ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
ื•ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื•,
16:26
and the dangers that face us,
335
986278
1924
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื ื•
16:28
but it can also show us our power with collective learning.
336
988226
3580
ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืชื ื• ืฉื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
16:32
And now, finally --
337
992586
1952
ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ,
16:35
this is what I want.
338
995657
2155
ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื”.
16:39
I want my grandson, Daniel,
339
999448
3032
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื ื›ื“ื™, ื“ื ื™ืืœ
16:42
and his friends and his generation,
340
1002504
2757
ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•,
ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
16:45
throughout the world,
341
1005285
1793
ืฉื™ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
16:47
to know the story of big history,
342
1007102
2840
16:49
and to know it so well
343
1009966
2039
ื•ืฉื™ื“ืขื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘
ืฉื”ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•
16:52
that they understand both the challenges that face us
344
1012029
3666
ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•
16:55
and the opportunities that face us.
345
1015719
2517
ื•ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•.
16:58
And that's why a group of us
346
1018260
1880
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืื™ืชื ื•
17:00
are building a free, online syllabus
347
1020164
3012
ื‘ื•ื ื” ื›ืขืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื ืžื™ืช ื‘ืจืฉืช
ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
17:03
in big history
348
1023200
1318
17:04
for high-school students throughout the world.
349
1024542
2151
ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
17:07
We believe that big history
350
1027225
2436
17:09
will be a vital intellectual tool for them,
351
1029685
2551
ืชื”ื•ื•ื” ื›ืœื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื,
17:12
as Daniel and his generation
352
1032260
2843
ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื•ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•
17:15
face the huge challenges
353
1035127
2348
ื™ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื
17:17
and also the huge opportunities
354
1037499
2055
ื•ื’ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช
17:19
ahead of them at this threshold moment
355
1039578
3455
ื”ืžืžืชื™ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื”
ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ืคื™ื™ืคื” ืฉืœื ื•.
17:23
in the history of our beautiful planet.
356
1043057
3179
17:26
I thank you for your attention.
357
1046993
1548
ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืงืฉื‘ื”.
17:28
(Applause)
358
1048565
4695
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7