The history of our world in 18 minutes | David Christian | TED

Prevoditelj: Stjepan Mateljan Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

First, a video.

Prvo, video.

Yes, it is a scrambled egg.

(Video) Da, to je razmućeno jaje.

But as you look at it,

Ali kako ga gledate,

I hope you'll begin to feel just slightly uneasy.

nadam se kako se počinjete osjećati

barem malo nelagodno.

Because you may notice that what's actually happening

Stoga što možete uočiti kako je ono što se zbilja dešava

is that the egg is unscrambling itself.

jest jaje kako se samo odmućuje.

And you'll now see the yolk and the white have separated.

I sad ćete vidjeti kako se žumance i bjelance razdvajaju.

And now they're going to be poured back into the egg.

I sad će biti usipani nazad u jaje.

And we all know in our heart of hearts

A svi znamo u središtu srca

that this is not the way the universe works.

kako ovo nije način na koji svemir radi.

A scrambled egg is mush -- tasty mush -- but it's mush.

razmućeno je jaje kaša -- ukusna kaša -- ali je kaša.

An egg is a beautiful, sophisticated thing

Jaje je prekrasna, profinjena stvar

that can create even more sophisticated things,

koja može stvoriti još profinjenije stvari,

such as chickens.

poput pilića.

And we know in our heart of hearts

I znamo u središtu srca

that the universe does not travel from mush to complexity.

da se svemir ne kreće

od kaše prema složenosti.

In fact, this gut instinct

Zapravo, taj se osjećaj

is reflected in one of the most fundamental laws of physics,

odražava u jednom od najtemeljnijih zakona fizike,

the second law of thermodynamics, or the law of entropy.

drugom zakonu termodinamike, ili zakonu entropije.

Što on u osnovi govori

What that says basically

is that the general tendency of the universe

je kako je opća težnja svemira

is to move from order and structure

kretati se od reda

i strukture

to lack of order, lack of structure --

ka manjku reda, nedostatku strukture --

in fact, to mush.

zapravo, u kašu.

And that's why that video feels a bit strange.

A to je zašto je taj video

pomalo čudan.

And yet, look around us.

Pa ipak,

pogledajte oko nas.

What we see around us is staggering complexity.

Što vidimo oko nas

je zapanjujuća složenost.

Eric Beinhocker estimates that in New York City alone,

Erick Brockheimer procjenjuje kako se samo u gradu New Yorku

there are some 10 billion SKUs, or distinct commodities, being traded.

trguje sa više od 10 milijardi SKU-a, ili različitih roba.

That's hundreds of times as many species as there are on Earth.

To je stotinama puta toliko vrsta

koliko ih je na Zemlji.

And they're being traded by a species of almost seven billion individuals,

A njima trguje vrsta

od skoro sedam milijardi jedinki

who are linked by trade, travel, and the Internet

koje su povezane trgovinom, putovanjem, i internetom

into a global system of stupendous complexity.

u globalni sustav

čudesne složenosti.

So here's a great puzzle:

Pa evo velike zagonetke:

in a universe ruled by the second law of thermodynamics,

u svemiru

kojim vlada drugi zakon termodinamike,

how is it possible

kako je moguće

to generate the sort of complexity I've described,

stvoriti vrstu složenosti koju sam opisao,

the sort of complexity represented by you and me

vrstu složenosti zastupljenu u vama i meni

i kongresnom centru?

and the convention center?

Well, the answer seems to be,

Pa, čini se kako je odgovor da

the universe can create complexity,

svemir može stvoriti složenost

but with great difficulty.

ali uz velike poteškoće.

In pockets,

U džepovima,

there appear what my colleague, Fred Spier,

pojavljuju se što moj kolega, Fred Spier,

calls "Goldilocks conditions" --

naziva "uvjeti za Zlatokosu" --

not too hot, not too cold,

ne prehladno, ne prevruće,

just right for the creation of complexity.

baš pravo za stvaranje složenosti.

And slightly more complex things appear.

I malo se složenije stvari pojavljuju.

And where you have slightly more complex things,

A gdje imate malo složenije stvari,

you can get slightly more complex things.

možete dobiti još malo složenije stvari.

And in this way, complexity builds stage by stage.

I na taj način, složenost nastaje

stupanj po stupanj.

Each stage is magical

Svaki je stupanj čaroban

because it creates the impression of something utterly new

jer stvara utisak nečeg sasvim novog

appearing almost out of nowhere in the universe.

što se pojavljuje gotovo od nikud u svemiru.

We refer in big history to these moments as threshold moments.

obraćamo se u velikoj povijesti na te trenutke

kao na trenutke prelaska praga.

And at each threshold, the going gets tougher.

A na svakom pragu,

zbivanja postaju teža.

The complex things get more fragile,

Složene stvari postaju lomljivije,

more vulnerable;

ranjivije;

the Goldilocks conditions get more stringent,

uvjeti za Zlatokosu postaju sve skučeniji,

and it's more difficult to create complexity.

i postaje sve teže

stvoriti složenost.

Now, we, as extremely complex creatures,

Sad, mi smo krajnje složena stvorenja,

očajnički trebamo znati tu priču

desperately need to know this story

of how the universe creates complexity despite the second law,

o tome kako svemir stvara složenost

usprkos drugom zakonu,

and why complexity means vulnerability and fragility.

te zašto složenost

znači ranjivost

i lomljivost.

And that's the story that we tell in big history.

I to je priča koju pričamo u velikoj povijesti.

But to do it, you have do something

Ali da to učiniš, moraš učiniti nešto

that may, at first sight, seem completely impossible.

što se može, na prvi pogled, doimati posve nemogućim.

Morate pregledati čitavu povijest svemira.

You have to survey the whole history of the universe.

So let's do it.

Pa hajmo.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Let's begin by winding the timeline back

Počnimo motanjem vremenske linije natrag

13.7 billion years,

13,7 milijardi godina,

to the beginning of time.

do početka vremena.

Around us, there's nothing.

Oko nas, nema ničega.

There's not even time or space.

Nema čak niti prostora ili vremena.

Imagine the darkest, emptiest thing you can

Zamislite najtamniju, najprazniju stvar koju možete

and cube it a gazillion times and that's where we are.

i potencirajte je gazilijun puta

i to je gdje smo.

And then suddenly,

A tad iznenada,

bang!

bang! Pojavljuje se svemir, čitav svemir.

A universe appears, an entire universe.

And we've crossed our first threshold.

I prešli smo naš prvi prag.

The universe is tiny; it's smaller than an atom.

Svemir je sićušan; manji je od atoma.

It's incredibly hot.

Nevjerojatno je vruć.

It contains everything that's in today's universe,

Sadrži sve što je u današnjem svemiru.

so you can imagine, it's busting.

pa možete zamisliti, buja

And it's expanding at incredible speed.

I širi se nevjerojatnom brzinom.

And at first, it's just a blur,

A isprva, samo je nejasan obris

but very quickly distinct things begin to appear in that blur.

ali vrlo brzo se jasno izdvojene stvari počinju pojavljivati unutar tog obrisa.

Within the first second,

Unutar prve sekunde,

energy itself shatters into distinct forces

sama se energija razbija u jasno izdvojene sile

including electromagnetism and gravity.

uključujući elektromagnetizam i gravitaciju.

And energy does something else quite magical:

I energija čini još nešto posve čarobno:

it congeals to form matter --

hladi se da stvori materiju --

kvarkove koji će stvoriti protone

quarks that will create protons

and leptons that include electrons.

i leptone koji obuhvaćaju elektrone.

And all of that happens in the first second.

A sve se to dešava u prvoj sekundi.

Now we move forward 380,000 years.

Sad se mičemo unaprijed 380.000 godina.

That's twice as long as humans have been on this planet.

To je dvostruko toliko koliko su ljudi bili na ovome planetu.

And now simple atoms appear of hydrogen and helium.

I sada se pojavljuju jednostavni atomi

vodika i helija.

Now I want to pause for a moment,

Želim sad stati na trenutak,

380,000 years after the origins of the universe,

380.000 godina nakon nastanka svemira,

because we actually know quite a lot about the universe at this stage.

jer zapravo znamo poprilično puno

o svemiru u ovom stupnju.

We know above all that it was extremely simple.

Znamo iznad svega kako je bio krajnje jednostavan.

It consisted of huge clouds of hydrogen and helium atoms,

Sastojao se od ogromnih oblaka

atoma vodika i helija,

and they have no structure.

a oni nisu imali strukturu.

They're really a sort of cosmic mush.

Oni su zapravo vrsta kozmičke kaše.

But that's not completely true.

Ali to nije posve istinito.

Recent studies

Nedavna istraživanja

by satellites such as the WMAP satellite

satelitima poput satelita WMAP

have shown that, in fact,

su nam pokazala kako, zapravo, postoje sićušne razlike u toj pozadini.

there are just tiny differences in that background.

What you see here,

Što vidite ovdje,

the blue areas are about a thousandth of a degree cooler

plava su podrućja otprilike tisućinu stupnja hladnija

than the red areas.

od crvenih područja.

These are tiny differences,

To su sićušne razlike,

but it was enough for the universe to move on

ali su bile dovoljne za svemir da pređe

to the next stage of building complexity.

u slijedeći stupanj nastanka složenosti.

And this is how it works.

A evo kako se to dogodilo.

Gravity is more powerful where there's more stuff.

Gravitacija je moćnija

tamo gdje je više stvari.

So where you get slightly denser areas,

Pa gdje imate malo gušća područja,

gravity starts compacting clouds of hydrogen and helium atoms.

gravitacija počne zbijati oblake

atoma vodika i helija.

So we can imagine the early universe breaking up into a billion clouds.

Pa možemo zamisliti rani svemir kako se razbija

u milijardu oblaka.

And each cloud is compacted,

I svaki je oblak zbijen,

gravity gets more powerful as density increases,

gravitacija postaje sve moćnija kako gustoća raste,

the temperature begins to rise at the center of each cloud,

temperatura počinje rasti u centru svakog oblaka,

a tada, u u centru svakog oblaka,

and then, at the center,

the temperature crosses the threshold temperature

temperatura prelazi preko temperaturnog praga

of 10 million degrees,

od 10 milijuna stupnjeva,

protons start to fuse,

protoni se počinju zbijati,

there's a huge release of energy,

dolazi do ogromnog ispuštanja energije,

and --

i, bam!

bam!

We have our first stars.

Imamo naše prve zvijezde.

From about 200 million years after the Big Bang,

Od oko 200 milijuna godina nakon Velikog praska,

stars begin to appear all through the universe,

zvijezde se počinju pojavljivati širom svemira,

njih milijarde.

billions of them.

And the universe is now significantly more interesting

I svemir je sada značajno zanimljiviji

and more complex.

i složeniji.

Stars will create the Goldilocks conditions

Zvijezde će stvoriti uvjete za Zlatokosu

za prelazak dva nova praga.

for crossing two new thresholds.

When very large stars die,

Kad vrlo velike zvijezde umru,

stvaraju temperature tako visoke

they create temperatures so high

that protons begin to fuse in all sorts of exotic combinations,

da se protoni zbijaju u svakakve egzotične kombinacije,

da stvore sve elemente periodnog sustava.

to form all the elements of the periodic table.

Ako, poput mene, nosite zlatni prsten,

If, like me, you're wearing a gold ring,

it was forged in a supernova explosion.

iskovan je u eksploziji supernove.

So now the universe is chemically more complex.

Pa je sada svemir kemijski složeniji.

A u kemijski složenijem svemiru,

And in a chemically more complex universe,

it's possible to make more things.

moguće je napraviti više stvari.

And what starts happening is that, around young suns,

I što se počinje događati

je kako, oko mladih sunaca,

young stars,

mladih zvijezda,

all these elements combine, they swirl around,

svi se ti elementi kombiniraju, kovitlaju uokolo,

the energy of the star stirs them around,

energija zvijezde ih miješa uokolo,

stvaraju čestice, stvaraju pahuljice,

they form particles, they form snowflakes, they form little dust motes,

stvaraju male trunke prašine,

stvaraju stijene, stvaraju asteroide,

they form rocks, they form asteroids,

i najzad, stvaraju planete i mjesece.

and eventually, they form planets and moons.

And that is how our solar system was formed,

I to je kako je naš sunčev sustav bio stvoren,

four and a half billion years ago.

prije četiri i pol milijarde godina.

Stjenoviti planeti poput naše Zemlje

Rocky planets like our Earth are significantly more complex than stars

su značajno složeniji od zvijezda

because they contain a much greater diversity of materials.

jer sadrže puno veću raznolikost materijala.

So we've crossed a fourth threshold of complexity.

Tako smo prošli četvrti prag složenosti.

Now, the going gets tougher.

Sad, zbivanja postaju teža.

The next stage introduces entities that are significantly more fragile,

Slijedeći stupanj uključuje entitete

koji su značajno lomljiviji,

significantly more vulnerable,

značajno ranjiviji,

but they're also much more creative

ali su također puno stvaralačkiji,

and much more capable of generating further complexity.

i puno sposobniji stvarati daljnju složenost.

I'm talking, of course, about living organisms.

Pričam, naravno,

o živim organizmima.

Living organisms are created by chemistry.

Žive je organizme stvorila kemija.

We are huge packages of chemicals.

Mi smo ogromni paketi kemikalija.

So, chemistry is dominated by the electromagnetic force.

Pa, kemijom gospodari elektromagnetska sila.

That operates over smaller scales than gravity,

Ona djeluje na manjoj ljestvici nego gravitacije,

which explains why you and I are smaller than stars or planets.

što objašnjava zašto smo vi i ja

manji od zvijezda i planeta.

Sad, koji su idealni uvjeti za kemiju?

Now, what are the ideal conditions for chemistry?

What are the Goldilocks conditions?

Koji su uvjeti za Zlatokosu?

Well, first, you need energy,

Dobro, prvo trebate energiju,

ali ne previše.

but not too much.

In the center of a star, there's so much energy

U središtu zvijezde nalazi se toliko energije

that any atoms that combine will just get busted apart again.

da će se bilo koji sastav atoma samo opet rastaviti.

Ali ne premalo.

But not too little.

In intergalactic space,

U međugalaktičkom prostoru, toliko je malo energije

there's so little energy that atoms can't combine.

da se atomi ne mogu sastaviti.

What you want is just the right amount,

Ono što želite je baš onu pravu količinu,

and planets, it turns out, are just right,

a planeti, ispada, su baš pravi,

because they're close to stars, but not too close.

jer su blizu zvijezdama, ali ne preblizu.

You also need a great diversity of chemical elements,

Također trebate veliku raznolikost kemijskih elemenata,

i trebate tekućinu poput vode.

and you need liquids, such as water.

Zašto?

Why?

Well, in gases, atoms move past each other so fast

Pa, u plinovima, atomi se kreću jedni pored drugih toliko brzo

da se ne stignu povezati.

that they can't hitch up.

In solids,

U krutinama,

atoms are stuck together, they can't move.

atomi su zbijeni zajedno, ne mogu se micati.

In liquids,

U tekućinama,

they can cruise and cuddle

mogu krstariti i maziti se

i povezivati kako bi oblikovali molekule.

and link up to form molecules.

Sad, gdje nalazite takve uvjete za Zlatokosu?

Now, where do you find such Goldilocks conditions?

Well, planets are great,

Pa, planeti su odlični,

and our early Earth was almost perfect.

a naša je rana Zemlja

bila gotovo savršena.

Bila je to baš prava udaljenost od svoje zvijezde

It was just the right distance from its star

da sadrži ogromne oceane otvorene vode.

to contain huge oceans of liquid water.

And deep beneath those oceans,

A duboko ispod tih oceana,

at cracks in the Earth's crust,

na pukotinama u Zemljinoj kori,

you've got heat seeping up from inside the Earth,

imali ste izlijevanje topline iz unutrašnjosti Zemlje,

and you've got a great diversity of elements.

i imali ste veliku raznolikost elemenata.

So at those deep oceanic vents,

Tako da se kod tih dubokih oceanskih odušaka

fantastic chemistry began to happen,

počela događati fantastična kemija,

and atoms combined in all sorts of exotic combinations.

a atomi su se kombinirali u svakakve egzotične kombinacije.

But of course, life is more than just exotic chemistry.

Ali naravno, život je više

nego samo egzotična kemija.

Kako stabilizirati

How do you stabilize those huge molecules

te ogromne molekule

that seem to be viable?

za koje se čini kako podržavaju život?

Well, it's here that life introduces an entirely new trick.

Pa, ovdje je mjesto gdje život uvodi

posve novi trik.

You don't stabilize the individual;

Ne stabilizirate jedinke;

you stabilize the template,

stabilizirate predložak,

the thing that carries information,

stvar koja nosi informaciju,

i date predlošku da kopira sam sebe.

and you allow the template to copy itself.

A DNA, naravno,

And DNA, of course, is the beautiful molecule

je prekrasna molekula

that contains that information.

koja sadrži tu informaciju.

You'll be familiar with the double helix of DNA.

Bit će vam poznata dvostruka zavojnica DNA.

Each rung contains information.

Svaka prečka sadrži informaciju.

Dakle, DNA sadrži informaciju

So, DNA contains information about how to make living organisms.

o tome kako napraviti žive organizme.

I DNA također kopira sebe samu.

And DNA also copies itself.

Tako, kopira ona sebe

So, it copies itself

and scatters the templates through the ocean.

i rasijava predloške kroz ocean.

I informacija se širi.

So the information spreads.

Primijetite kako je informacija postala dio naše priče.

Notice that information has become part of our story.

Prava je ljepota DNA ipak

The real beauty of DNA though is in its imperfections.

u njenim nesavršenostima.

As it copies itself, once in every billion rungs,

Kako se kopira,

jednom u svakih milijardu prečaka,

there tends to be an error.

dešava se greška.

And what that means is that DNA is, in effect, learning.

A što to znači

je kako DNA, u stvari, uči.

It's accumulating new ways of making living organisms

Prikuplja nove načine stvaranja živih organizama

jer neke od tih grešaka rade.

because some of those errors work.

Dakle DNA uči

So DNA's learning

and it's building greater diversity and greater complexity.

i stvara veću raznolikost i veću složenost.

And we can see this happening over the last four billion years.

A možemo vidjeti kako se to događa tijekom zadnjih četiri milijarde godina.

For most of that time of life on Earth,

Kroz najveći dio tog vremena života na Zemlji,

živi su organizmi bili relativno jednostavni --

living organisms have been relatively simple --

pojedine stanice.

single cells.

But they had great diversity, and, inside, great complexity.

Ali imali su veliku raznolikost,

te, iznutra, veliku složenost.

Then from about 600 to 800 million years ago,

Onda od prije oko 600 do 800 milijuna godina,

multi-celled organisms appear.

pojavljuju se višestanični organizmi.

You get fungi, you get fish,

dobijete gljive, dobijete ribe,

dobijete biljke,

you get plants,

you get amphibia, you get reptiles,

dobijete vodozemce, dobijete gmazove,

and then, of course, you get the dinosaurs.

i onda, naravno, dobijete dinosaure.

And occasionally, there are disasters.

I povremeno, dešavaju se katastrofe.

Sixty-five million years ago,

Prije šezdeset pet milijuna godina,

an asteroid landed on Earth

asteroid je pao na Zemlju

near the Yucatan Peninsula,

blizu Yucatanskog poluotoka,

creating conditions equivalent to those of a nuclear war,

stvarajući uvjete jednake onima nuklearnog rata,

and the dinosaurs were wiped out.

i dinosauri su bili izbrisani.

Strašne vijesti za dinosaure,

Terrible news for the dinosaurs,

but great news for our mammalian ancestors,

ali odlične vijesti za naše sisavačke pretke,

koji su procvali

who flourished

in the niches left empty by the dinosaurs.

u od dinosaura upražnjenim nišama.

And we human beings are part of that creative evolutionary pulse

A mi ljudska bića

smo dijelom tog stvaralačkog evolucijskog pulsa

koji je počeo prije 65 milijuna godina

that began 65 million years ago

with the landing of an asteroid.

padom asteroida.

Humans appeared about 200,000 years ago.

Ljudi su se pojavili prije oko 200.000 godina.

And I believe we count as a threshold in this great story.

A ja vjerujem da se brojimo

kao prag u ovoj velikoj priči.

Let me explain why.

Dajte da objasnim zašto.

We've seen that DNA learns in a sense,

Vidjeli smo da DNA na neki način uči,

it accumulates information.

prikuplja informacije.

But it is so slow.

Ali to je tako sporo.

DNA prikuplja informacije

DNA accumulates information through random errors,

kroz slučajne greške,

some of which just happen to work.

od kojih neke čisto ispada da rade.

But DNA had actually generated a faster way of learning:

Ali DNA je zapravo stvorio brži način učenja:

Stvorio je organizme s mozgovima,

it had produced organisms with brains,

and those organisms can learn in real time.

a ti organizmi mogu učiti u stvarnom vremenu.

Prikupljaju informacije, uče.

They accumulate information, they learn.

The sad thing is, when they die,

Žalosna je stvar,

kad umru, informacije umiru s njima.

the information dies with them.

Now what makes humans different is human language.

Sad po čemu su ljudi različiti

je ljudski jezik.

We are blessed with a language, a system of communication,

Blagoslovljeni smo jezikom, sustavom komunikacije,

tako moćnim i preciznim

so powerful and so precise

that we can share what we've learned with such precision

da možemo dijeliti ono što smo naučili tolikom točnošću

da se to može prikupljati u kolektivnom pamćenju.

that it can accumulate in the collective memory.

A to znači

And that means

it can outlast the individuals who learned that information,

kako može nadživjeti jedinke koje su naučile tu informaciju,

i da se može prikupljati iz generacije u generaciju.

and it can accumulate from generation to generation.

And that's why, as a species, we're so creative and so powerful,

A to je zašto smo, kao vrsta, toliko kreativni

i toliko moćni,

and that's why we have a history.

i to je zašto imamo povijest.

Čini se kako smo jedina vrsta u četiri milijarde godina

We seem to be the only species in four billion years

koja ima ovaj dar.

to have this gift.

Zovem tu sposobnost

I call this ability collective learning.

kolektivno učenje.

It's what makes us different.

To je ono što nas čini različitim.

We can see it at work in the earliest stages of human history.

Možemo ga vidjeti na djelu

u najranijim fazama ljudske povijesti.

We evolved as a species in the savanna lands of Africa,

Razvili smo se kao vrsta

u savanskim prostranstvima Afrike,

but then you see humans migrating into new environments,

ali tada vidite ljude kako migriraju u nove okoliše,

into desert lands, into jungles,

u pustinjska prostranstva, u džungle,

into the Ice Age tundra of Siberia --

u sibirsku tundru ledenog doba --

opak, opak okoliš --

tough, tough environment --

into the Americas, into Australasia.

u Amerike, u Australasiu.

Svaka je migracija uključila učenje --

Each migration involved learning --

učenje novih načina korištenja okoliša,

learning new ways of exploiting the environment,

new ways of dealing with their surroundings.

novih načina bavljenja njihovim okruženjem.

Then 10,000 years ago,

Tada prije 10.000 godina,

exploiting a sudden change in global climate

koristeći naglu promjenu globalne klime

sa krajem zadnjeg ledenog doba,

with the end of the last ice age,

ljudi su naučili obrađivati zemlju.

humans learned to farm.

Farming was an energy bonanza.

Zemljoradnja je bila energetski izvor bogatstva.

I koristeći tu energiju,

And exploiting that energy, human populations multiplied.

ljudska se populacija umnožila.

Human societies got larger, denser, more interconnected.

Ljudska društva su postala veća, gušća,

međusobno povezanija.

A onda prije oko 500 godina,

And then from about 500 years ago,

humans began to link up globally

ljudi su počeli povezivati globalno

through shipping, through trains,

kroz brodove, kroz vlakove,

through telegraph, through the Internet,

kroz telegraf, kroz Internet,

until now we seem to form a single global brain

sve dok sad ne izgleda kako tvorimo

jedinstven globalni mozak

od skoro sedam milijardi jedinki.

of almost seven billion individuals.

I taj mozak uči zapanjujućom brzinom.

And that brain is learning at warp speed.

And in the last 200 years, something else has happened.

A u zadnjih 200 godina, još se nešto drugo dogodilo.

Nabasali smo na drugi energetski izvor bogatstva

We've stumbled on another energy bonanza

u fosilnim gorivima.

in fossil fuels.

Tako fosilna goriva i kolektivno učenje zajedno

So fossil fuels and collective learning together

explain the staggering complexity we see around us.

objašnjavaju zapanjujuću složenost

koju vidimo oko sebe.

So --

Pa, eto nas,

Here we are,

nazad u kongresnom centru.

back at the convention center.

We've been on a journey, a return journey, of 13.7 billion years.

Bili smo na putovanju, povratnom putovanju

od 13,7 milijardi godina.

I hope you agree this is a powerful story.

Nadam se da se slažete kako je ovo moćna priča.

And it's a story in which humans play an astonishing and creative role.

I to je priča u kojoj ljudi

igraju zadivljujuću i stvaralačku ulogu.

But it also contains warnings.

Ali također sadrži i upozorenja.

Collective learning is a very, very powerful force,

Kolektivno učenje je vrlo, vrlo moćna sila,

and it's not clear that we humans are in charge of it.

a nije jasno

kako smo mi ljudi ti koji njome ravnaju.

Sjećam se vrlo živo kao dijete odrastajući u Engleskoj,

I remember very vividly as a child growing up in England,

proživljavanje Kubanske raketne krize.

living through the Cuban Missile Crisis.

For a few days, the entire biosphere

Kroz nekoliko dana,

sva se biosfera

seemed to be on the verge of destruction.

činila kao na rubu uništenja.

And the same weapons are still here,

A ista su oružja i dalje ovdje,

and they are still armed.

te su i dalje spremna.

Ako izbjegnemo tu zamku,

If we avoid that trap, others are waiting for us.

čekaju nas druge.

We're burning fossil fuels at such a rate

Izgaramo fosilna goriva u tolikoj mjeri

that we seem to be undermining the Goldilocks conditions

da se čini kako potkopavamo uvjete za Zlatokosu

that made it possible for human civilizations

koji su omogućili ljudskim civilizacijama

to flourish over the last 10,000 years.

da cvatu tijekom zadnjih 10.000 godina.

So what big history can do

Pa ono što velika povijest može učiniti

is show us the nature of our complexity and fragility

jest pokazati nam prirodu naše složenosti i lomljivosti

i opasnosti s kojima smo suočeni,

and the dangers that face us,

ali nam također može pokazati

but it can also show us our power with collective learning.

našu snagu kolektivnog učenja.

And now, finally --

A sad, konačno,

this is what I want.

ovo je što želim.

I want my grandson, Daniel,

Želim da moj unuk, Daniel,

and his friends and his generation,

i njegovi prijatelji i njegova generacija,

širom svijeta,

throughout the world,

da znaju priču velike povijesti,

to know the story of big history,

and to know it so well

i da ju znaju tako dobro

da razumiju

that they understand both the challenges that face us

jednako izazove kojima smo suočeni

and the opportunities that face us.

i prilike koje nam se pružaju.

And that's why a group of us

I to je zašto grupa nas

are building a free, online syllabus

stvara besplatno online kazalo

velike povijesti

in big history

for high-school students throughout the world.

za učenike srednjih škola širom svijeta.

Vjerujemo kako će im velika povijest

We believe that big history

will be a vital intellectual tool for them,

biti životno važan intelektualni alat,

as Daniel and his generation

jer su Daniel i njegova generacija

face the huge challenges

suočeni sa ogromnim izazovima

and also the huge opportunities

i također ogromnim prilikama

ahead of them at this threshold moment

na putu preko ovog praga

u povijesti ovog prekrasnog planeta.

in the history of our beautiful planet.

I thank you for your attention.

Zahvaljujem na vašoj pažnji.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)