The paradox of choice | Barry Schwartz | TED

6,013,282 views ใƒป 2007-01-16

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Seungwoo PAEK ๊ฒ€ํ† : Hahn Ryu
00:25
I'm going to talk to you about some stuff that's in this book of mine
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ
00:28
that I hope will resonate with other things you've already heard,
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์ œ ์ฑ…์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
and I'll try to make some connections myself,
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ํ˜น์‹œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋†“์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
in case you miss them.
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00:35
But I want to start with what I call the "official dogma."
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์ œ๊ฐ€ '๊ณต์‹ํ™”๋œ ์‹ ์กฐ'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
The official dogma of what?
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์–ด๋–ค๊ฒƒ์—๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์‹ํ™”๋œ ์‹ ์กฐ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
00:41
The official dogma of all Western industrial societies.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์„œ์–‘ ์‚ฐ์—…์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ์กฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
And the official dogma runs like this:
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ํ’€์–ด์„œ ์„ค๋ช… ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
if we are interested in maximizing the welfare of our citizens,
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์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋ณต์ง€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
00:51
the way to do that is to maximize individual freedom.
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๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™” ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณต์ง€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์˜ ๊ธธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
The reason for this is both that freedom is, in and of itself, good,
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๊ทธ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ž์œ ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ
01:02
valuable, worthwhile, essential to being human,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ’์ง€๊ณ  ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
and because if people have freedom,
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉด
01:08
then each of us can act on our own
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๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์€ ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ๋ณต์ง€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ
01:10
to do the things that will maximize our welfare,
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ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ทจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
01:12
and no one has to decide on our behalf.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
The way to maximize freedom is to maximize choice.
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์„ ํƒ์˜ ํญ์„ ๋„“ํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™” ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
The more choice people have, the more freedom they have,
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์„ ํƒ์˜ ํญ์ด ๋„“๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
01:24
and the more freedom they have,
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์ž์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋” ํ™•๋ณด๋˜๋ฉด
01:26
the more welfare they have.
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์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ณต์ง€๋Š” ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
This, I think, is so deeply embedded in the water supply
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์ด ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์ผ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ์— ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ•ํ˜€์žˆ์–ด์„œ
01:34
that it wouldn't occur to anyone to question it.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ฆ‰, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ถ์— ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด์žฌํ•ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
And it's also deeply embedded in our lives.
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01:42
I'll give you some examples
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ํ˜„๋Œ€๋ฌธ๋ช…์ด ์ €ํฌ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ผ€ ํ•œ ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
of what modern progress has made possible for us.
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01:48
This is my supermarket.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋งˆํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณ„๋กœ ํฐ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ ์š”.
01:49
Not such a big one.
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01:51
I want to say just a word about salad dressing.
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์ƒ๋Ÿฌ๋“œ ์†Œ์Šค์— ๊ตญํ•œ์—์„œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
A hundred seventy-five salad dressings in my supermarket,
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์Šˆํผ์—๋Š” 175๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒ๋Ÿฌ๋“œ ์†Œ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
if you don't count the 10 extra-virgin olive oils
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10๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ ์˜ค์ผ๊ณผ
02:00
and 12 balsamic vinegars you could buy
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12๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋ฏน ์‹์ดˆ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
02:03
to make a very large number of your own salad dressings,
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์†Œ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”.
02:06
in the off-chance that none of the 175 the store has on offer suit you.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ 175๊ฐ€์ง€ ์†Œ์Šค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋”ฑ ๋งž์„ ํ™•์œจ์€ ์ ์ง€์š”.
02:11
So this is what the supermarket is like.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ˆ˜ํผ๋งˆ์ผ“์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
And then you go to the consumer electronics store
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๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์Œํ–ฅ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ „์ž์ƒ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
to set up a stereo system --
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02:17
speakers, CD player, tape player, tuner, amplifier --
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์Šคํ”ผ์ปค, CD ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด, ํ…Œ์ž…ํ”„ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด, ํŠœ๋„ˆ, ์•ฐํ”„ ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ
02:21
and in this one single consumer electronics store,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ์— ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋งŽ์€
02:25
there are that many stereo systems.
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์Šคํ…Œ๋ ˆ์˜ค ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
We can construct six and a half million different stereo systems
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ์—์„œ ์Šคํ…Œ๋ ˆ์˜ค ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์กฐํ•ฉ์€
02:33
out of the components that are on offer in one store.
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650๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋‚˜ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
You've got to admit that's a lot of choice.
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์ •๋ง ๋งŽ์€ ์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์ฃ .
02:39
In other domains -- the world of communications.
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์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฃ .
02:43
There was a time, when I was a boy,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š”
02:45
when you could get any kind of telephone service you wanted,
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์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ „ํ™” ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ผ๋„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
as long as it came from Ma Bell.
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Bell์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์ „์ œํ•˜์—์š”...
02:49
You rented your phone, you didn't buy it.
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์ „ํ™”๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋นŒ๋ ธ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
One consequence of that, by the way, is that the phone never broke.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ „ํ™”๊ฐ€ '๊ณ ์žฅ'๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:55
And those days are gone.
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์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋Š” ์ง€๋‚ฌ์ฃ .
02:58
We now have an almost unlimited variety of phones,
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ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฌด์ œํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ „ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
especially in the world of cell phones.
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ํŠนํžˆ ํœด๋Œ€์ „ํ™”๋Š”์š”.
03:03
These are cell phones of the future.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํœด๋Œ€์ „ํ™”์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
My favorite is the middle one --
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์žˆ๋Š”
03:08
the MP3 player, nose hair trimmer, and crรจme brรปlรฉe torch.
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MP3 player์™€ ์ฝ”ํ„ธ ๊นŽ๊ธฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํฌ๋ฆผ ๋ทœ๋ ˆ ํ† ์น˜.
03:11
And if --
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์ด ์ƒํ’ˆ์„ ์•„์ง ์ƒ์ ์—์„œ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:13
(Laughter)
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03:14
if by some chance you haven't seen that in your store yet,
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03:17
you can rest assured that one day soon, you will.
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์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ณด์‹œ๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žฅ๋‹ด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
And what this does is it leads people to walk into their stores,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ์ ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:24
asking this question.
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03:25
And do you know what the answer to this question now is?
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๋Œ€๋‹ต์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ ์ค„ ์•„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
03:28
The answer is "no."
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๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ '์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค' ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
It is not possible to buy a cell phone that doesn't do too much.
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๋ณ„ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์—†๋Š” ํœด๋Œ€์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
So, in other aspects of life that are much more significant than buying things,
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์‚ถ ์ „์ฒด๋กœ ๋ณผ๋•Œ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ๋„
03:39
the same explosion of choice is true.
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์„ ํƒ์˜ ํญ์ด ํ™•๋Œ€๋œ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
Health care.
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์ด์ œ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฉด
03:44
It is no longer the case in the United States
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03:46
that you go to the doctor, and the doctor tells you what to do.
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์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹  ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
Instead, you go to the doctor,
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๋Œ€์‹ , ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„ ๊ฐ€๋ฉด
03:52
and the doctor tells you, "Well, we could do A, or we could do B.
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์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” '๋‹น์‹ ์€ A๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , B๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค'๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
A has these benefits and these risks.
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'A๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข‹์€ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค'
03:57
B has these benefits and these risks.
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'B๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข‹์€ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์›ํ•˜์„ธ์š”?'
04:00
What do you want to do?"
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04:02
And you say, "Doc, what should I do?"
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ '์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜์ฃ ?' ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:04
And the doc says, "A has these benefits and risks,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ 'A๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข‹์€ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. B ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข‹์€ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
and B has these benefits and risks.
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04:09
What do you want to do?"
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ฃ ?
04:11
And you say, "If you were me, Doc, what would you do?"
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์˜์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ '์ €๋ผ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค๊ฑธ ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?'๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด
04:15
And the doc says, "But I'm not you."
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'ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฑธ์š”?'๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
And the result is -- we call it "patient autonomy,"
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ 'ํ™˜์ž ์ž์ฃผ๊ถŒ'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
04:21
which makes it sound like a good thing,
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๊ฝค ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:23
but what it really is is a shifting of the burden and the responsibility
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฑ…์ž„์„
๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”(์˜์‚ฌ) ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
04:27
for decision-making
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04:28
from somebody who knows something -- namely, the doctor --
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”(์˜์‚ฌ) ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
๋ชธ์ด ์•„ํ”„๊ณ  ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†์–ด์„œ
04:31
to somebody who knows nothing and is almost certainly sick
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04:33
and thus, not in the best shape to be making decisions --
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์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ตœ์ ์— ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ(ํ™˜์ž)์—๊ฒŒ
04:36
namely, the patient.
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์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:37
There's enormous marketing of prescription drugs
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์ €์™€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ
04:40
to people like you and me,
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๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
which, if you think about it, makes no sense at all,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ง์ ‘ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
04:44
since we can't buy them.
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๋ง์ด ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:45
Why do they market to us if we can't buy them?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์™œ ์‚ด์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
04:48
The answer is that they expect us to call our doctors the next morning
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์ •๋‹ต์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด์ผ ์˜์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ™”ํ•ด
04:52
and ask for our prescriptions to be changed.
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์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ „์˜ ์•ฝ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:55
Something as dramatic as our identity
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์ž์•„ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ ๋งˆ์ €๋„
04:59
has now become a matter of choice,
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์„ ํƒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:02
as this slide is meant to indicate.
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์ด ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ํ‘œํ˜„ ํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด์š”.
05:05
We don't inherit an identity; we get to invent it.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž์•„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ „ ๋ฐ›์ง€์•Š๊ณ  ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
05:08
And we get to reinvent ourselves as often as we like.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž์•„๋ฅผ ์žฌ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:12
And that means that every day, when you wake up in the morning,
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์ฆ‰, ๋งค์ผ ์•„์นจ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
you have to decide what kind of person you want to be.
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05:18
With respect to marriage and family:
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๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด,
05:22
there was a time when the default assumption that almost everyone had
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์˜ˆ์ „์—๋Š” ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•˜๊ณ 
05:27
is that you got married as soon as you could,
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์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ–์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”
05:29
and then you started having kids as soon as you could.
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๊ฐ€์ •์„ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์„ ํƒ์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ž‘ ์ด์—ˆ์ง€,
05:32
The only real choice was who,
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05:34
not when, and not what you did after.
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์–ธ์ œ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ํ›„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
Nowadays, everything is very much up for grabs.
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์š”์ฆ˜์€ ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋‚˜๋ฆ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
I teach wonderfully intelligent students,
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์ €๋Š” ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
05:43
and I assign 20 percent less work than I used to.
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์˜ˆ์ „๋ณด๋‹ค 20% ์ ์€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
And it's not because they're less smart,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ข€ ๋œ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ ํ•˜๋‹ค๋˜์ง€
05:50
and it's not because they're less diligent.
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๋œ ์„ฑ์‹คํ•ด์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:52
It's because they are preoccupied, asking themselves,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋กœ์žกํ˜€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
"Should I get married or not? Should I get married now?
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'๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ํ• ๊นŒ ๋ง๊นŒ? ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ• ๊นŒ?'
05:58
Should I get married later?
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'๋‚˜์ค‘์— ํ• ๊นŒ? ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋จผ์ €์ผ๊นŒ, ์ผ์ด ๋จผ์ € ์ผ๊นŒ?'
05:59
Should I have kids first or a career first?"
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06:02
All of these are consuming questions.
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์†Œ๋ชจ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
And they're going to answer these questions,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ 
06:07
whether or not it means not doing all the work I assign
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์ œ ์ˆ˜์—…์—์„œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ํ•™์ ์„ ๋ฐ›๋”๋ผ๋„
06:09
and not getting a good grade in my courses.
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ต์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
And indeed they should.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผ์ฃ . ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:13
These are important questions to answer.
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06:16
Work.
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Carl์ด ์ง€์  ํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
06:18
We are blessed, as Carl was pointing out,
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06:20
with the technology that enables us to work every minute of every day
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์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ ์–ด๋””์—์„œ๋‚˜ ๋งค์ผ, ๋งค์‹œ์— ์ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
์ถ•๋ณต ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
from any place on the planet --
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06:28
except the Randolph Hotel.
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Randolph ํ˜ธํ…”์„ ์ œ์™ธ ํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š”์š”.
06:30
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:33
(Applause)
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06:35
There is one corner, by the way,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
06:38
that I'm not going to tell anybody about, where the WiFi actually works.
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WiFi๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:42
I'm not telling you about it, because I want to use it.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
So what this means,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š”
06:46
this incredible freedom of choice we have with respect to work,
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์ผ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์„ ํƒ์˜ ์ž์œ ๊ฐ€
06:49
is that we have to make a decision,
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06:51
again and again and again,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด
06:53
about whether we should or shouldn't be working.
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์ผ์„ ํ• ์ง€ ๋ง์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
We can go to watch our kid play soccer,
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์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์ถ•๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ
06:58
and we have our cell phone on one hip and our Blackberry on our other hip,
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ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌํ•œ์ถค์— ํœด๋Œ€์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๊ณ 
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œ์ถค์—๋Š” blackberry๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๊ณ 
07:02
and our laptop, presumably, on our laps.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ์œ„์— ๋…ธํŠธ๋ถ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ค ๋†“๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
07:05
And even if they're all shut off,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋“ค์„ ๊บผ ๋†“๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
07:07
every minute that we're watching our kid mutilate a soccer game,
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์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์ถ•๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ
07:10
we are also asking ourselves,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
"Should I answer this cell phone call?
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'์ด ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„๊นŒ ๋ง๊นŒ?'
07:14
Should I respond to this email? Should I draft this letter?"
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'์ด๋ฉ”์ผ ๋‹ต์žฅ์„ ์“ธ๊นŒ? ํŽธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ• ๊นŒ?'
07:17
And even if the answer to the question is "no,"
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด '์•„๋‹ˆ์˜ค'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
07:20
it's certainly going to make the experience of your kid's soccer game
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์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Š๋‚Œ์€
07:23
very different than it would've been.
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์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ์•„์˜ˆ ์•ˆํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋ž‘์€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
So everywhere we look,
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ์–ด๋”œ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ๋ด๋„
07:27
big things and small things, material things and lifestyle things,
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ํฐ์ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์†Œํ•œ ์ผ์ด๋‚˜, ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ผ์ดํ”„ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ๊นŒ์ง€
07:31
life is a matter of choice.
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์ธ์ƒ์€ ์„ ํƒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:34
And the world we used to live in looked like this.
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์˜ˆ์ „์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๋˜ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์ด๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:38
[Well, actually, they are written in stone.]
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07:40
That is to say, there were some choices,
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๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์„ ํƒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
07:42
but not everything was a matter of choice.
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๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์„ ํƒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:44
The world we now live in looks like this.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:46
[The Ten Commandments Do-It-Yourself Kit]
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”? ๋‚˜์œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
07:48
And the question is: Is this good news or bad news?
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07:53
And the answer is "yes."
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์ •๋‹ต์€ '์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:56
(Laughter)
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์ •๋‹ต์€ '์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
We all know what's good about it,
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ข‹์€์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊น,
08:00
so I'm going to talk about what's bad about it.
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์–ด๋–ค ๋‚˜์œ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:03
All of this choice has two effects,
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๋ฌดํ•œํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
08:06
two negative effects on people.
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๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
One effect, paradoxically,
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์—ญ์„ค์ ์œผ๋กœ
08:11
is that it produces paralysis rather than liberation.
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์„ ํƒ์€ ์ž์œ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋งˆ๋น„๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:15
With so many options to choose from,
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์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ต์…˜์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด
08:18
people find it very difficult to choose at all.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์„ ํƒ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งค์šฐ ํž˜๊ฒจ์›Œ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:22
I'll give you one very dramatic example of this,
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์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“ค๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:25
a study that was done of investments in voluntary retirement plans.
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ํ‡ด์ง๊ธˆ ์ž์› ํˆฌ์ž์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:31
A colleague of mine got access to investment records from Vanguard,
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์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋Š” Vanguard์‚ฌ์˜ ํˆฌ์ž ์ •๋ณด์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:36
the gigantic mutual fund company,
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Vanguard๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฎค์ถ”์–ผ ํŽ€๋“œ์‚ฌ๋กœ
08:38
of about a million employees and about 2,000 different workplaces.
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100๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์ง์›๊ณผ 2000๊ฐœ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:42
What she found is that for every 10 mutual funds the employer offered,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
์ง์›์ด 10๊ฐœ์˜ ํŽ€๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ฒœํ•  ๋•Œ ๋งˆ๋‹ค,
08:47
rate of participation went down two percent.
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์ž์› ํˆฌ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋„๊ฐ€ 2%๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:52
You offer 50 funds -- 10 percent fewer employees participate
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50๊ฐœ์˜ ํŽ€๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ฒœํ•˜๋ฉด
08:56
than if you only offer five.
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5๊ฐœ์˜ ํŽ€๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ฒœ ํ–ˆ์„๋•Œ ๋ณด๋‹ค 10%์ฐธ์—ฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:59
Why?
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09:00
Because with 50 funds to choose from,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด 50๊ฐœ ์ •๋„์˜ ํŽ€๋“œ ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๋ ค๋ฉด
09:02
it's so damn hard to decide which fund to choose,
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ํž˜๋“ค์–ด์„œ
09:06
that you'll just put it off till tomorrow,
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์šฐ์„  ๋‚ด์ผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
and then tomorrow
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚ด์ผ๋กœ, ๋‚ด์ผ๋กœ, ๋‚ด์ผ๋กœ
09:09
and then tomorrow and tomorrow,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚ด์ผ๋กœ, ๋‚ด์ผ๋กœ, ๋‚ด์ผ๋กœ
09:11
and, of course, tomorrow never comes.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ทธ '๋‚ด์ผ'์€ ์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
09:13
Understand that not only does this mean
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
09:15
that people are going to have to eat dog food when they retire
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์€ํ‡ด ํ›„์— ๋ˆ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ด์„œ
09:18
because they don't have enough money put away,
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๊ฐœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์—ฐ๋ช…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
09:20
it also means that making the decision is so hard
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์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์„œ
09:23
that they pass up significant matching money from the employer.
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๊ณ ์šฉ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•„์…”์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:27
By not participating, they are passing up as much as 5,000 dollars a year
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์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์•ˆํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ผ๋…„์— 5000๋ถˆ ์”ฉ์„ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ฃผ๊ฐ€
09:31
from the employer,
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๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ˜์ด์ฃ .
09:32
who would happily match their contribution.
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09:35
So paralysis is a consequence of having too many choices.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด ๋งˆ๋น„ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์„ ํƒ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€๋ฐ์„œ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:38
And I think it makes the world look like this.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ์ฃ .
09:41
[And lastly, for all eternity, French, bleu cheese or ranch?]
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.
09:45
(Laughter)
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09:48
You really want to get the decision right if it's for all eternity, right?
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ํ‰์ƒ์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๋ฉด ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์‹œ์ฃ ?
09:52
You don't want to pick the wrong mutual fund or wrong salad dressing.
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์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ํŽ€๋“œ๋‚˜ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ƒ๋Ÿฌ๋“œ ์†Œ์Šค๋„ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์‹ซ์„๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
09:55
So that's one effect.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€
09:56
The second effect is that, even if we manage to overcome the paralysis
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋น„ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
10:01
and make a choice,
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10:03
we end up less satisfied with the result of the choice
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์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ์ด ์ ์€ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ–ˆ์„๋•Œ ๋ณด๋‹ค
10:07
than we would be if we had fewer options to choose from.
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๋œ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:10
And there are several reasons for this.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ์›์ธ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
One of them is, with a lot of different salad dressings to choose from,
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๊ทธ ์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฐ ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒ๋Ÿฌ๋“œ ์†Œ์Šค ์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
10:17
if you buy one and it's not perfect -- and what salad dressing is? --
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-์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์ƒ๋Ÿฌ๋“œ ์†Œ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ˆœ ์—†์ฃ -
10:20
it's easy to imagine that you could've made a different choice
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณจ๋ž์œผ๋ฉด ๋” ์ข‹์•˜์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ์ƒ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์ƒ์ด์ฃ .
10:23
that would've been better.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์€
10:25
And what happens is,
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10:27
this imagined alternative induces you to regret the decision you made,
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์ด ์ƒ์ƒ์†์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ›„ํšŒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
10:32
and this regret subtracts from the satisfaction you get
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ํ›„ํšŒํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŒํผ ์„ ํƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:35
out of the decision you made,
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10:36
even if it was a good decision.
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์„ ํƒ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„์š”.
10:38
The more options there are, the easier it is to regret anything at all
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์˜ต์…˜์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ก, ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์„ ํƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
10:42
that is disappointing about the option that you chose.
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ํ›„ํšŒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์ฃ .
10:45
Second, what economists call "opportunity costs."
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋น„์šฉ์ด ์›์ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:48
Dan Gilbert made a big point this morning
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์•„์นจ์— Dan Gilbert๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ์„ค์—์„œ
10:50
of talking about how much the way in which we value things
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ธธ ๋•Œ ๋ฌด์—‡๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ๊ฐ€
10:55
depends on what we compare them to.
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๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:57
Well, when there are lots of alternatives to consider,
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๋Œ€์•ˆ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค ๋ณด๋ฉด
11:01
it's easy to imagine the attractive features of alternatives that you reject
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์„ ํƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋Œ€์•ˆ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์ ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:07
that make you less satisfied with the alternative that you've chosen.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์„ ํƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๋–จ์–ด ๋œจ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
11:11
Here's an example.
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11:12
[I can't stop thinking about those other available parking spaces on W 85th Street]
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“ค๊ป˜์š”. ๋‰ด์š•์—์„œ ์˜ค์‹œ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ถ„๊ป˜๋Š” ์ฃ„์†กํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
11:16
If you're not a New Yorker, I apologize.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“ค๊ป˜์š”. ๋‰ด์š•์—์„œ ์˜ค์‹œ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ถ„๊ป˜๋Š” ์ฃ„์†กํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
Here's what you're supposed to be thinking.
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Hampton์— ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:20
Here's this couple on the Hamptons. Very expensive real estate.
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๋น„์‹ผ ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
11:23
Gorgeous beach. Beautiful day. They have it all to themselves.
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๋ฉ‹์ง„ ํ•ด๋ณ€์— ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๋‚ ์”จ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ 
11:26
What could be better?
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๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ฐ”๋ž„๊ป˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
11:28
"Damn it," this guy is thinking,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
11:29
"It's August. Everybody in my Manhattan neighborhood is away.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ 8์›”์ด๊ณ  ๋งจํ•˜ํƒ„์˜ ๋‚ด ์ด์›ƒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค ํœด๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์„œ
11:33
I could be parking right in front of my building."
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๋‚ด์ง‘ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•ž์— ์ฃผ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ํ…๋ฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆํ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:37
And he spends two weeks nagged by the idea
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2์ฃผ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ๋งค์ผ
11:41
that he is missing the opportunity, day after day,
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์ข‹์€ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋†“์ณค๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๊ดด๋กœ์›Œ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:44
to have a great parking space.
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11:46
(Laughter)
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11:48
Opportunity costs subtract from the satisfaction
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๊ธฐํšŒ๋น„์šฉ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
11:51
that we get out of what we choose,
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11:52
even when what we choose is terrific.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ ์‹œํ‚ด๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:55
And the more options there are to consider,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ต์…˜์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ก
11:57
the more attractive features of these options
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๋Œ€์•ˆ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งค๋ ฅ๋“ค์ด
11:59
are going to be reflected by us as opportunity costs.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:03
Here's another example.
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:05
(Laughter)
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12:08
Now, this cartoon makes a lot of points.
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์ด ๋งŒํ™”๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
12:11
It makes points about living in the moment as well,
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์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ์ถฉ์‹คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
12:14
and probably about doing things slowly.
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์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ์ผ์„ ํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ด์ฃผ์ง€๋งŒ
12:16
But one point it makes is that whenever you're choosing one thing,
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๊ณจ๋ผ์„œ ํ•˜๋˜
12:19
you're choosing not to do other things,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋งํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
and those other things may have lots of attractive features,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์„ ํ…Œ๊ณ 
12:24
and it's going to make what you're doing
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ๋œ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:26
less attractive.
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12:27
Third: escalation of expectations.
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์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ์˜ ์ƒ์Šน์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:29
This hit me when I went to replace my jeans.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒญ๋ฐ”์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ”์„๋•Œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ณ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:32
I wear jeans almost all the time.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ฒญ๋ฐ”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ž…๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
12:34
There was a time when jeans came in one flavor,
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์˜ˆ์ „์—๋Š” ๋”ฑ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:37
and you bought them, and they fit like crap.
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์‚ฌ๋ฉด ์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
12:39
They were incredibly uncomfortable,
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์—„์ฒญ ๋ถˆํŽธํ•˜๊ณ 
12:40
and if you wore them long enough and washed them enough times,
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์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ž…๊ณ  ๋ช‡๋ฒˆ ๋นจ์•„์•ผ
12:43
they started to feel OK.
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์ข€ ์ž…์„๋งŒ ํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:45
I went to replace my jeans after years of wearing these old ones.
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์ €๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ž…๋˜ ์ฒญ๋ฐ”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์„œ
12:48
I said, "I want a pair of jeans. Here's my size."
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"์ฒญ๋ฐ”์ง€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€๋ฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ œ ์‹ธ์ด์ฆˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‹ˆ
12:51
And the shopkeeper said,
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์ ์›์ด ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
12:52
"Do you want slim fit, easy fit, relaxed fit?
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"์Šฌ๋ฆผ fit์„ ๋“œ๋ฆด๊นŒ์š”? easy fit? relaxed fit์„ ๋“œ๋ฆด๊นŒ์š”?
12:55
You want button fly or zipper fly? You want stonewashed or acid-washed?
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์ง€ํผ์™€ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์ค‘ ์–ด๋–ค๊ฒƒ์„ ์›ํ•˜์„ธ์š”? ์ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„๋กœ ์›ํ•˜์‹œ์ฃ ?"
12:58
Do you want them distressed?
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"์˜ค๋ž˜ ๋œ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ๋„ฃ์„๊นŒ์š”?"
12:59
Do you want boot cut, tapered?" Blah, blah, blah on and on he went.
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"๋ถ€์ธ ์ปท์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋ฆด๊นŒ์š”? ํ†ต์ด ์ข์•„์ง€๋Š” ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์„ ๋“œ๋ฆด๊นŒ์š”" ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ ์ ์›์€ ๊ณ„์† ์ด์–ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:03
My jaw dropped.
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์ž…์ด ๋–ก ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ๋‚œ ํ›„ ์ •์‹ ์„ ์ฐจ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:04
And after I recovered, I said,
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13:06
"I want the kind that used to be the only kind."
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์˜ˆ์ „์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋˜ ๊ทธ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”
13:09
(Laughter)
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.
13:14
He had no idea what that was.
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์ ์›์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฑด์ง€ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ชฐ๋ž์ฃ .
13:16
(Laughter)
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์–ด์ฉ” ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ด ํ•œ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ์˜จ๊ฐ– ์ฒญ๋ฐ”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ž…์–ด๋ณด๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ์•ผ
13:17
So I spent an hour trying on all these damn jeans,
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13:20
and I walked out of the store -- truth --
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๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜์™”์–ด์š”. ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ƒ์•  ์ตœ๊ณ ๋กœ ์ž˜ ๋งž๋Š” ์ฒญ๋ฐ”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:22
with the best-fitting jeans I had ever had.
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13:24
I did better.
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์˜ˆ์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ณ์•˜์–ด์š”. ํญ๋„“์€ ์„ ํƒ์ด ์ด ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ผ€ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
13:26
All this choice made it possible for me to do better.
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13:29
But --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์€ ์˜ˆ์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ณ„๋กœ ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:31
I felt worse.
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13:33
Why? I wrote a whole book to try to explain this to myself.
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”? ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฑธ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ƒ ์ฑ… ํ•œ๊ถŒ์„ ์จ๋ฒ„๋ ธ์ฃ .
13:37
The reason is --
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ๋ณ„๋กœ ์˜€๋˜๊ฒƒ์€
13:38
(Laughter)
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13:42
The reason I felt worse is that with all of these options available,
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์˜ต์…˜์ด ๋งŽ์•„์ง„ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ
13:47
my expectations about how good a pair of jeans should be went up.
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์ฒญ๋ฐ”์ง€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š์ •๋„ ์ข‹์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:54
I had very low, no particular expectations when they only came in one flavor.
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์˜ˆ์ „์—๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•˜์ฃ .
ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ๋•Œ๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ์ด ์—†์ฃ .
13:58
When they came in 100 flavors, damn it, one of them should've been perfect.
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100๊ฐ€์ง€ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:02
And what I got was good, but it wasn't perfect.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๋ฅธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ข‹์ง€๋งŒ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:04
And so I compared what I got to what I expected,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๋ฅธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
14:07
and what I got was disappointing in comparison to what I expected.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•œ๊ฒƒ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹ค๋งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์‚ถ์— ์„ ํƒ์„ ๋” ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
14:11
Adding options to people's lives
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14:13
can't help but increase the expectations people have
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ์„ ํƒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
14:16
about how good those options will be.
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๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:19
And what that's going to produce is less satisfaction with results,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹๋”๋ผ๋„
14:22
even when they're good results.
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๋œ ๋งŒ์กฑ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:24
[It all looks so great. I can't wait to be disappointed.]
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๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…๊ณ„๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:26
Nobody in the world of marketing knows this.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ์•˜๋”๋ผ๋ฉด ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์• ์ดˆ์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ชฐ๋ž๊ฒ ์ฃ .
14:29
Because if they did, you wouldn't all know what this was about.
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14:33
The truth is more like this.
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์ง„์‹ค์€ ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์— ๊ฐ€๊น์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:36
[Everything was better back when everything was worse.]
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.
14:39
The reason that everything was better back when everything was worse
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๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•ˆ์ข‹๋˜ ์‹œ์ ˆ์ด ์ข‹์€ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
14:43
is that when everything was worse,
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๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•ˆ ์ข‹์œผ๋ฉด
14:45
it was actually possible for people
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ข‹์€ ๋†€๋žŒ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:47
to have experiences that were a pleasant surprise.
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14:50
Nowadays, the world we live in -- we affluent, industrialized citizens,
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ํ’์กฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™” ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
14:55
with perfection the expectation --
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๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์™„๋ฒฝ์„ฑ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
14:57
the best you can ever hope for
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋ž„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ตœ์ƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋”ฑ ๊ทธ๋งŒํผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:59
is that stuff is as good as you expect it to be.
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15:01
You will never be pleasantly surprised,
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๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ข‹๊ฒŒ ๊นœ์ง ๋†€๋ž„์ผ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:03
because your expectations, my expectations,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ €์™€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ง€๋ถ•์„ ๋šซ์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:05
have gone through the roof.
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15:07
The secret to happiness -- this is what you all came for --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์˜จ ์ด์œ ์ธ ํ–‰๋ณต์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€์€
15:10
the secret to happiness is:
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:13
low expectations.
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15:15
(Laughter)
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.
15:18
[You'll do]
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.
15:19
(Applause)
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15:21
(Laughter)
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15:24
I want to say --
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์ œ ์ž์„œ์ „์  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ข€ ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด
15:25
just a little autobiographical moment --
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15:28
that I actually am married to a wife,
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์ „ ์•„๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ 
15:31
and she's really quite wonderful.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:33
I couldn't have done better.
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์ €๋Š” ์ •์ฐฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž˜ ํ•œ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
15:34
I didn't settle.
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15:36
But settling isn't always such a bad thing.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ •์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„์ฃผ ๋‚˜์œ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ ์š”.
15:39
Finally,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ์ƒ์— ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š”
15:41
one consequence of buying a bad-fitting pair of jeans
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15:44
when there is only one kind to buy
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์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ฒญ๋ฐ”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ€์„๋•Œ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š”
15:46
is that when you are dissatisfied and you ask why, who's responsible,
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉด ์ž๋ฌธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์ธ๊ฐ€? ๋‹ต์€ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:50
the answer is clear: the world is responsible.
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์„ธ์ƒ ํƒ“ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ฌด์–ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”.
15:52
What could you do?
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15:54
When there are hundreds of different styles of jeans available
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๊ฐœ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์˜ ์ฒญ๋ฐ”์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ 
15:57
and you buy one that is disappointing
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์‚ฐ ์ฒญ๋ฐ”์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์Œ์— ์•ˆ๋“ ๋‹ค๋ฉด
15:59
and you ask why, who's responsible,
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ ํƒ“ ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
16:02
it is equally clear that the answer to the question is "you."
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋‹น์‹  ํƒ“์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:07
You could have done better.
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๋” ์ž˜ ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
16:08
With a hundred different kinds of jeans on display,
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ฒญ๋ฐ”์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ „์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ
16:12
there is no excuse for failure.
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์„ ํƒ ์‹คํŒจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณ€๋ช…์€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:14
And so when people make decisions,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹๋”๋ผ๋„
16:16
and even though the results of the decisions are good,
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์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•œ ํ›„์—๋Š”
16:19
they feel disappointed about them;
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹ค๋งํ•˜๊ณ 
16:21
they blame themselves.
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์ž์‹ ์„ ์ž์ฑ…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:23
Clinical depression has exploded in the industrial world
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ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋™์•ˆ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์€ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”๋œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ํญ๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:26
in the last generation.
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16:28
I believe a significant -- not the only, but a significant -- contributor
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์™€ ์ž์‚ด์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์˜
16:32
to this explosion of depression and also suicide,
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์›์ธ์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€
16:35
is that people have experiences that are disappointing
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋†’์Œ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋Š”
16:38
because their standards are so high,
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์‹ค๋ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:39
and then when they have to explain these experiences to themselves,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋“ค์„ ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค ํ• ๋•Œ
16:43
they think they're at fault.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ž˜๋ชป์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:45
So the net result is that we do better in general, objectively,
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
16:49
and we feel worse.
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๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์€ ๋” ๋‚˜๋ป์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:51
So let me remind you:
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๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:54
this is the official dogma, the one that we all take to be true,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” '๊ณต์‹ํ™”๋œ ์‹ ์กฐ' ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:59
and it's all false.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง„์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:01
It is not true.
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17:03
There's no question that some choice is better than none.
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์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ์ด ์•„์˜ˆ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:07
But it doesn't follow from that
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ์ด ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ๋” ์ข‹๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:09
that more choice is better than some choice.
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17:12
There's some magical amount. I don't know what it is.
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์ €๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ ์ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
17:14
I'm pretty confident that we have long since passed the point
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์ €ํฌ์˜ ๋ณต์ง€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜
17:17
where options improve our welfare.
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์ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ง€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:20
Now, as a policy matter -- I'm almost done --
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์ด์ œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐ์š”,
17:23
as a policy matter, the thing to think about is this:
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์ •์ฑ…์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:26
what enables all of this choice in industrial societies
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์‚ฐ์—…์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ํ’์š”์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:31
is material affluence.
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17:34
There are lots of places in the world,
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์„ธ์ƒ๋Š” ์•„์ง๋„
17:36
and we have heard about several of them,
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์„ ํƒ์˜ ํญ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์•„์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ 
17:38
where their problem is not that they have too much choice.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ ์–ด์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ธ ๊ณณ์ด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ตฐ๋ฐ๋งŒ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ดค์„ ๋ฟ์ด์ฃ .
17:41
Their problem is they have too little.
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17:42
So the stuff I'm talking about is the peculiar problem
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์ด ์ด์ƒํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
17:46
of modern, affluent, Western societies.
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ํ’์š”๋กœ์šด ์„œ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:49
And what is so frustrating and infuriating is this:
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์ •๋ง ํ™”๋‚˜๊ณ  ์ขŒ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
17:52
Steve Levitt talked to you yesterday
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Steve Levitt์ด ์–ด์ œ ๋งํ•œ ๋น„์‹ธ๊ณ  ์„ค์น˜๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์šด
17:54
about how these expensive and difficult-to-install child seats
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์œ ์•„์šฉ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์‹œํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์šฉ์ง€๋ฌผ์ด๊ณ  ๋ˆ ๋‚ญ๋น„๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
18:01
don't help.
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18:04
It's a waste of money.
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18:05
What I'm telling you is that these expensive, complicated choices --
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€ ๋น„์‹ธ๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์ด
18:10
it's not simply that they don't help.
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๋„์›€์ด ์•ˆ๋  ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
18:12
They actually hurt.
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์ƒ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:14
They actually make us worse off.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ชปํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ฃ .
18:16
If some of what enables people in our societies
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ
18:20
to make all of the choices we make
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18:22
were shifted to societies in which people have too few options,
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์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ์ด ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ ์ด์ „์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
18:27
not only would those people's lives be improved,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋  ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
18:29
but ours would be improved also.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ๋„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:31
This is what economists call a "Pareto-improving move."
386
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ ˆํ† ์  ๊ฐœ์„  ์›€์ง์ž„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:35
Income redistribution will make everyone better off,
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์†Œ๋“ ์žฌ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ๋” ๋‚ณ์•„์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:38
not just poor people,
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18:40
because of how all this excess choice plagues us.
389
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์„ ํƒ์˜ ๊ณผ์ž‰ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง์น˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
18:43
So to conclude.
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18:44
[You can be anything you want to be -- no limits.]
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๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋งŒํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ
18:47
You're supposed to read this cartoon and, being a sophisticated person, say,
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์ข€ ๋ฐฐ์šด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์•„๋งˆ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:50
"Ah! What does this fish know? Nothing is possible in this fishbowl."
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"์ด ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ชฐ ์•Œ๊ฒ ์–ด?
์ด ์ˆ˜์กฐ์•ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์ง€"
18:55
Impoverished imagination, a myopic view of the world --
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๋นˆ์•ฝํ•œ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ, ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ทผ์‹œ์•ˆ ๋“ฑ์ด
18:58
that's the way I read it at first.
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์ด ๋งŒํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณผ๋•Œ ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:00
The more I thought about it, however,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณ„์† ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ž๋ฉด
19:02
the more I came to the view that this fish knows something.
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๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:06
Because the truth of the matter is,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ง„์‹ค์€
19:08
if you shatter the fishbowl so that everything is possible,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ˆ˜์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋ฒ„๋ ค์„œ ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ผ€ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
19:12
you don't have freedom.
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19:13
You have paralysis.
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์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋งˆ๋น„ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:16
If you shatter this fishbowl so that everything is possible,
402
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3532
๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ˆ˜์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋ฒ„๋ ค์„œ ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ผ€ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
19:19
you decrease satisfaction.
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๋งŒ์กฑ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:23
You increase paralysis, and you decrease satisfaction.
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๋งˆ๋น„๋„๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋„ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:26
Everybody needs a fishbowl.
405
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ๋งŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์กฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:29
This one is almost certainly too limited --
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์ด ์ˆ˜์กฐ๋Š” ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ž‘์ฃ .
19:31
perhaps even for the fish, certainly for us.
407
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ํ•œํ…Œ๋„์š”.
19:34
But the absence of some metaphorical fishbowl is a recipe for misery
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์€์œ ์ ์ธ ํ‘œํ˜„์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ˆ˜์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ดด๋กœ์›€์˜ ์ง€๋ฆ„๊ธธ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:38
and, I suspect, disaster.
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์žฌ์•™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
19:41
Thank you very much.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:42
(Applause)
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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