Science can answer moral questions | Sam Harris

2,876,192 views ใƒป 2010-03-22

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Omer Tzuk ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Shlomo Adam
00:15
I'm going to speak today about the relationship
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ืข ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
00:18
between science and human values.
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00:22
Now, it's generally understood that
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ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืจ --
00:24
questions of morality --
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00:26
questions of good and evil and right and wrong --
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ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ืจืข, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืื• ืฉื’ื•ื™ --
00:28
are questions about which science officially has no opinion.
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ื”ืŸ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ืœืžื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช.
00:31
It's thought that science can help us
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ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืžื“ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื,
00:34
get what we value,
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00:36
but it can never tell us what we ought to value.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš.
00:39
And, consequently, most people -- I think most people
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื -- ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ --
00:41
probably here -- think that science will never answer
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื“ืข ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืขื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื“ื:
00:44
the most important questions in human life:
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00:47
questions like, "What is worth living for?"
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ืฉืืœื•ืช ื›ืžื•: "ืœืžืขืŸ ืžื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช?" "ืœืžืขืŸ ืžื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžื•ืช?"
00:49
"What is worth dying for?"
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00:51
"What constitutes a good life?"
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"ืžื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื?"
00:53
So, I'm going to argue
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ืื– ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื
00:55
that this is an illusion -- that the separation between
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ืฉื–ืืช ืืฉืœื™ื”, ืฉื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ืข ืžื“ืข ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืืฉืœื™ื”,
00:57
science and human values is an illusion --
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00:59
and actually quite a dangerous one
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืืฉืœื™ื” ื“ื™ ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
01:02
at this point in human history.
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01:04
Now, it's often said that science
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ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืžื“ืข ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืง ืœื ื• ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืžื•ืกืจ ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
01:06
cannot give us a foundation for morality and human values,
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01:09
because science deals with facts,
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ื›ื™ ื”ืžื“ืข ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช,
01:12
and facts and values seem to belong to different spheres.
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ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืœืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
01:16
It's often thought that there's no description
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ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื•
01:19
of the way the world is
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01:21
that can tell us how the world ought to be.
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ืฉืžืžื ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
01:25
But I think this is quite clearly untrue.
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ืืš ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืžื“ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
01:27
Values are a certain kind of fact.
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ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ื ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช,
01:31
They are facts about the well-being of conscious creatures.
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืจื•ื•ื—ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื•ื“ืขื”.
01:35
Why is it that we don't have ethical obligations toward rocks?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืื‘ื ื™ื?
01:39
Why don't we feel compassion for rocks?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ื ื ื• ื—ืฉื™ื ื—ืžืœื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืื‘ื ื™ื?
01:42
It's because we don't think rocks can suffer. And if we're more
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ื–ื” ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื‘ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ.
ื•ืื ืื ื• ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืœื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ืคืจื™ืžืื˜ื™ื
01:44
concerned about our fellow primates
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01:46
than we are about insects, as indeed we are,
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœืฉืœื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื—ืจืงื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื,
01:49
it's because we think they're exposed to a greater range
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ื–ื” ื›ื™ ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:51
of potential happiness and suffering.
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ืฉืœ ืฉืžื—ื” ืื• ืกื‘ืœ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื.
01:54
Now, the crucial thing to notice here
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื›ืจืขืช ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ืช,
01:57
is that this is a factual claim:
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01:59
This is something that we could be right or wrong about. And if we
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื ืื• ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ื•.
02:01
have misconstrued the relationship between biological complexity
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ืื ืื ื• ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
02:04
and the possibilities of experience
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช,
02:07
well then we could be wrong about the inner lives of insects.
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื.
02:10
And there's no notion,
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ,
02:14
no version of human morality
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ืฉื•ื ืชืคื™ืกืช ืžื•ืกืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืื• ืขืจื›ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืื™-ืคืขื ืคื’ืฉืชื™,
02:16
and human values that I've ever come across
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02:19
that is not at some point reducible
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ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืžืชื™ืฉื”ื• ืœื–ืงืง ืœื›ืœืœ ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืขืช
02:21
to a concern about conscious experience
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02:24
and its possible changes.
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื”.
02:26
Even if you get your values from religion,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืขืจื›ื™ื ื• ืฉืื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื“ืช,
02:29
even if you think that good and evil ultimately
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืจืข ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืจืง ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช --
02:31
relate to conditions after death --
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02:33
either to an eternity of happiness with God
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื ืฆื— ืฉืœ ืื•ืฉืจ ืœืฆื“ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืื• ื ืฆื— ืฉืœ ืกื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ื”ื™ื ื•ื --
02:36
or an eternity of suffering in hell --
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02:38
you are still concerned about consciousness and its changes.
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ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”.
02:42
And to say that such changes can persist after death
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ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช
02:45
is itself a factual claim,
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ื˜ืขื ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ืช ืฉื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืื• ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”.
02:47
which, of course, may or may not be true.
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02:50
Now, to speak about the conditions of well-being
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืชื ืื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
02:53
in this life, for human beings,
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02:55
we know that there is a continuum of such facts.
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืฆืฃ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”:
02:58
We know that it's possible to live in a failed state,
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ,
03:01
where everything that can go wrong does go wrong --
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ื›ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉ ืื›ืŸ ืžืฉืชื‘ืฉ;
03:03
where mothers cannot feed their children,
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ื›ืฉืืžื”ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ืŸ,
03:06
where strangers cannot find the basis for peaceful collaboration,
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ื›ืฉื–ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืกืก ื“ื•-ืงื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ื,
03:10
where people are murdered indiscriminately.
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ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื ืจืฆื—ื™ื ืœืœื ืื‘ื—ื ื”.
ื•ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื–ื”,
03:13
And we know that it's possible to move along this continuum
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03:16
towards something quite a bit more idyllic,
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ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ื“ื™ืœื™,
03:18
to a place where a conference like this is even conceivable.
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ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ื ืก ื›ื–ื”.
03:23
And we know -- we know --
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื-- ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื--
03:26
that there are right and wrong answers
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ืฉื™ืฉื ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช
03:28
to how to move in this space.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื–ื”.
03:30
Would adding cholera to the water be a good idea?
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ื”ืื ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ื›ื•ืœืจื” ืœืžื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘?
03:36
Probably not.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื.
03:38
Would it be a good idea for everyone to believe in the evil eye,
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ื”ืื ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืจืข,
03:41
so that when bad things happened to them
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืงืจื• ืœื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจืขื™ื ื”ื ืžื™ื“ ื™ืืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื?
03:43
they immediately blame their neighbors? Probably not.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื.
03:47
There are truths to be known
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช,
03:49
about how human communities flourish,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ืืœื• ืื• ืœื.
03:52
whether or not we understand these truths.
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03:54
And morality relates to these truths.
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ื•ืœืžื•ืกืจ ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ ืœืืžื™ืชื•ืช ืืœื”.
03:57
So, in talking about values we are talking about facts.
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืื ื• ืื›ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช.
04:01
Now, of course our situation in the world can be understood at many levels --
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืชืคืก ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจืžื•ืช--
04:04
from the level of the genome
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืจืžืช ื”ื’ื ื•ื
04:06
on up to the level of economic systems
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ื•ืขื“ ืœืจืžืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช
04:08
and political arrangements.
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ื•ื”ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื.
04:10
But if we're going to talk about human well-being
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ืืš ืื ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ื• ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ืื“ื
04:12
we are, of necessity, talking about the human brain.
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ื”ืจื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
04:15
Because we know that our experience of the world and of ourselves within it
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ื›ื™ ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
04:18
is realized in the brain --
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ื•ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•, ื ืชืคืก ื‘ืžื•ื—--
04:21
whatever happens after death.
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ื‘ืœื™ ื›ืœ ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.
04:23
Even if the suicide bomber does get 72 virgins in the afterlife,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœ ื”ืžืชืื‘ื“ ืื›ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœ-72 ื‘ืชื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื,
04:28
in this life, his personality --
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื•--
04:31
his rather unfortunate personality --
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ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื”ืขืœื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื“ื™--
04:33
is the product of his brain.
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ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ื•.
04:36
So the contributions of culture --
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ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช--
04:39
if culture changes us, as indeed it does,
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ืื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื” ืื•ืชื ื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืื›ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื”,
04:41
it changes us by changing our brains.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื•.
04:43
And so therefore whatever cultural variation there is
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ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื›ืœ ืชืคื™ืกื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื
04:46
in how human beings flourish
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ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
04:48
can, at least in principle, be understood
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ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื ื”, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช,
04:50
in the context of a maturing science of the mind --
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ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื™ื--
04:53
neuroscience, psychology, etc.
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ื—ืงืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื, ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื›ื•'.
04:56
So, what I'm arguing is that
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ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื
04:58
value's reduced to facts --
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ืฉืขืจื›ื™ื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืคื™ืจื•ืง ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช--
05:00
to facts about the conscious experience
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ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืขืช--
05:02
of conscious beings.
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ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื.
05:05
And we can therefore visualize a space
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื, ืื ื›ืŸ, ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžืจื—ื‘
05:08
of possible changes in the experience of these beings.
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ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืืœื•.
05:11
And I think of this as kind of a moral landscape,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื–ืืช ื›ื ื•ืฃ ืžื•ืกืจื™,
05:13
with peaks and valleys that correspond
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ืขื ืคืกื’ื•ืช ื•ืขืžืงื™ื, ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื
05:15
to differences in the well-being of conscious creatures,
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ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื•ื—ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื,
05:18
both personal and collective.
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ื”ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
05:20
And one thing to notice is that perhaps
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ื•ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”
05:22
there are states of human well-being
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ื™ืฉื ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
05:24
that we rarely access, that few people access.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื, ืฉืžืขื˜ื™ื ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื.
05:27
And these await our discovery.
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ื•ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืืœื” ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืฉื ื’ืœื” ืื•ืชื.
05:29
Perhaps some of these states can be appropriately called
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืงืจื
05:31
mystical or spiritual.
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ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืื• ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื.
05:33
Perhaps there are other states that we can't access
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉื ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืœื™ื”ื
05:35
because of how our minds are structured
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ืขืงื‘ ืžื‘ื ื”ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื›ืœื ื•
05:38
but other minds possibly could access them.
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœืชื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืœื™ื”ื.
05:42
Now, let me be clear about what I'm not saying. I'm not saying
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืžื” ืื™ืŸ ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ. ืื ื™ ืœื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ
05:44
that science is guaranteed to map this space,
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ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื“ืข ื™ืžืคื” ืžืจื—ื‘ ื–ื”,
05:49
or that we will have scientific answers to every
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ืื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ
05:51
conceivable moral question.
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ืฉืืœืช ืžื•ืกืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช.
05:53
I don't think, for instance, that you will one day consult
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ
05:55
a supercomputer to learn whether you should have a second child,
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ืขื ืžื—ืฉื‘-ืขืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ืœื“ ืฉื ื™ ืœืขื•ืœื,
05:59
or whether we should bomb Iran's nuclear facilities,
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ืื• ืื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืคืฆื™ืฅ ืืช ืžืชืงื ื™ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืจืืŸ,
06:03
or whether you can deduct the full cost of TED as a business expense.
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ืื• ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื ื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ TED ื›ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืขื™ืกืงื™ืช.
06:07
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:09
But if questions affect human well-being
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ืืš ืื ืฉืืœื•ืช ืื›ืŸ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ืื“ื
06:11
then they do have answers, whether or not we can find them.
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ืื– ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืื• ืื ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆืืŸ.
06:14
And just admitting this --
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ื•ืขืฆื ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื‘ื›ืš--
06:16
just admitting that there are right and wrong answers
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ื•ืขืฆื ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช
06:18
to the question of how humans flourish --
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ืœืฉืืœื” ืื™ืš ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื™ื--
06:20
will change the way we talk about morality,
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ืชืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ,
06:22
and will change our expectations
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ื•ืชืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
06:24
of human cooperation in the future.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
06:28
For instance, there are 21 states in our country
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื ื• 21 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
06:32
where corporal punishment in the classroom is legal,
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืขื•ื ืฉ ืคื™ื–ื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืงื™:
06:35
where it is legal for a teacher to beat a child with a wooden board, hard,
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ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžืชื™ืจ ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืœื•ื— ืขืฅ,
06:41
and raising large bruises and blisters and even breaking the skin.
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ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœื—ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืœืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช.
06:45
And hundreds of thousands of children, incidentally,
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ื•ืžืื•ืช ื•ืืœืคื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘,
06:47
are subjected to this every year.
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ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืœื›ืš ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
06:49
The locations of these enlightened districts, I think, will fail to surprise you.
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ืžืงื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื ืื•ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืœื ื™ืคืชื™ืข ืืชื›ื, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘.
06:54
We're not talking about Connecticut.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ืงื˜.
06:57
And the rationale for this behavior is explicitly religious.
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ื•ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœ ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื“ืชื™.
07:01
The creator of the universe himself
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ื‘ื•ืจื ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื•ื‘ืขืฆืžื•
07:03
has told us not to spare the rod,
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ืืžืจ ืœื ื• "ื—ื•ืกืš ืฉื‘ื˜ื•-
07:05
lest we spoil the child --
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ืฉื•ื ื ื‘ื ื•":
07:07
this is in Proverbs 13 and 20, and I believe, 23.
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ื–ื” ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืžืฉืœื™ ื™"ื’, ื›', ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื’ื ื›"ื’.
07:12
But we can ask the obvious question:
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ืืš ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช:
07:14
Is it a good idea, generally speaking,
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™,
07:18
to subject children to pain
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ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื›ืื‘
07:21
and violence and public humiliation
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ื•ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืคืœื” ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ืช
07:24
as a way of encouraging healthy emotional development
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ื›ื“ืจืš ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื”
07:26
and good behavior?
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ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”?
07:28
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:29
Is there any doubt
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืกืคืง
07:33
that this question has an answer,
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ืฉืœืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”,
07:35
and that it matters?
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ื•ืฉื”ื™ื ืื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”?
07:38
Now, many of you might worry
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื
07:40
that the notion of well-being is truly undefined,
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ืฉื”ืžื•ืฉื’ 'ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ืื“ื' ื˜ืจื ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจ,
07:43
and seemingly perpetually open to be re-construed.
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ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืชื•ื— ืœืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช.
07:46
And so, how therefore can there be an
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ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื
07:48
objective notion of well-being?
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ืžื•ืฉื’ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ืื“ื?
07:51
Well, consider by analogy, the concept of physical health.
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ื”ืฉื•ื• ื–ืืช ืœืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช.
07:54
The concept of physical health is undefined.
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ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ.
07:57
As we just heard from Michael Specter, it has changed over the years.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฉืžืขื ื• ื–ื” ืขืชื” ืžืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกืคืงื˜ืจ, ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื.
08:00
When this statue was carved
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืคืกืœ ื–ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ,
08:02
the average life expectancy was probably 30.
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ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืขืžื“ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืขืœ 30 ืฉื ื”.
08:05
It's now around 80 in the developed world.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืขืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”-80 ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช.
08:08
There may come a time when we meddle with our genomes
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
08:11
in such a way that not being able to run a marathon
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ืชื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉืื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืจื•ืฅ ืžืจืชื•ืŸ
08:14
at age 200 will be considered a profound disability.
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืžืืชื™ื™ื ืชื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื”.
08:18
People will send you donations when you're in that condition.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืš ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืื ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื”.
08:21
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:23
Notice that the fact that the concept of health
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
08:27
is open, genuinely open for revision,
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ื”ื™ื ื• ืคืชื•ื—, ื•ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ื’ื“ืจืชื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ
08:30
does not make it vacuous.
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ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืจื™ืง ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ.
08:32
The distinction between a healthy person
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ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื‘ืจื™ื
08:35
and a dead one
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ืœืื“ื ืžืช
08:37
is about as clear and consequential as any we make in science.
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ื”ื™ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ืขืงื‘ื™ืช ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืข.
08:43
Another thing to notice is there may be many peaks on the moral landscape:
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ื ื• ืคืกื’ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™:
08:46
There may be equivalent ways to thrive;
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืฉื’ืฉื’,
08:49
there may be equivalent ways to organize a human society
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืฉื ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
08:51
so as to maximize human flourishing.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืชืžืงืกื ืืช ื”ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
08:53
Now, why wouldn't this
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ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื
08:55
undermine an objective morality?
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ืœืขื™ืจืขื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™?
08:59
Well think of how we talk about food:
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ:
09:02
I would never be tempted to argue to you
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ืื ื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืืชืคืชื” ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื
09:05
that there must be one right food to eat.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืืš ื•ืจืง ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืื›ื•ืœ.
09:07
There is clearly a range of materials
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
09:09
that constitute healthy food.
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ืืฉืจ ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื.
09:11
But there's nevertheless a clear distinction
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ืื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”
09:13
between food and poison.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืขืœ.
09:15
The fact that there are many right answers
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉื ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช
09:18
to the question, "What is food?"
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ืœืฉืืœื”, "ืžื”ื• ืื•ื›ืœ?"
09:20
does not tempt us
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ืœื ืžืคืชื” ืื•ืชื ื•
09:23
to say that there are no truths to be known about human nutrition.
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ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจืŸ ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืชื–ื•ื ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
09:28
Many people worry
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืžื›ืš
09:30
that a universal morality would require
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ืฉืžื•ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ ื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘
09:33
moral precepts that admit of no exceptions.
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ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืชื™ืจื™ื ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืžื”ื.
09:36
So, for instance, if it's really wrong to lie,
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ืื– ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืœืฉืงืจ,
09:38
it must always be wrong to lie,
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ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืœืฉืงืจ,
09:40
and if you can find an exception,
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ื•ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื-ืžืŸ-ื”ื›ืœืœ,
09:42
well then there's no such thing as moral truth.
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ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”, ืืžืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช.
09:45
Why would we think this?
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ืœืžื” ืฉื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื•?
09:47
Consider, by analogy, the game of chess.
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ื”ืฉื•ื• ื–ืืช ืœืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืฉื—ืžื˜.
09:50
Now, if you're going to play good chess,
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ืื ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื›ื ืœืฉื—ืง ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉื—ืžื˜,
09:52
a principle like, "Don't lose your Queen,"
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ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื›ืžื•, "ืœื ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืœื›ื”"
09:54
is very good to follow.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื“ื‘ื•ืง ื‘ื•.
09:56
But it clearly admits some exceptions.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ.
09:58
There are moments when losing your Queen is a brilliant thing to do.
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ื™ืฉ ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืœืš ืžื‘ืจื™ืง.
10:01
There are moments when it is the only good thing you can do.
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ื™ืฉ ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื–ื” ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืฆืข.
10:05
And yet, chess is a domain of perfect objectivity.
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ื•ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืฉื—ืžื˜ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช.
10:09
The fact that there are exceptions here does not
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ
10:11
change that at all.
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ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžืฉื ื”.
10:14
Now, this brings us to the sorts of moves
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ื’
10:17
that people are apt to make in the moral sphere.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืกืจ.
10:20
Consider the great problem of women's bodies:
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื™ืฉื”:
10:25
What to do about them?
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ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืืœื™ื•?
10:27
Well this is one thing you can do about them:
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ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ื•,
10:29
You can cover them up.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืื•ืชื•.
10:31
Now, it is the position, generally speaking, of our intellectual community
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ื•ื–ื•, ื›ื›ืœืœ, ื”ื™ื ืขืžื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœืชื ื• ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช
10:33
that while we may not like this,
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ืฉื’ื ืื ื–ื” ืœื ืžื•ืฆื ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื ื•,
10:37
we might think of this as "wrong"
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช ื›"ืฉื’ื•ื™"
10:39
in Boston or Palo Alto,
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ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืคืืœื• ืืœื˜ื•,
10:41
who are we to say
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ืžื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื ื’ื™ื“
10:43
that the proud denizens of an ancient culture
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ืฉืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ื”ื’ืื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”
10:46
are wrong to force their wives and daughters
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ืฉื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืืœืฆื ืืช ื ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื
10:49
to live in cloth bags?
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ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืง?
10:51
And who are we to say, even, that they're wrong
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ื•ื’ื ืžื™ ืื ื• ืฉื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ื’ื™ื
10:53
to beat them with lengths of steel cable,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื›ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื›ื‘ืœื™ ืคืœื“ื”,
10:55
or throw battery acid in their faces
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ืื• ืžืชื™ื–ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืฆืช ืžืฆื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ืŸ
10:57
if they decline the privilege of being smothered in this way?
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ืื ื”ืŸ ืžืกืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืคืจื™ื‘ื™ืœื’ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื›ืื•ืช ื›ืš?
11:01
Well, who are we not to say this?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืœื ื ื’ื™ื“ ื–ืืช?
11:04
Who are we to pretend
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ืžื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื ืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื
11:06
that we know so little about human well-being
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื” ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ืื“ื
11:10
that we have to be non-judgmental about a practice like this?
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ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืชื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉื›ืืœื•?
11:14
I'm not talking about voluntary wearing of a veil --
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืœื‘ื™ืฉืช ืจืขืœื” ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”--
11:18
women should be able to wear whatever they want, as far as I'm concerned.
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ืขืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื•ืช, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™.
11:20
But what does voluntary mean
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ืืš ืžื”ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”
11:23
in a community where,
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ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉื‘ื”,
11:25
when a girl gets raped,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืœื“ื” ื ืื ืกืช,
11:28
her father's first impulse,
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ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื”,
11:30
rather often, is to murder her out of shame?
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™, ื”ื•ื ืœืจืฆื•ื— ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื”?
11:35
Just let that fact detonate in your brain for a minute:
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชื ื• ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ืœื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ื‘ืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื›ื ืœืจื’ืข:
11:42
Your daughter gets raped,
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ื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœืš ื ืื ืกืช,
11:44
and what you want to do is kill her.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื”.
11:52
What are the chances that represents
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ืžื”ื ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’
11:54
a peak of human flourishing?
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ืืช ืคืกื’ืช ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื?
12:02
Now, to say this is not to say that we have got the
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ
12:04
perfect solution in our own society.
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ืฉื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื.
12:08
For instance,
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ืœืžืฉืœ,
12:10
this is what it's like to go to a newsstand almost anywhere
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืคื” ืœื›ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื
12:12
in the civilized world.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชื•ืจื‘ืช.
12:14
Now, granted, for many men
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ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
12:16
it may require a degree in philosophy to see something wrong with these images.
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ื™ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื’ื•ื™ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
12:19
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:22
But if we are in a reflective mood,
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ืืš ืื ืื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘-ืจื•ื— ืžื”ื•ืจื”ืจ
12:25
we can ask,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ,
12:27
"Is this the perfect expression
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"ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื
12:29
of psychological balance
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ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
12:31
with respect to variables like youth and beauty and women's bodies?"
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื ืขื•ืจื™ื, ื™ื•ืคื™ ื•ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื™ืฉื”?"
12:34
I mean, is this the optimal environment
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื”ืื ื–ื• ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ืช
12:36
in which to raise our children?
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ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•?
12:40
Probably not. OK, so perhaps there's some place
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœื. ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืื™ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื
12:42
on the spectrum
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ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ื”ื–ื”
12:44
between these two extremes
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
12:46
that represents a place of better balance.
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ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:49
(Applause)
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(ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช)
12:57
Perhaps there are many such places --
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืืœื”,
12:59
again, given other changes in human culture
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
13:02
there may be many peaks on the moral landscape.
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื ืŸ ืคืกื’ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™.
13:04
But the thing to notice is that there will be
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ืืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื”ื•ื ืฉืชื”ื™ื™ื ื”
13:06
many more ways not to be on a peak.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ืขืœ ืคืกื’ื”.
13:11
Now the irony, from my perspective,
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ื•ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื”, ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื™,
13:13
is that the only people who seem to generally agree with me
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื›ืœืœื™ืช ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ืชื™
13:16
and who think that there are right and wrong answers to moral questions
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ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฆื•ื“ืงื•ืช ื•ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจ
13:19
are religious demagogues of one form or another.
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ื”ื ื“ืžื’ื•ื’ื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ.
13:22
And of course they think they have right answers to moral questions
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจ
13:25
because they got these answers from a voice in a whirlwind,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืฉืžืขื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื” ืžืงื•ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื”,
13:29
not because they made an intelligent analysis of the causes
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ื•ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื• ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช
13:31
and condition of human and animal well-being.
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ื•ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
13:35
In fact, the endurance of religion
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืช
13:37
as a lens through which most people view moral questions
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ื›ืขื“ืฉื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจ,
13:41
has separated most moral talk
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ื’ืจื ืœื”ืคืจื“ืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™
13:44
from real questions of human and animal suffering.
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ืžืฉืืœื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืกื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื.
13:48
This is why we spend our time
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ืžื ื ื•
13:50
talking about things like gay marriage
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ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื™ื
13:52
and not about genocide or nuclear proliferation
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ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืจืฆื—-ืขื ืื• ืคืจื™ื—ืช ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™
13:56
or poverty or any other hugely consequential issue.
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ืื• ืขืœ ืขื•ื ื™ ืื• ื›ืœ ื ื•ืฉื ืจื‘-ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื—ืจ.
14:01
But the demagogues are right about one thing: We need
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ืืš ื”ื“ืžื’ื•ื’ื™ื ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“, ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื
14:03
a universal conception of human values.
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ืœืชืคื™ืกื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
14:07
Now, what stands in the way of this?
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ืื– ืžื” ืžืคืจื™ืข ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื–ืืช?
14:09
Well, one thing to notice is that we
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื•
14:11
do something different when talking about morality --
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ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืืžื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจ--
14:13
especially secular, academic, scientist types.
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ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืืœื” ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™, ื”ืืงื“ืžื™, ื”ืžื“ืขื™.
14:17
When talking about morality we value differences of opinion
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืกืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช
14:20
in a way that we don't in any other area of our lives.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื ืชื—ื•ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
14:23
So, for instance the Dalai Lama gets up every morning
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ืื– ื”ื“ืœืื™ ืœืืžื”, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืงืจ
14:25
meditating on compassion,
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ืขื•ืฉื” ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ืžืœื”,
14:27
and he thinks that helping other human beings is an integral component
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืœื™
14:29
of human happiness.
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ืžื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
14:32
On the other hand, we have someone like Ted Bundy;
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ื•ืœืขื•ืžืชื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื˜ื“ ื‘ื ื“ื™:
14:34
Ted Bundy was very fond of abducting and raping
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ื˜ื“ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืื”ื‘ ืžืื“ ืœื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ื•ืœืื ื•ืก
14:36
and torturing and killing young women.
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ื•ืœืขื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช.
14:38
So, we appear to have a genuine difference of opinion
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ืื– ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื
14:40
about how to profitably use one's time.
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ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืื™ืš ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืจืื•ื™.
14:43
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:45
Most Western intellectuals
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื
14:47
look at this situation
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ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”
14:49
and say, "Well, there's nothing for the Dalai Lama
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ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื“ืœืื™ ืœืืžื”
14:51
to be really right about -- really right about --
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ื‘ืืžืช ืฆื•ื“ืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ื•,
14:54
or for Ted Bundy to be really wrong about
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ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื˜ื“ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื•ื’ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ื•
14:57
that admits of a real argument
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ืืฉืจ ืžืืคืฉืจ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™
15:01
that potentially falls within the purview of science.
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืžื“ืขื™.
15:04
He likes chocolate, he likes vanilla.
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“, ื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ื•ื ื™ืœ.
15:07
There's nothing that one should be able to say to the other
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœืฉื ื™
15:10
that should persuade the other."
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ืฉื™ืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื• ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืื—ืจืช."
15:13
Notice that we don't do this in science.
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœื›ืš ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืš ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื“ืข.
15:16
On the left you have Edward Witten.
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ื–ื”ื• ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ื•ื™ื˜ืŸ,
15:18
He's a string theorist.
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ื”ื•ื ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื.
15:21
If you ask the smartest physicists around
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ืื ืชืฉืืœื• ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื
15:23
who is the smartest physicist around,
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ืžื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื›ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
15:25
in my experience half of them will say Ed Witten.
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ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™, ืžื—ืฆื™ืชื ื™ืืžืจื• "ืื“ ื•ื™ื˜ืŸ".
15:28
The other half will tell you they don't like the question.
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ื”ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืœื›ื ืฉื”ื ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”.
15:31
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:34
So, what would happen if I showed up at a physics conference
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ืื– ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืื ืื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื›ื ืก ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”
15:38
and said,"String theory is bogus.
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ื•ืืฆื”ื™ืจ, "ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื•ืฃ.
15:40
It doesn't resonate with me. It's not how I chose to
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื”. ืœื ื›ืš ื‘ื—ืจืชื™
15:42
view the universe at a small scale.
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืงื˜ืŸ.
15:45
I'm not a fan."
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ื”ื“ ืฉืœื”."
15:47
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:50
Well, nothing would happen because I'm not a physicist;
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ืงืจื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™,
15:52
I don't understand string theory.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื.
15:54
I'm the Ted Bundy of string theory.
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ืื ื™ ื”"ื˜ื“ ื‘ื ื“ื™" ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื.
15:56
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:59
I wouldn't want to belong to any string theory club that would have me as a member.
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืœืฉื•ื ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ื™ ื›ื—ื‘ืจ.
16:02
But this is just the point.
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ืืš ื–ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”.
16:04
Whenever we are talking about facts
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ื›ืœ ืื™ืžืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช
16:07
certain opinions must be excluded.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ ืžื“ืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช.
16:09
That is what it is to have a domain of expertise.
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ื–ื• ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช.
16:12
That is what it is for knowledge to count.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื™ื“ืข ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
16:15
How have we convinced ourselves
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืฉื›ื ืขื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•
16:18
that in the moral sphere there is no such thing as moral expertise,
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ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช,
16:22
or moral talent, or moral genius even?
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ืื• ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืื• ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช?
16:25
How have we convinced ourselves
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืฉื›ื ืขื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•
16:27
that every opinion has to count?
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืขื”?
16:29
How have we convinced ourselves
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืฉื›ื ืขื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•
16:31
that every culture has a point of view
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ืฉืœื›ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืฉืœื”
16:33
on these subjects worth considering?
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ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ืฉืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืœ-ื“ืขืช?
16:36
Does the Taliban
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ื”ืื ืœื˜ืœื™ื‘ืŸ
16:38
have a point of view on physics
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ื™ืฉ ื“ืขื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”
16:40
that is worth considering? No.
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ืฉืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืœ-ื“ืขืช? ืœื.
16:43
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:48
How is their ignorance any less obvious
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ืœืžื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืžื•ืจื™ื
16:51
on the subject of human well-being?
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ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ?
16:53
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
16:59
So, this, I think, is what the world needs now.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืขื›ืฉื™ื•:
17:03
It needs people like ourselves to admit
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ื•
17:06
that there are right and wrong answers
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช
17:09
to questions of human flourishing,
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ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
17:11
and morality relates
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ื•ืฉื”ืžื•ืกืจ ืงืฉื•ืจ
17:13
to that domain of facts.
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ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช.
17:15
It is possible
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ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™
17:17
for individuals, and even for whole cultures,
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ืฉื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช
17:21
to care about the wrong things,
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ื™ืชืขืกืงื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื™ื™ื:
17:23
which is to say that it's possible for them
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ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ
17:26
to have beliefs and desires that reliably lead
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช
17:28
to needless human suffering.
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ืœืกื‘ืœ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžื™ื•ืชืจ.
17:30
Just admitting this will transform our discourse about morality.
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ืขืฆื ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื‘ื›ืš ื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ.
17:35
We live in a world in which
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื•
17:38
the boundaries between nations mean less and less,
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืคื•ื—ืชืช,
17:41
and they will one day mean nothing.
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ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ืกืจื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
17:44
We live in a world filled with destructive technology,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืœื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช,
17:46
and this technology cannot be uninvented;
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ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•,
17:48
it will always be easier
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
17:50
to break things than to fix them.
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ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ืœืชืงื ื.
17:54
It seems to me, therefore, patently obvious
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ืœื›ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืœื™, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ
17:56
that we can no more
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
18:00
respect and tolerate
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ืœื›ื‘ื“ ื•ืœืฉืืช
18:02
vast differences in notions of human well-being
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ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
18:06
than we can respect or tolerate vast differences
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืื• ืœืฉืืช ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื
18:09
in the notions about how disease spreads,
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ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช,
18:12
or in the safety standards of buildings and airplanes.
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ืื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืงื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื.
18:15
We simply must converge
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขืžืง ื”ืฉื•ื•ื”
18:18
on the answers we give to the most important questions in human life.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
18:22
And to do that, we have to admit that these questions have answers.
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ื•ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื•ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
18:27
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
18:29
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
18:52
Chris Anderson: So, some combustible material there.
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ : ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืงืฆืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ืคืฅ.
18:56
Whether in this audience or people elsewhere in the world,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืงื”ืœ ื”ื–ื”, ืื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
18:59
hearing some of this, may well be doing the
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ืฉืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื•, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื”ื
19:01
screaming-with-rage thing, after as well, some of them.
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ืฆื•ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื–ืขื ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื.
19:06
Language seems to be really important here.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉืœืฉืคื” ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
19:08
When you're talking about the veil,
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจืขืœื”,
19:10
you're talking about women dressed in cloth bags.
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ืืชื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื•ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืฉืง,
19:13
I've lived in the Muslim world, spoken with a lot of Muslim women.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™, ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.
19:17
And some of them would say something else. They would say,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืŸ ื™ืืžืจื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ. ื”ืŸ ื™ืืžืจื•:
19:19
"No, you know, this is a celebration
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"ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืœืœ
19:22
of female specialness,
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ืืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืช,
19:25
it helps build that and it's a result of the fact that" --
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ื–ื” ืชื•ืจื ืœื” ื•ื–ื• ื’ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉ..."
19:27
and this is arguably a sophisticated psychological view --
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช ืชืงืคื”,
19:31
"that male lust is not to be trusted."
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"ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืชืื•ื•ื” ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ืช."
19:34
I mean, can you engage in a conversation
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื”ืื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื•ื—ื—
19:37
with that kind of woman without seeming kind of cultural imperialist?
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ืขื ืื™ืฉื” ื›ื–ื• ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืื™ื–ื” ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™?
19:42
Sam Harris: Yeah, well I think I tried to broach this in a sentence,
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ืกืื ื”ืืจื™ืก: ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื ื’ื•ืข ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื—ื“,
19:45
watching the clock ticking,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขืงื‘ืชื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชืงืชืง,
19:47
but the question is:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื,
19:49
What is voluntary in a context
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ืื™ืคื” ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘
19:52
where men have certain expectations,
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ืฉื‘ื• ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช,
19:54
and you're guaranteed to be treated in a certain way
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ื•ืืช ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืœื™ื—ืก ืžืกื•ื™ื
19:58
if you don't veil yourself?
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ืื ืื™ื ืš ืขื•ื˜ื” ืจืขืœื”?
20:00
And so, if anyone in this room
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื•ืœื
20:02
wanted to wear a veil,
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ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื˜ื•ืช ืจืขืœื”,
20:04
or a very funny hat, or tattoo their face --
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ืื• ืœื—ื‘ื•ืฉ ื›ื•ื‘ืข ืžืฆื—ื™ืง ืžืื“, ืื• ืœืงืขืงืข ืขืœ ืคืจืฆื•ืคื”--
20:07
I think we should be free to voluntarily do whatever we want,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื›ื•ืชื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
20:10
but we have to be honest about
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข
20:13
the constraints that these women are placed under.
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ืœืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืืœื”.
20:15
And so I think we shouldn't be so eager
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื”ืจ ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ
20:18
to always take their word for it,
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ืชืžื™ื“ ืืช ืžื™ืœืชืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื”,
20:20
especially when it's 120 degrees out
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ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื›ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืฅ 49 ืžืขืœื•ืช
20:22
and you're wearing a full burqa.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืœื•ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื•ืจืงื” ืžืœืื”.
20:25
CA: A lot of people want to believe in this
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ : ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ
20:27
concept of moral progress.
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ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื“ืžื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช.
20:29
But can you reconcile that?
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ืืš ื”ืื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื–ืืช?
20:31
I think I understood you to say that you could
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ืœื”ื‘ื ืชื™, ืืžืจืช ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ
20:33
reconcile that with a world that doesn't become
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ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืขื ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื ืขืฉื”
20:35
one dimensional, where we all have to think the same.
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ื—ื“ ืžืžื“ื™, ื•ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื”.
20:38
Paint your picture of what
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ืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘
20:40
rolling the clock 50 years forward,
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50 ืฉื ื” ืžืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
20:43
100 years forward, how you would like to think of
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100 ืฉื ื” ืžืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช
20:45
the world, balancing moral progress
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ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื™ื“ืžื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช
20:48
with richness.
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ืžื•ืœ ืขื•ืฉืจ.
20:51
SH: Well, I think once you admit
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ืกืื ื”ืืจื™ืก: ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืืชื” ืžื•ื“ื”
20:53
that we are on the path toward understanding our minds
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ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืœื ื•
20:56
at the level of the brain in some important detail,
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ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžื•ื—, ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื,
20:59
then you have to admit
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช
21:01
that we are going to understand all of the positive
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช
21:05
and negative qualities
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ื•ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช
21:07
of ourselves in much greater detail.
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ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
21:09
So, we're going to understand positive social emotion
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื
21:11
like empathy and compassion,
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ื›ืžื• ืืžืคื˜ื™ื” ื•ื—ืžืœื”,
21:13
and we're going to understand the factors
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื
21:15
that encourage it -- whether they're genetic,
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ืฉืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื-- ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื,
21:17
whether they're how people talk to one another,
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ืื• ืื™ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื,
21:19
whether they're economic systems,
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžื“ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช.
21:21
and insofar as we begin to shine light on that
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”
21:24
we are inevitably going to converge
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขืžืง ื”ืฉื•ื•ื”
21:26
on that fact space.
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ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ื”.
21:28
So, everything is not going to be up for grabs.
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ืื– ืœื ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœื›ื•ืœื.
21:30
It's not going to be like
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”, ื›ืื™ืœื•:
21:33
veiling my daughter from birth
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ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืจืขืœื” ืžืœื™ื“ื”
21:35
is just as good as teaching her
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ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื”
21:38
to be confident and well-educated
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ื•ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื”
21:42
in the context of men who do desire women.
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืื›ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉืงื™ื ื‘ื ืฉื™ื.
21:45
I mean I don't think we need an NSF grant to know
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ื”ืจื™ ืื™ื ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžืขื ืง ืžื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืžื“ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช
21:49
that compulsory veiling is a bad idea --
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ืฉื—ื•ื‘ืช ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืจืขืœื” ื”ื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืจืข--
21:52
but at a certain point
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช
21:54
we're going to be able to scan the brains of everyone involved
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกืจื•ืง ืืช ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื
21:57
and actually interrogate them.
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ื•ืžืžืฉ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื–ื” ืืฆืœื:
22:00
Do people love their daughters
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ื”ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื
22:03
just as much in these systems?
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจื ื•?
22:06
And I think there are clearly right answers to that.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืš.
22:08
CA: And if the results come out that actually they do,
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ื•ืื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื™ืจืื• ืฉืื›ืŸ ื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื,
22:11
are you prepared to shift your instinctive current judgment
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœืš
22:14
on some of these issues?
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืœืœื•?
22:16
SH: Well yeah, modulo one obvious fact,
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ืกืื ื”ืืจื™ืก: ืื›ืŸ ื›ืŸ, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ืช ื›ืืŸ,
22:19
that you can love someone
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
22:21
in the context of a truly delusional belief system.
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•ื™ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™,
22:24
So, you can say like, "Because I knew my gay son
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ื•ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ, "ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœ
22:26
was going to go to hell if he found a boyfriend,
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ื™ื™ืœืš ืœื’ื”ื™ื ื•ื ืื ื™ืžืฆื ื—ื‘ืจ,
22:29
I chopped his head off. And that was the most compassionate thing I could do."
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืจืคืชื™ ืืช ืจืืฉื•, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื›ื™ ืจื—ื•ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช."
22:32
If you get all those parts aligned,
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ืื ืชื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
22:34
yes I think you could probably be feeling the emotion of love.
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ืื ื™ ืื›ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ืืช ืจื’ืฉ ื”ืื”ื‘ื”.
22:37
But again, then we have to talk about
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื‘, ืื– ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ
22:39
well-being in a larger context.
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ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
22:41
It's all of us in this together,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ืขืกืง ื”ื–ื”,
22:43
not one man feeling ecstasy
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ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืืงืกื˜ื–ื”
22:47
and then blowing himself up on a bus.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืคื•ืฆืฅ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก.
22:49
CA: Sam, this is a conversation I would actually love to
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืžื—
22:51
continue for hours.
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ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขื•ืช.
22:53
We don't have that, but maybe another time. Thank you for coming to TED.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืœื›ืš, ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืคืขื ืื—ืจืช. ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš ืฉื‘ืืช ืœ-TED.
22:55
SH: Really an honor. Thank you.
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ืกืื ื”ืืจื™ืก : ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื™. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
22:57
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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