Science can answer moral questions | Sam Harris

2,870,685 views ・ 2010-03-22

TED


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Prevoditelj: Antonija Malenica Recezent: Mislav Ante Omazić - EFZG
00:15
I'm going to speak today about the relationship
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Danas ću govoriti o odnosu
00:18
between science and human values.
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između znanosti i ljudskih vrednota.
00:22
Now, it's generally understood that
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Općenito se podrazumijeva kako su
00:24
questions of morality --
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pitanja morala,
00:26
questions of good and evil and right and wrong --
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pitanja dobra i zla, ispravnog i krivog,
00:28
are questions about which science officially has no opinion.
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pitanja o kojima znanost službeno nema mišljenje.
00:31
It's thought that science can help us
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Smatra se kako nam znanost može pomoći
00:34
get what we value,
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shvatiti što vrednujemo,
00:36
but it can never tell us what we ought to value.
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ali nam nikada neće moći reći što bi trebali cijeniti.
00:39
And, consequently, most people -- I think most people
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I, posljedično, većina ljudi -- mislim većina ljudi
00:41
probably here -- think that science will never answer
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vjerojatno ovdje -- misli kako znanost nikada neće odgovoriti
00:44
the most important questions in human life:
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na najvažnija pitanja u ljudskom životu,
00:47
questions like, "What is worth living for?"
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pitanja poput, "Za što vrijedi živjeti?"
00:49
"What is worth dying for?"
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"Za što vrijedi umrijeti?"
00:51
"What constitutes a good life?"
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"Što čini dobar život?"
00:53
So, I'm going to argue
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Zato ću dokazati
00:55
that this is an illusion -- that the separation between
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kako je to iluzija -- kako je odvanjanje između
00:57
science and human values is an illusion --
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znanosti i ljudskih vrednota iluzija --
00:59
and actually quite a dangerous one
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i to prilično opasna iluzija
01:02
at this point in human history.
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u ovom trenutku ljudske povijesti.
01:04
Now, it's often said that science
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Sada, često se kaže kako nam znanost
01:06
cannot give us a foundation for morality and human values,
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ne može dati temelj za moral i ljudske vrednote
01:09
because science deals with facts,
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zato što se znanost bavi činjenicama,
01:12
and facts and values seem to belong to different spheres.
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a čini se kako činjenice i vrednote pripadaju različitim sferama.
01:16
It's often thought that there's no description
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Često se smatra kako ne postoji opis
01:19
of the way the world is
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svijeta kakav jest
01:21
that can tell us how the world ought to be.
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koji nam može reći kakav bi trebao biti.
01:25
But I think this is quite clearly untrue.
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Ali ja smatram kako je ovo očito neistina.
01:27
Values are a certain kind of fact.
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Vrednote su određena vrsta činjenica.
01:31
They are facts about the well-being of conscious creatures.
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To su činjenice o dobrobiti svjesnih bića.
01:35
Why is it that we don't have ethical obligations toward rocks?
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Zašto nemamo etičke obveze prema stjenama?
01:39
Why don't we feel compassion for rocks?
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Zašto ne suosjećamo sa stjenama?
01:42
It's because we don't think rocks can suffer. And if we're more
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Zato što mislimo kako stjene ne mogu patiti. A ako smo više
01:44
concerned about our fellow primates
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zabrinuti za drage nam primate
01:46
than we are about insects, as indeed we are,
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nego što smo za insekte, kao što i jesmo,
01:49
it's because we think they're exposed to a greater range
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to je zato što mislimo kako su oni izloženi većem rasponu
01:51
of potential happiness and suffering.
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potencijalne sreće i patnje.
01:54
Now, the crucial thing to notice here
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Ključna stvar za primjetiti ovdje
01:57
is that this is a factual claim:
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je kako je to činjenična tvrdnja.
01:59
This is something that we could be right or wrong about. And if we
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To je nešto oko čega možemo biti u pravu ili u krivu. I ako
02:01
have misconstrued the relationship between biological complexity
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krivo protumačimo odnos između biološke složenosti
02:04
and the possibilities of experience
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i mogućnosti iskustva
02:07
well then we could be wrong about the inner lives of insects.
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tada bi mogli biti u krivu oko unutrašnjih života insekata.
02:10
And there's no notion,
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I ne postoji mišljenje,
02:14
no version of human morality
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nema verzije ljudskog morala
02:16
and human values that I've ever come across
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i ljudskih vrednota na koje sam ikad naišao
02:19
that is not at some point reducible
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koje se ne mogu u nekoj točci svesti
02:21
to a concern about conscious experience
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na brigu o svjesnom iskustvu
02:24
and its possible changes.
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i njegovim mogućim promjenama.
02:26
Even if you get your values from religion,
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Čak ako dobivate svoje vrednote iz religije,
02:29
even if you think that good and evil ultimately
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čak ako mislite kako se dobro i zlo krajnje
02:31
relate to conditions after death --
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vežu sa uvjetima života poslije smrti,
02:33
either to an eternity of happiness with God
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bilo za vječnu sreću s Bogom
02:36
or an eternity of suffering in hell --
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ili za vječnu patnju u paklu,
02:38
you are still concerned about consciousness and its changes.
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još uvijek ste zabrinuti o svijesti i njenim promjenama.
02:42
And to say that such changes can persist after death
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I reći da se te promjene mogu nastaviti poslije smrti
02:45
is itself a factual claim,
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je samo po sebi činjenična tvrdnja
02:47
which, of course, may or may not be true.
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koja, naravno, može ili ne mora biti istinita.
02:50
Now, to speak about the conditions of well-being
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Sada, kada govorimo o uvjetima dobrobiti
02:53
in this life, for human beings,
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u ovom životu, za ljudska bića,
02:55
we know that there is a continuum of such facts.
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znamo kako postoji kontinuum takvih činjenica.
02:58
We know that it's possible to live in a failed state,
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Znamo kako je moguće živjetu u neuspješnom stanju,
03:01
where everything that can go wrong does go wrong --
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gdje sve što može poći po krivu, pođe po krivu,
03:03
where mothers cannot feed their children,
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gdje majke ne mogu hraniti vlastitu djecu,
03:06
where strangers cannot find the basis for peaceful collaboration,
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gdje stranci ne mogu naći osnovu za miroljubivu suradnju,
03:10
where people are murdered indiscriminately.
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gdje se ljude ubija bez diskriminacije.
03:13
And we know that it's possible to move along this continuum
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I znamo da je moguće pomicati se putem tog kontinuuma,
03:16
towards something quite a bit more idyllic,
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prema nečemu što je više idilično,
03:18
to a place where a conference like this is even conceivable.
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do mjesta gdje je ovakva konferencija uopće moguća.
03:23
And we know -- we know --
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I mi znamo -- mi znamo --
03:26
that there are right and wrong answers
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kako postoje dobri i loši odgovori
03:28
to how to move in this space.
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na to kako se kretati u tom prostoru.
03:30
Would adding cholera to the water be a good idea?
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Bi li bila dobra ideja dodati koleru u vodu?
03:36
Probably not.
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Vjerojatno ne.
03:38
Would it be a good idea for everyone to believe in the evil eye,
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Bi li bila dobra ideja da svi vjeruju u urokljivo oko,
03:41
so that when bad things happened to them
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tako da kada im se dogode loše stvari
03:43
they immediately blame their neighbors? Probably not.
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odmah krive svoje susjede? Vjerojatno ne.
03:47
There are truths to be known
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Postoje istine za spoznati
03:49
about how human communities flourish,
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o tome kako ljudske zajednice cvjetaju,
03:52
whether or not we understand these truths.
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neovisno o tome razumijemo li te istine ili ne.
03:54
And morality relates to these truths.
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I moral je povezan sa tim istinama.
03:57
So, in talking about values we are talking about facts.
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Dakle, u razgovoru o vrednotama govorimo o činjenicama.
04:01
Now, of course our situation in the world can be understood at many levels --
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Naša situacija u svijetu se može razumjeti na mnogo razina --
04:04
from the level of the genome
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koje variraju od razine genoma
04:06
on up to the level of economic systems
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sve do razine ekonomskih sustava
04:08
and political arrangements.
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i političkih uređenja.
04:10
But if we're going to talk about human well-being
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Ali ako ćemo govoriti o ljudskoj dobrobiti
04:12
we are, of necessity, talking about the human brain.
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tada, neizbježno, govorimo o ljudskom mozgu.
04:15
Because we know that our experience of the world and of ourselves within it
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Zato što znamo da se naše iskustvo svijeta i nas u njemu
04:18
is realized in the brain --
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ostvaruje u mozgu --
04:21
whatever happens after death.
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što god da se dogodilo nakon smrti.
04:23
Even if the suicide bomber does get 72 virgins in the afterlife,
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Čak i ako bombaš samoubojica dobije 72 djevice u zagrobnom životu,
04:28
in this life, his personality --
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u ovom životu, njegova osobnost --
04:31
his rather unfortunate personality --
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njegova prilično nesretna osobnost --
04:33
is the product of his brain.
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jest rezultat njegovog mozga.
04:36
So the contributions of culture --
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Dakle -- doprinos kulture --
04:39
if culture changes us, as indeed it does,
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ako nas kultura mijenja, kao što i jest,
04:41
it changes us by changing our brains.
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mijenja nas tako što mijenja naš mozak.
04:43
And so therefore whatever cultural variation there is
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I stoga koja god varijacija kulture postoji
04:46
in how human beings flourish
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u tome kako ljudska bića cvjetaju
04:48
can, at least in principle, be understood
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može, barem u načelu, biti shvaćena
04:50
in the context of a maturing science of the mind --
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u kontekstu znanosti o umu koja se usavršava --
04:53
neuroscience, psychology, etc.
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neuroznanosti, psihologije, itd.
04:56
So, what I'm arguing is that
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Dakle, ono za što se zalažem jest da se
04:58
value's reduced to facts --
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vrednote svode na činjenice --
05:00
to facts about the conscious experience
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činjenice o svjesnom iskustvu --
05:02
of conscious beings.
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svjesnih bića.
05:05
And we can therefore visualize a space
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I stoga možemo vizualizirati prostor
05:08
of possible changes in the experience of these beings.
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mogućih promjena u iskustvu tih bića.
05:11
And I think of this as kind of a moral landscape,
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I o ovome razmišljam kao o vrsti moralnog krajolika,
05:13
with peaks and valleys that correspond
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s vrhuncima i dolinama koje odgovaraju
05:15
to differences in the well-being of conscious creatures,
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razlikama u dobroti svjesnih bića,
05:18
both personal and collective.
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kako osobno tako i kolektivno.
05:20
And one thing to notice is that perhaps
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Treba primjetiti kako možda
05:22
there are states of human well-being
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postoje stanja ljudske dobrobiti
05:24
that we rarely access, that few people access.
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koja se rijetko postižu, kojima malo ljudi pristupa.
05:27
And these await our discovery.
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I ta stanja očekuju naše otkrivanje.
05:29
Perhaps some of these states can be appropriately called
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Možda se neka od tih stanja mogu primjereno nazvati
05:31
mystical or spiritual.
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mističnima ili produhovljenima.
05:33
Perhaps there are other states that we can't access
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Možda postoje neka druga stanja kojima ne možemo pristupiti
05:35
because of how our minds are structured
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zbog načina na koji je naš um strukturiran,
05:38
but other minds possibly could access them.
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ali drugi umovi bi im možda mogli pristupiti.
05:42
Now, let me be clear about what I'm not saying. I'm not saying
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Sada bih želio biti jasan oko toga što ne govorim. Ne govorim
05:44
that science is guaranteed to map this space,
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kako će znanost zajamčeno opisati taj prostor,
05:49
or that we will have scientific answers to every
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ili kako ćemo imati znanstveni odgovor na svako
05:51
conceivable moral question.
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zamislivo moralno pitanje.
05:53
I don't think, for instance, that you will one day consult
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Ne mislim da ćemo, na primjer, jednog dana pitati za savjet
05:55
a supercomputer to learn whether you should have a second child,
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superračunalo kako bi saznali trebamo li imati drugo dijete,
05:59
or whether we should bomb Iran's nuclear facilities,
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ili trebamo li bombardirati iranska nuklearna postrojenja,
06:03
or whether you can deduct the full cost of TED as a business expense.
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ili možemo li otpisati punu cijenu TED-a kao poslovni trošak.
06:07
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
06:09
But if questions affect human well-being
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Ali ako pitanja utječu na dobrobit ljudi
06:11
then they do have answers, whether or not we can find them.
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tada imaju odgovore, možemo li ih mi naći ili ne.
06:14
And just admitting this --
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I samo priznanje ove činjenice --
06:16
just admitting that there are right and wrong answers
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samo priznanje kako postoje dobri i loši odgovori
06:18
to the question of how humans flourish --
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na pitanje kako ljudi cvjetaju --
06:20
will change the way we talk about morality,
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će promjeniti način na koji pričamo o moralu,
06:22
and will change our expectations
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i promjenit će naša očekivanja
06:24
of human cooperation in the future.
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o ljudskoj suradnji u budućnosti.
06:28
For instance, there are 21 states in our country
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Na primjer, u 21 državi u našoj zemlji
06:32
where corporal punishment in the classroom is legal,
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zakonom je dozvoljeno tjelesno kažnjavanje u učionici.
06:35
where it is legal for a teacher to beat a child with a wooden board, hard,
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Legalno je da učitelj tuče dijete s drvenom šibom, jako,
06:41
and raising large bruises and blisters and even breaking the skin.
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te pritom uzrokuje velike modrice ili čak puknuće kože.
06:45
And hundreds of thousands of children, incidentally,
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I stotine tisuća djece, uzgred,
06:47
are subjected to this every year.
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su podvrgnuta tome svake godine.
06:49
The locations of these enlightened districts, I think, will fail to surprise you.
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Položaj tih prosvjetljenih područja, vjerujem, neće vas iznenaditi.
06:54
We're not talking about Connecticut.
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Ne govorimo o Connecticuteu.
06:57
And the rationale for this behavior is explicitly religious.
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I opravdanje za to ponašanje je izričito religiozno.
07:01
The creator of the universe himself
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Stvoritelj svemira
07:03
has told us not to spare the rod,
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nam je osobno rekao,
07:05
lest we spoil the child --
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batina je iz raja izašla.
07:07
this is in Proverbs 13 and 20, and I believe, 23.
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To je u Izrekama 13 i 20, te vjerujem 23.
07:12
But we can ask the obvious question:
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Ali mi možemo postaviti očito pitanje:
07:14
Is it a good idea, generally speaking,
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Je li dobra ideja, općenito govoreći,
07:18
to subject children to pain
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podvrgnuti djecu boli,
07:21
and violence and public humiliation
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nasilju i javnom poniženju
07:24
as a way of encouraging healthy emotional development
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kao način kojim ćemo potaknuti zdravi emocionalni razvoj
07:26
and good behavior?
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i dobro ponašanje?
07:28
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
07:29
Is there any doubt
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Postoji li ikakva sumnja
07:33
that this question has an answer,
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da to pitanje ima odgovor,
07:35
and that it matters?
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i kako je taj odgovor bitan?
07:38
Now, many of you might worry
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Sada, mnogi od vas bi se mogli zabrinuti
07:40
that the notion of well-being is truly undefined,
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kako je pojam dobrobiti uistinu nedefiniran,
07:43
and seemingly perpetually open to be re-construed.
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i naizgled trajno otvoren za redefiniranje.
07:46
And so, how therefore can there be an
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I stoga, kako može postojati
07:48
objective notion of well-being?
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objektivan pojam dobrobiti?
07:51
Well, consider by analogy, the concept of physical health.
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Pa, razmislite o analogiji, pojmu fizičkog zdravlja.
07:54
The concept of physical health is undefined.
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Pojam fizičkog zdravlja je nedefiniran,
07:57
As we just heard from Michael Specter, it has changed over the years.
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kao što nam je Michael Specter upravo rekao, mijenjao se kroz povijest.
08:00
When this statue was carved
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Kada je ovaj kip iskelsan
08:02
the average life expectancy was probably 30.
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očekivano trajanje života je vjerojatno bilo 30.
08:05
It's now around 80 in the developed world.
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Sada je oko 80 u razvijenom svijetu.
08:08
There may come a time when we meddle with our genomes
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Možda će doći vrijeme kada ćemo se miješati u naš genom
08:11
in such a way that not being able to run a marathon
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na takav način da će se nemogućnost trčanja maratona
08:14
at age 200 will be considered a profound disability.
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u 200. godini smatrati potpunim invaliditetom.
08:18
People will send you donations when you're in that condition.
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Ljudi će vam slati donacije kada ste u takvom stanju.
08:21
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
08:23
Notice that the fact that the concept of health
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Primjetite kako činjenica da je pojam zdravlja
08:27
is open, genuinely open for revision,
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otvoren, potpuno otvoren za reviziju
08:30
does not make it vacuous.
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ne znači kako je on prazan.
08:32
The distinction between a healthy person
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Razlika između zdrave
08:35
and a dead one
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i mrtve osobe
08:37
is about as clear and consequential as any we make in science.
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i dosljedna kao bilo koja koju napravimo u znanosti.
08:43
Another thing to notice is there may be many peaks on the moral landscape:
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Sljedeća stvar za primjetiti je kako može biti više vrhunaca na moralnom krajobrazu:
08:46
There may be equivalent ways to thrive;
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Može biti više ravnopravnih načina za napredovanje;
08:49
there may be equivalent ways to organize a human society
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može biti više ravnopravnih načina kako organizirati ljudsko društvo
08:51
so as to maximize human flourishing.
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kako bi se maksimiziralo ljudsko cvjetanje.
08:53
Now, why wouldn't this
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Sada, zašto ovo ne bi
08:55
undermine an objective morality?
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narušilo objektivni moral?
08:59
Well think of how we talk about food:
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Razmislite o tome kako govorimo o hrani:
09:02
I would never be tempted to argue to you
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Ne bih nikada bio u iskušenju tvrditi
09:05
that there must be one right food to eat.
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kako postoji samo jedna prava hrana za jesti.
09:07
There is clearly a range of materials
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Očito postoji raspon sastojaka
09:09
that constitute healthy food.
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koji čine zdravu hranu.
09:11
But there's nevertheless a clear distinction
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Ali unatoč tome postoji jasna razlika
09:13
between food and poison.
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između hrane i otrova.
09:15
The fact that there are many right answers
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Činjenica kako postoji više dobrih odgovora
09:18
to the question, "What is food?"
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na pitanje "Što je hrana?"
09:20
does not tempt us
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ne dovodi nas u iskušenje
09:23
to say that there are no truths to be known about human nutrition.
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da kažemo kako ne postoje spoznajne istine o ljudskoj prehrani.
09:28
Many people worry
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Sada, mnogi ljudi brinu
09:30
that a universal morality would require
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kako bi univerzalni moral zahtijevao
09:33
moral precepts that admit of no exceptions.
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moralna pravila koja ne dopuštaju iznimke.
09:36
So, for instance, if it's really wrong to lie,
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Tako, na primjer, ako je zaista loše lagati,
09:38
it must always be wrong to lie,
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tada uvijek mora biti loše lagati
09:40
and if you can find an exception,
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i ako možemo naći iznimku,
09:42
well then there's no such thing as moral truth.
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tada ne postoji nešto poput moralne istine.
09:45
Why would we think this?
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Zašto bismo ovako mislili?
09:47
Consider, by analogy, the game of chess.
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Razmotrite, kao analogiju, igru šaha.
09:50
Now, if you're going to play good chess,
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Ako ćete igrati dobar šah,
09:52
a principle like, "Don't lose your Queen,"
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princip poput, "Nemoj izgubiti kraljicu",
09:54
is very good to follow.
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je jako dobro slijediti.
09:56
But it clearly admits some exceptions.
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Ali naravno on dozvoljava iznimke.
09:58
There are moments when losing your Queen is a brilliant thing to do.
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Postoje situacije u kojima je izgubiti kraljicu briljantna stvar za napraviti.
10:01
There are moments when it is the only good thing you can do.
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Postoje situacije kada je to jedina dobra stvar koju možete učiniti.
10:05
And yet, chess is a domain of perfect objectivity.
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A ipak, šah predstavlja domenu savršene objektivnosti.
10:09
The fact that there are exceptions here does not
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Činjenica kako ovdje postoje iznimke
10:11
change that at all.
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to niti malo ne mjenja
10:14
Now, this brings us to the sorts of moves
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Dakle, to nas dovodi do izvora poteza
10:17
that people are apt to make in the moral sphere.
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koje su ljudi skloni učiniti u moralnoj sferi.
10:20
Consider the great problem of women's bodies:
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Razmotrimo veliki problem ženskih tijela:
10:25
What to do about them?
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Što učiniti s njima?
10:27
Well this is one thing you can do about them:
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Ovo je jedna stvar koju možemo učiniti,
10:29
You can cover them up.
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možemo ih prekriti.
10:31
Now, it is the position, generally speaking, of our intellectual community
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Stav je, općenito govoreći, naše intelektualne zajednice
10:33
that while we may not like this,
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da iako nam se to možda neće sviđati,
10:37
we might think of this as "wrong"
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možemo smatrati kako je ovo krivo
10:39
in Boston or Palo Alto,
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u Bostonu ili Palo Altou
10:41
who are we to say
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tko smo mi da kažemo
10:43
that the proud denizens of an ancient culture
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kako su ponosni stanovnici antičke kulture
10:46
are wrong to force their wives and daughters
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bili u krivu kada su prisiljavali svoje žene i kćeri
10:49
to live in cloth bags?
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da žive u krpenim vrećama?
10:51
And who are we to say, even, that they're wrong
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I tko smo mi da kažemo kako su oni u krivu
10:53
to beat them with lengths of steel cable,
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kada ih tuku sa čeličnim kablom,
10:55
or throw battery acid in their faces
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ili bacaju kiselinu iz baterija u njihova lica
10:57
if they decline the privilege of being smothered in this way?
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ako odbiju privilegiju da ih se uguši na ovaj način?
11:01
Well, who are we not to say this?
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Ali tko smo mi da ne kažemo to?
11:04
Who are we to pretend
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Tko smo mi da se pretvaramo
11:06
that we know so little about human well-being
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kako znamo toliko malo o ljudskoj dobrobiti
11:10
that we have to be non-judgmental about a practice like this?
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da ne smijemo osuđivati ovakve postupke?
11:14
I'm not talking about voluntary wearing of a veil --
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Ne govorim o dragovoljnom nošenju vela,
11:18
women should be able to wear whatever they want, as far as I'm concerned.
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žene bi trebale moći nositi što god žele, što se mene tiče.
11:20
But what does voluntary mean
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Ali što znači dragovoljno
11:23
in a community where,
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u zajednici gdje,
11:25
when a girl gets raped,
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kada djevojka bude silovana,
11:28
her father's first impulse,
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prvi impuls njenog oca,
11:30
rather often, is to murder her out of shame?
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prilično često je ubiti ju zbog srama?!
11:35
Just let that fact detonate in your brain for a minute:
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Samo dopustite toj činjenici da eksplodira u vašoj glavi na trenutak:
11:42
Your daughter gets raped,
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Vaša kćer bude silovana,
11:44
and what you want to do is kill her.
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a ono što želite napraviti je ubiti ju.
11:52
What are the chances that represents
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Koje su šanse da to predstavlja
11:54
a peak of human flourishing?
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vrhunac ljudskog cvjetanja?
12:02
Now, to say this is not to say that we have got the
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Reći ovo, ne znači reći da mi imamo
12:04
perfect solution in our own society.
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savršeno rješenje u našem vlastitom društvu.
12:08
For instance,
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Na primjer,
12:10
this is what it's like to go to a newsstand almost anywhere
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ovako izgleda kada odete na novinski štand skoro svugdje
12:12
in the civilized world.
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u civiliziranom svijetu.
12:14
Now, granted, for many men
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Zasigurno, za mnoge muškarce,
12:16
it may require a degree in philosophy to see something wrong with these images.
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potrebna je diploma iz filozofije da vide nešto loše u ovim slikama.
12:19
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
12:22
But if we are in a reflective mood,
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Ali ako smo u raspoloženju za refleksiju
12:25
we can ask,
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možemo se zapitati,
12:27
"Is this the perfect expression
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"Je li ovo savršen izraz
12:29
of psychological balance
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psihološke ravnoteže u odnosu na
12:31
with respect to variables like youth and beauty and women's bodies?"
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varijable kao što su mladost i ljepota ženskih tijela?"
12:34
I mean, is this the optimal environment
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Mislim, je li ovo optimalno okruženje
12:36
in which to raise our children?
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za odgajanje djece?
12:40
Probably not. OK, so perhaps there's some place
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Vjerojatno ne. OK. Dakle, možda ima neko mjesto
12:42
on the spectrum
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na spektru
12:44
between these two extremes
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između te dvije krajnosti
12:46
that represents a place of better balance.
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koje predstavlja mjesto bolje ravnoteže?
12:49
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
12:57
Perhaps there are many such places --
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Možda postoji više takvih mjesta,
12:59
again, given other changes in human culture
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opet, za druge promjene u ljudskoj kulturi,
13:02
there may be many peaks on the moral landscape.
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može biti više vrhunaca na moralnom krajoliku.
13:04
But the thing to notice is that there will be
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Ali ono što treba primjetiti je kako imamo
13:06
many more ways not to be on a peak.
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puno više načina kako ne biti na vrhuncu.
13:11
Now the irony, from my perspective,
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Sada, ironija, iz moje perspektive
13:13
is that the only people who seem to generally agree with me
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je kako su jedini ljudi koji se općenito slažu sa mnom
13:16
and who think that there are right and wrong answers to moral questions
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i koji misle kako postoje dobri i loši odgovori na moralna pitanja
13:19
are religious demagogues of one form or another.
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religijski demagozi ove ili one vrste.
13:22
And of course they think they have right answers to moral questions
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I, naravno, oni misle da imaju prave odgovore na moralna pitanja
13:25
because they got these answers from a voice in a whirlwind,
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jer su te odgovore dobili od glasa s neba,
13:29
not because they made an intelligent analysis of the causes
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a ne zato što su napravili inteligentnu analizu uzroka
13:31
and condition of human and animal well-being.
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i uvjeta ljudske i životinjske dobrobiti.
13:35
In fact, the endurance of religion
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Zapravo, izdržljivost religije
13:37
as a lens through which most people view moral questions
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kao leće kroz koju većina ljudi gleda moralna pitanja
13:41
has separated most moral talk
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je odvojila većinu govora o moralu
13:44
from real questions of human and animal suffering.
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od stvarnih pitanja ljudske i životinjske patnje.
13:48
This is why we spend our time
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To je razlog zašto provodimo naše vrijeme
13:50
talking about things like gay marriage
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u razgovoru o stvarima kao što su homoseksualni brakovi
13:52
and not about genocide or nuclear proliferation
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a ne o genocidu ili nuklearnom oružju
13:56
or poverty or any other hugely consequential issue.
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ili siromaštvu ili bilo kojem drugom izrazito važnom pitanju.
14:01
But the demagogues are right about one thing: We need
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Ali demagozi su u pravu oko jedne stvari, trebamo
14:03
a universal conception of human values.
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univerzalni koncept ljudskih vrednota.
14:07
Now, what stands in the way of this?
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Što tome stoji na putu?
14:09
Well, one thing to notice is that we
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Jedna stvar za primjetiti je da
14:11
do something different when talking about morality --
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napravimo nešto drugo kada govorimo o moralu,
14:13
especially secular, academic, scientist types.
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posebno mi sekularni, akademski, znanstveni tipovi.
14:17
When talking about morality we value differences of opinion
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Kada govorimo o moralu vrednujemo razlike u mišljenju
14:20
in a way that we don't in any other area of our lives.
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na način na koji to ne radimo niti u jednom drugom području našeg života.
14:23
So, for instance the Dalai Lama gets up every morning
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Tako, na primjer, Dalai Lama ustaje svako jutro i
14:25
meditating on compassion,
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meditira o suosjećanju.
14:27
and he thinks that helping other human beings is an integral component
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I on misli da je pomaganje drugom ljudskom biću
14:29
of human happiness.
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sastavna komponenta ljudske sreće.
14:32
On the other hand, we have someone like Ted Bundy;
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S druge strane imamo nekoga kao što je Ted Bundy.
14:34
Ted Bundy was very fond of abducting and raping
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Ted Bundy je bio naklonjen otimanju i silovanju
14:36
and torturing and killing young women.
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i mučenju i ubijanju mladih žena.
14:38
So, we appear to have a genuine difference of opinion
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Dakle, čini se kako imamo istinsko neslaganje u mišljenju
14:40
about how to profitably use one's time.
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o tome kako korisno provoditi vrijeme.
14:43
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
14:45
Most Western intellectuals
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Većina intelektualaca sa zapada
14:47
look at this situation
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gledaju na tu situaciju
14:49
and say, "Well, there's nothing for the Dalai Lama
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i kažu "Pa, nema tu nečega oko čega bi Dalai Lama
14:51
to be really right about -- really right about --
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mogao biti zaista u pravu, zaista u pravu,
14:54
or for Ted Bundy to be really wrong about
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ili oko čega bi Ted Bundy mogao biti u krivu
14:57
that admits of a real argument
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što dopušta realan argument
15:01
that potentially falls within the purview of science.
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koji potencijalno upada u djelokrug znanosti.
15:04
He likes chocolate, he likes vanilla.
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Jedan voli čokoladu, a jedan voli vaniliju.
15:07
There's nothing that one should be able to say to the other
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Ne postoji ništa što bi jedan mogao reći drugome
15:10
that should persuade the other."
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što bi uvjerilo drugoga."
15:13
Notice that we don't do this in science.
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I primjetite kako to ne radimo u znanosti.
15:16
On the left you have Edward Witten.
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Na lijevoj strani je Edward Witten.
15:18
He's a string theorist.
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On zagovara teoriju nizova.
15:21
If you ask the smartest physicists around
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Ako pitate najpametnije fizičare
15:23
who is the smartest physicist around,
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tko je najpametniji fizičar,
15:25
in my experience half of them will say Ed Witten.
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prema mom iskustvu pola od njih će reći Ed Witten.
15:28
The other half will tell you they don't like the question.
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Druga polovica će vam reći da im se ne sviđa pitanje.
15:31
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
15:34
So, what would happen if I showed up at a physics conference
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Dakle, što bi se dogodilo kada bi se ja pojavio na konferenciji iz fizike
15:38
and said,"String theory is bogus.
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i rekao "Teorija nizova je lažna.
15:40
It doesn't resonate with me. It's not how I chose to
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Ne leži mi baš. To nije ono kako ja odabirem
15:42
view the universe at a small scale.
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vidjeti svemir u malim razmjerima.
15:45
I'm not a fan."
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Nisam ljubitelj."
15:47
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
15:50
Well, nothing would happen because I'm not a physicist;
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Pa, ne bi se dogodilo ništa zato što ja nisam fizičar,
15:52
I don't understand string theory.
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ja ne razumijem teoriju nizova.
15:54
I'm the Ted Bundy of string theory.
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Ja sam Ted Bundy teorije nizova.
15:56
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
15:59
I wouldn't want to belong to any string theory club that would have me as a member.
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Ne bi htio pripadati niti jednom klubu teorije nizova koji bi me htio imati za člana.
16:02
But this is just the point.
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Ali upravo to jest poanta.
16:04
Whenever we are talking about facts
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Kada god govorimo o činjenicama
16:07
certain opinions must be excluded.
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određena mišljenja moraju biti isključena.
16:09
That is what it is to have a domain of expertise.
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To je ono što znači imati područje stručnosti.
16:12
That is what it is for knowledge to count.
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To je ono što znači kako znanje vrijedi.
16:15
How have we convinced ourselves
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Kako smo se uvjerili
16:18
that in the moral sphere there is no such thing as moral expertise,
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kako u moralnoj sferi ne postoji moralna stručnost,
16:22
or moral talent, or moral genius even?
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ili moralni talent ili čak moralni genije?
16:25
How have we convinced ourselves
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Kako smo se uvjerili
16:27
that every opinion has to count?
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da se svako mišljenje mora vrednovati?
16:29
How have we convinced ourselves
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Kako smo se uvjerili
16:31
that every culture has a point of view
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da svaka kultura ima gledište
16:33
on these subjects worth considering?
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o ovim temama koje je vrijedno razmatranja?
16:36
Does the Taliban
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Ima li Taliban
16:38
have a point of view on physics
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gledište o fizici
16:40
that is worth considering? No.
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koje je vrijedno razmatranja? Ne.
16:43
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
16:48
How is their ignorance any less obvious
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Kako je njihova neukost išta manje očita
16:51
on the subject of human well-being?
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u području ljudske dobrobiti?
16:53
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
16:59
So, this, I think, is what the world needs now.
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Dakle to je ono što ja mislim da svijet treba sada.
17:03
It needs people like ourselves to admit
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Treba ljude poput nas koji će priznati
17:06
that there are right and wrong answers
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kako postoje dobri i loši odgovori
17:09
to questions of human flourishing,
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na pitanja ljudskog cvjetanja,
17:11
and morality relates
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i da je moral povezan
17:13
to that domain of facts.
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s tom domenom činjenica.
17:15
It is possible
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Moguće je
17:17
for individuals, and even for whole cultures,
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za pojednice, ili čak za cijele kulture
17:21
to care about the wrong things,
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da brinu o krivim stvarima:
17:23
which is to say that it's possible for them
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Što znači kako je za njih moguće
17:26
to have beliefs and desires that reliably lead
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da imaju vjerovanja i težnje koje pouzdano vode
17:28
to needless human suffering.
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do nepotrebne ljudske patnje.
17:30
Just admitting this will transform our discourse about morality.
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Samo priznanje ovoga će preobraziti naš govor o moralnosti.
17:35
We live in a world in which
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Živimo u svijetu u kojemu
17:38
the boundaries between nations mean less and less,
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granice između nacija znače sve manje i manje,
17:41
and they will one day mean nothing.
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i jednoga dana neće značiti ništa.
17:44
We live in a world filled with destructive technology,
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Živimo u svijetu prepunom razorne tehnologije,
17:46
and this technology cannot be uninvented;
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i tu tehnologiju ne možmo učiniti ne-izmišljenom,
17:48
it will always be easier
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uvijek će biti lakše
17:50
to break things than to fix them.
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pokidati stvari nego ih popraviti.
17:54
It seems to me, therefore, patently obvious
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Stoga mi se čini očitim
17:56
that we can no more
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da ne možemo
18:00
respect and tolerate
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poštivati i tolerirati
18:02
vast differences in notions of human well-being
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beskrajne razlike u poimanju ljudske dobrobiti,
18:06
than we can respect or tolerate vast differences
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ništa više nego što možemo tolerirati beskrajne razlike
18:09
in the notions about how disease spreads,
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u poimanju kako se bolesti šire,
18:12
or in the safety standards of buildings and airplanes.
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ili u sigurnosnim standardima zgrada i zrakoplova.
18:15
We simply must converge
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Jednostavno moramo konvergirati
18:18
on the answers we give to the most important questions in human life.
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u odgovorima koje dajemo na najvažnija pitanja ljudskog života.
18:22
And to do that, we have to admit that these questions have answers.
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A da bi to učinili, moramo priznati da ta pitanja imaju odgovore.
18:27
Thank you very much.
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Hvala vam puno.
18:29
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
18:52
Chris Anderson: So, some combustible material there.
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Chris Anderson: Dakle, nešto zapaljivog materijala.
18:56
Whether in this audience or people elsewhere in the world,
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Bilo u ovoj publici ili među ljudima drugdje u svijetu
18:59
hearing some of this, may well be doing the
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kada čuju nešto od ovoga, ljudi bi mogli
19:01
screaming-with-rage thing, after as well, some of them.
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vikati od bijesa.
19:06
Language seems to be really important here.
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Čini se kako je jezik ovdje zaista bitan.
19:08
When you're talking about the veil,
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Kada govoriš o velu,
19:10
you're talking about women dressed in cloth bags.
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govoriš o ženama koje su obučene u krpene vreće,
19:13
I've lived in the Muslim world, spoken with a lot of Muslim women.
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Ja sam živio u Muslimanskom svijetu, razgovarao sa mnogim Muslimanskim ženama.
19:17
And some of them would say something else. They would say,
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I neke od njih kažu nešto drugo. Kažu,
19:19
"No, you know, this is a celebration
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"Ovo je slavlje
19:22
of female specialness,
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ženske posebnosti
19:25
it helps build that and it's a result of the fact that" --
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pomaže da se ona sagradi i to je rezultat činjenice da...",
19:27
and this is arguably a sophisticated psychological view --
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i to je uvjerljivi sofisticirani psihološki pogled,
19:31
"that male lust is not to be trusted."
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"da muškoj požudi ne treba vjerovati."
19:34
I mean, can you engage in a conversation
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Hoću reći, možeš li se upustiti u razgovor
19:37
with that kind of woman without seeming kind of cultural imperialist?
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s takvom ženom bez da se čini kako si kulturni imperijalist.
19:42
Sam Harris: Yeah, well I think I tried to broach this in a sentence,
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Sam Harris: Da, mislim kako sam pokušao osvrnuti se na to u jednoj rečenici
19:45
watching the clock ticking,
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gledajući kako sat otkucava,
19:47
but the question is:
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ali pitanje je,
19:49
What is voluntary in a context
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što je dobrovoljno u okruženju
19:52
where men have certain expectations,
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gdje muškarci imaju određena očekivanja,
19:54
and you're guaranteed to be treated in a certain way
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i gdje je osigurano kako će se prema tebi odnositi na određeni način
19:58
if you don't veil yourself?
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ako se ne prekriješ.
20:00
And so, if anyone in this room
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I, ako bi itko u ovoj prostoriji
20:02
wanted to wear a veil,
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htio nositi vel,
20:04
or a very funny hat, or tattoo their face --
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ili jako smiješan šešir, ili tetovirati svoje lice --
20:07
I think we should be free to voluntarily do whatever we want,
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mislim kako bi trebali biti slobodni raditi što god žele,
20:10
but we have to be honest about
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ali moramo biti iskreni oko
20:13
the constraints that these women are placed under.
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ograničenja koja su postavljena na te žene.
20:15
And so I think we shouldn't be so eager
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I mislim kako ne bi trebali biti toliko nestrpljivi
20:18
to always take their word for it,
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da im povjerujemo na riječ,
20:20
especially when it's 120 degrees out
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pogotovo kada je vani 50°C
20:22
and you're wearing a full burqa.
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a one nose burku.
20:25
CA: A lot of people want to believe in this
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C.A.: Mnogi ljudi žele vjerovati u
20:27
concept of moral progress.
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taj koncept moralnog napretka.
20:29
But can you reconcile that?
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Ali možeš li uskladiti to?
20:31
I think I understood you to say that you could
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Mislim kako sam te razumio kada kažeš da bi mogao
20:33
reconcile that with a world that doesn't become
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to uskladiti sa svijetom koji neće postati
20:35
one dimensional, where we all have to think the same.
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jedno-dimenzionalan, gdje svi moramo misliti isto.
20:38
Paint your picture of what
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Reci nam,
20:40
rolling the clock 50 years forward,
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za 50 godina unaprijed,
20:43
100 years forward, how you would like to think of
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100 godina unaprijed, kako se nadaš da će svijet izgledati,
20:45
the world, balancing moral progress
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balansirajući moralni napredak
20:48
with richness.
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s bogatstvom.
20:51
SH: Well, I think once you admit
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S.H.: Mislim da, kada jednom priznamo
20:53
that we are on the path toward understanding our minds
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kako smo na putu prema razumjevanju naših umova
20:56
at the level of the brain in some important detail,
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na razini mozga, u nekim važnim pojedinostima,
20:59
then you have to admit
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onda možemo priznati
21:01
that we are going to understand all of the positive
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kako ćemo razumjeti sve naše pozitivne
21:05
and negative qualities
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i negativne kvalitete
21:07
of ourselves in much greater detail.
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u puno više detalja.
21:09
So, we're going to understand positive social emotion
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Razumjet ćemo pozitivne socijalne emocije
21:11
like empathy and compassion,
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kao što su empatija i suosjećanje.
21:13
and we're going to understand the factors
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I razumjet ćemo činitelje
21:15
that encourage it -- whether they're genetic,
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koji ih potiču, bilo da su genetski,
21:17
whether they're how people talk to one another,
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bilo da su način na koji ljudi razgovaraju,
21:19
whether they're economic systems,
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bilo da su ekonomski sustavi.
21:21
and insofar as we begin to shine light on that
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Ukoliko to počnemo osvjetljavati,
21:24
we are inevitably going to converge
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neizbježno ćemo konvergirati
21:26
on that fact space.
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u tom području činjenica.
21:28
So, everything is not going to be up for grabs.
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Neće sve biti na pladnju.
21:30
It's not going to be like
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Neće biti tako da je
21:33
veiling my daughter from birth
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pokrivanje kćeri velom od rođenja
21:35
is just as good as teaching her
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jednako dobro kao što je učiti ju
21:38
to be confident and well-educated
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da bude samopouzdana i dobro obrazovana
21:42
in the context of men who do desire women.
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u okruženju muškaraca koji imaju želju za ženama.
21:45
I mean I don't think we need an NSF grant to know
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Hoću reći da nam ne treba NSF nagrada da znamo
21:49
that compulsory veiling is a bad idea --
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kako kompulzivno pokrivanje velom nije dobra ideja,
21:52
but at a certain point
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ali u određenom trenutku
21:54
we're going to be able to scan the brains of everyone involved
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ćemo moći skenirati mozak svih koji su uključeni
21:57
and actually interrogate them.
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i stvarno ih ispitati.
22:00
Do people love their daughters
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Vole li ljudi jednako svoje kćeri
22:03
just as much in these systems?
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u tim sustavima?
22:06
And I think there are clearly right answers to that.
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I mislim da očito postoje točni odgovori na to.
22:08
CA: And if the results come out that actually they do,
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C.A.:I ako rezultat bude kako ih zaista vole jednako,
22:11
are you prepared to shift your instinctive current judgment
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jesi li spreman promjeniti svoje trenutno mišljenje
22:14
on some of these issues?
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o nekima od ovih stvari?
22:16
SH: Well yeah, modulo one obvious fact,
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S.H.: Pa da, po modulu jasna je činjenica
22:19
that you can love someone
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kako možeš voljeti nekoga
22:21
in the context of a truly delusional belief system.
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u kontekstu sustava vjerovanja koji je u zabludi.
22:24
So, you can say like, "Because I knew my gay son
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Možete reći: "Zato što sam znao kako će moj sin homoseksualac
22:26
was going to go to hell if he found a boyfriend,
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ići u pakao ako nađe dečka,
22:29
I chopped his head off. And that was the most compassionate thing I could do."
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odrezao sam mu glavu. I to je bila najsuosjećajnija stvar koju sam mogao napraviti."
22:32
If you get all those parts aligned,
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Ako poslažemo sve te dijelove,
22:34
yes I think you could probably be feeling the emotion of love.
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mislim kako je moguće osjećati emociju ljubavi.
22:37
But again, then we have to talk about
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Ali opet, tada moramo govoriti o
22:39
well-being in a larger context.
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dobrobiti u većem kontekstu.
22:41
It's all of us in this together,
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Svi smo mi u ovome zajedno,
22:43
not one man feeling ecstasy
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a ne da jedan čovjek bude u ekstazi
22:47
and then blowing himself up on a bus.
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i onda se raznese u autobusu.
22:49
CA: Sam, this is a conversation I would actually love to
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C.A.: Zvuči kao razgovor koji bi ja volio
22:51
continue for hours.
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nastaviti satima.
22:53
We don't have that, but maybe another time. Thank you for coming to TED.
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Nemamo toliko, ali možda neki drugi put. Hvala ti što si došao na TED.
22:55
SH: Really an honor. Thank you.
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S.H.: Zaista mi je čast. Hvala.
22:57
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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