Science can answer moral questions | Sam Harris

2,876,192 views ใƒป 2010-03-22

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jeong-Lan Kinser ๊ฒ€ํ† : YK Ko
00:15
I'm going to speak today about the relationship
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์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
00:18
between science and human values.
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
Now, it's generally understood that
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•ด์„œ,
00:24
questions of morality --
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๋„๋•์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ,
00:26
questions of good and evil and right and wrong --
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์„ ๊ณผ ์•…, ๋˜ ์˜ณ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฆ„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์—๋Š”
00:28
are questions about which science officially has no opinion.
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๊ณผํ•™์ด ๋‹ต์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
It's thought that science can help us
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๋ณดํ†ต ๊ณผํ•™์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์น˜์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
00:34
get what we value,
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์–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด ์ฃผ์ง€๋งŒ
00:36
but it can never tell us what we ought to value.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์น˜์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
00:39
And, consequently, most people -- I think most people
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค, ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—”
00:41
probably here -- think that science will never answer
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์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๊ณ„์‹  ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ถ„๋“ค์€, ๊ณผํ•™์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‚ถ์—์„œ
00:44
the most important questions in human life:
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์— ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ํ•ด๋‹ต์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
questions like, "What is worth living for?"
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"๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๊ฐ€์น˜์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€ ?"
00:49
"What is worth dying for?"
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"๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๊ฐ€์น˜์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?"
00:51
"What constitutes a good life?"
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"ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€?"
00:53
So, I'm going to argue
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜คํ•ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
that this is an illusion -- that the separation between
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๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋Š”
00:57
science and human values is an illusion --
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์˜คํ•ด์ด๋ฉฐ ๋˜ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ด ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ
00:59
and actually quite a dangerous one
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜คํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ
01:02
at this point in human history.
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์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
Now, it's often said that science
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณผํ•™์€
01:06
cannot give us a foundation for morality and human values,
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๋„๋•๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:09
because science deals with facts,
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์™œ๋‚˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ณผํ•™์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™๋ฌธ์ด๊ณ ,
01:12
and facts and values seem to belong to different spheres.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜์—ญ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
01:16
It's often thought that there's no description
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ข…์ข… ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€์š”.
01:19
of the way the world is
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์„ธ์ƒ์ด ์–ด๋– ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋ ๋งŒํ•œ
01:21
that can tell us how the world ought to be.
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๋ชจ๋ฒ” ๋‹ต์•ˆ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:25
But I think this is quite clearly untrue.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋“ค์ด ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ํ‹€๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
Values are a certain kind of fact.
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๊ฐ€์น˜๋“ค์€ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
They are facts about the well-being of conscious creatures.
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์˜์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์˜ ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
01:35
Why is it that we don't have ethical obligations toward rocks?
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์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋„๋•์  ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋Š๋ผ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ์š”?
01:39
Why don't we feel compassion for rocks?
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์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๋ฏผ์„ ๋Š๋ผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
01:42
It's because we don't think rocks can suffer. And if we're more
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ๋ฐ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
01:44
concerned about our fellow primates
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๋˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ณค์ถฉ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค
01:46
than we are about insects, as indeed we are,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜์žฅ๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด (๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ )
01:49
it's because we think they're exposed to a greater range
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋ณต๊ณผ ๊ณ ํ†ต์—
01:51
of potential happiness and suffering.
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๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
Now, the crucial thing to notice here
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๊ทธ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•ด์•ผํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€
01:57
is that this is a factual claim:
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์  ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
This is something that we could be right or wrong about. And if we
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ณ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ํ‹€๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
02:01
have misconstrued the relationship between biological complexity
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์ธ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ
02:04
and the possibilities of experience
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์ž˜๋ชป ํ•ด์„ํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:07
well then we could be wrong about the inner lives of insects.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๊ณค์ถฉ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ‹€๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
And there's no notion,
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๋˜ํ•œ, ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
02:14
no version of human morality
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๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ
02:16
and human values that I've ever come across
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์˜์‹์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ผ๋ ค๋กœ
02:19
that is not at some point reducible
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ํ™˜์› ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ
02:21
to a concern about conscious experience
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋„๋•์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์€
02:24
and its possible changes.
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์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
Even if you get your values from religion,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€์„ ์ข…๊ต์—์„œ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„,
02:29
even if you think that good and evil ultimately
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์„ ๊ณผ ์•…์ด ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ
02:31
relate to conditions after death --
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์‹ ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์›ํ•œ ํ–‰๋ณต์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋“ 
02:33
either to an eternity of happiness with God
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์ง€์˜ฅ์—์„œ์˜ ์˜์›ํ•œ ๊ณ ํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋“ ์ง€ ๊ฐ„์—
02:36
or an eternity of suffering in hell --
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์‚ฌํ›„์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:38
you are still concerned about consciousness and its changes.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์˜์‹๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ผ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
And to say that such changes can persist after death
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๋˜ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌํ›„์— ์ง€์†๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ
02:45
is itself a factual claim,
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๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์  ์ฃผ์žฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
which, of course, may or may not be true.
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
Now, to speak about the conditions of well-being
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์ด ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ
02:53
in this life, for human beings,
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ํ–‰๋ณต์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด,
02:55
we know that there is a continuum of such facts.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋“ค์˜ ์—ฐ์†์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
We know that it's possible to live in a failed state,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹คํŒจ๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
where everything that can go wrong does go wrong --
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์ž˜๋ชป๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž˜๋ชป๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
03:03
where mothers cannot feed their children,
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์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฅ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
03:06
where strangers cannot find the basis for peaceful collaboration,
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ํƒ€์ธ๋“ค๋ผ๋ฆฌ ํ‰ํ™”๋กœ์šด ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์  ํ† ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
03:10
where people are murdered indiscriminately.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์ฐจ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํ•ด๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ๋“ค ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
And we know that it's possible to move along this continuum
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๋˜ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ฐ์† ์„ ์ƒ์—์„œ,์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ,
03:16
towards something quite a bit more idyllic,
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๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ปจํผ๋Ÿฐ์Šค ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐํšํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ
03:18
to a place where a conference like this is even conceivable.
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์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
And we know -- we know --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
that there are right and wrong answers
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์ด ์—ฐ์† ์„ ์ƒ์—์„œ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์—๋Š”
03:28
to how to move in this space.
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์˜ณ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฅธ ๋‹ต์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
Would adding cholera to the water be a good idea?
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๋ฌผ์— ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ๊ท ์„ ๋„ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
03:36
Probably not.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
Would it be a good idea for everyone to believe in the evil eye,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์•…๋งˆ์˜ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
03:41
so that when bad things happened to them
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‚˜์œ ์ผ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฉด
03:43
they immediately blame their neighbors? Probably not.
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๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด์›ƒ์„ ๋น„๋‚œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก์ด์š”? ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
03:47
There are truths to be known
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์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฒˆ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
03:49
about how human communities flourish,
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์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„์‹ค๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:52
whether or not we understand these truths.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋“ค์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋“  ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋“  ๊ฐ„์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:54
And morality relates to these truths.
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๋˜ ๋„๋•์„ฑ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง„์‹ค๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
So, in talking about values we are talking about facts.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•  ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
Now, of course our situation in the world can be understood at many levels --
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์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€
04:04
from the level of the genome
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๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
04:06
on up to the level of economic systems
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์ฒด์ œ, ์ •์น˜์ œ๋„์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€
04:08
and political arrangements.
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
But if we're going to talk about human well-being
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ ค ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:12
we are, of necessity, talking about the human brain.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”, ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋‘๋‡Œ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:15
Because we know that our experience of the world and of ourselves within it
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ๊ทธ ์†์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€
04:18
is realized in the brain --
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์‚ฌํ›„์— ๋ฌด์Šจ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋“ ์ง€ ๊ฐ„์—--
04:21
whatever happens after death.
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๋‘๋‡Œ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์‹ค์ œํ™” ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:23
Even if the suicide bomber does get 72 virgins in the afterlife,
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์ž์‚ด ํญํƒ„ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฒ”์ด ์‚ฌํ›„์— 72๋ช…์˜ ๋™์ •๋…€๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š”๋‹คํ•ด๋„,
04:28
in this life, his personality --
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์ด ์ƒ์—์„œ, ๊ทธ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์€--
04:31
his rather unfortunate personality --
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๊ทธ์˜ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์€--
04:33
is the product of his brain.
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๊ทธ์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
So the contributions of culture --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ--๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค --
04:39
if culture changes us, as indeed it does,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ •๋ง ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด,
04:41
it changes us by changing our brains.
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์ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟˆ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
And so therefore whatever cultural variation there is
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฐ„์—
04:46
in how human beings flourish
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์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
04:48
can, at least in principle, be understood
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๋‡Œ๊ณผํ•™, ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‡Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™๋ฌธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
04:50
in the context of a maturing science of the mind --
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€
04:53
neuroscience, psychology, etc.
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์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
So, what I'm arguing is that
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š”
04:58
value's reduced to facts --
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๊ฐ€์น˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค,
05:00
to facts about the conscious experience
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์˜์‹์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ์˜์‹์  ์กด์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋กœ
05:02
of conscious beings.
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ํ™˜์› ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
And we can therefore visualize a space
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๋˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜์‹์  ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฒช์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
05:08
of possible changes in the experience of these beings.
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๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์˜์ƒํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
And I think of this as kind of a moral landscape,
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๋˜ ์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„๋•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ง๋„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:13
with peaks and valleys that correspond
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์˜์‹์ ์ธ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์˜ ํ–‰๋ณต๊ณผ ์•ˆ๋…•์— ์ƒ์‘ํ•˜๋Š”
05:15
to differences in the well-being of conscious creatures,
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๊ผญ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ณ„๊ณก์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ง€ํ˜•๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
both personal and collective.
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์ด๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ด๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
05:20
And one thing to notice is that perhaps
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๋˜ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€
05:22
there are states of human well-being
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š”
05:24
that we rarely access, that few people access.
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์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋งŒ์ด ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
And these await our discovery.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•ด๋ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
05:29
Perhaps some of these states can be appropriately called
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์•„๋งˆ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํƒœ๋“ค์€ ์‹ ๋น„๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
05:31
mystical or spiritual.
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์˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:33
Perhaps there are other states that we can't access
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‡Œ์™€ ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
05:35
because of how our minds are structured
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ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š”
05:38
but other minds possibly could access them.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ํ…Œ์ง€์š”.
05:42
Now, let me be clear about what I'm not saying. I'm not saying
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
05:44
that science is guaranteed to map this space,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ด ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ง€๋„๋กœ ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ ,
05:49
or that we will have scientific answers to every
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋„๋•์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์—
05:51
conceivable moral question.
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๋Œ€๋‹ต์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
I don't think, for instance, that you will one day consult
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์ €๋Š”, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์•„์•ผํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
05:55
a supercomputer to learn whether you should have a second child,
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์Šˆํผ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ๊ตฌํ• ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
or whether we should bomb Iran's nuclear facilities,
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๋˜ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ž€์˜ ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์„ค๋น„๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ํญ๊ฒฉํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€,
06:03
or whether you can deduct the full cost of TED as a business expense.
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ํ˜น์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด TED์— ๋“  ๋ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์—…์ƒ์˜ ์ง€์ถœ๋กœ ๊ณต์ œ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:07
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:09
But if questions affect human well-being
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ณต์ง€์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:11
then they do have answers, whether or not we can find them.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์—๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‹ต์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ ์ง€ ์—†๋“ ์ง€ ๊ฐ„์— ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
06:14
And just admitting this --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋Š”๊ฒƒ--
06:16
just admitting that there are right and wrong answers
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฒˆ์˜ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์—
06:18
to the question of how humans flourish --
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์˜ณ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฅธ ๋Œ€๋‹ต๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
06:20
will change the way we talk about morality,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„๋•์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
06:22
and will change our expectations
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ํ˜‘๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ
06:24
of human cooperation in the future.
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๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
For instance, there are 21 states in our country
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—๋Š” ๊ต๋‚ด ์ฒด๋ฒŒ์ด ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ธ
06:32
where corporal punishment in the classroom is legal,
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์ฃผ๊ฐ€ 21๊ฐœ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
where it is legal for a teacher to beat a child with a wooden board, hard,
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๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ๋ง‰๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์„ธ๊ฒŒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ ,
06:41
and raising large bruises and blisters and even breaking the skin.
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์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋ฉ๊ณผ ๋ฌผ์ง‘์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์‚ด๊ฐ—๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฐข์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
And hundreds of thousands of children, incidentally,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•ด๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์ด,
06:47
are subjected to this every year.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํญ๋ ฅ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:49
The locations of these enlightened districts, I think, will fail to surprise you.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ถˆ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜จ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ , ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๋†€๋ผ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
We're not talking about Connecticut.
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์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท(Connecticut)์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
And the rationale for this behavior is explicitly religious.
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์ด ํ–‰์œ„๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ์„ค๋ช…์€ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ข…๊ต์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
The creator of the universe himself
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๋งŒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
07:03
has told us not to spare the rod,
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์•„์ด๋ฅผ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ‚ค์šฐ๋ ค๋ฉด
07:05
lest we spoil the child --
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๋งค๋ฅผ ์•„๋ผ์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
07:07
this is in Proverbs 13 and 20, and I believe, 23.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž ์–ธ 13 ์žฅ, 20์žฅ, ๋˜ 23์žฅ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
But we can ask the obvious question:
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋˜์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค :
07:14
Is it a good idea, generally speaking,
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•ด์„œ,
07:18
to subject children to pain
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์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ •์‹ ์  ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ด๋Œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
07:21
and violence and public humiliation
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๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ํ†ต๊ณผ ํญ๋ ฅ,
07:24
as a way of encouraging healthy emotional development
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๋ชจ์š•์— ๋…ธ์ถœ ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
07:26
and good behavior?
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์ข‹์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
07:28
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:29
Is there any doubt
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ต์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
07:33
that this question has an answer,
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ 
07:35
and that it matters?
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:38
Now, many of you might worry
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด
07:40
that the notion of well-being is truly undefined,
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์•„๋งˆ ํ–‰๋ณต๊ณผ ์•ˆ๋…•์€ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ 
07:43
and seemingly perpetually open to be re-construed.
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์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ •์˜๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:46
And so, how therefore can there be an
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณต์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
07:48
objective notion of well-being?
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๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
07:51
Well, consider by analogy, the concept of physical health.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์œก์ฒด์  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„์œ ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:54
The concept of physical health is undefined.
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์œก์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ๋ถˆ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
As we just heard from Michael Specter, it has changed over the years.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ดํด ์ŠคํŽ™ํ„ฐ (Michael Specter) ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋“ค์€๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ˆ˜๋…„์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ณ€ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
When this statue was carved
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์ด ๋™์ƒ์ด ์กฐ๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
08:02
the average life expectancy was probably 30.
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ํ‰๊ท  ์˜ˆ์ƒ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์€ 30์‚ด ์ •๋„์˜€์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
It's now around 80 in the developed world.
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์š”์ฆ˜ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ฝ 80์„ธ ์ด์ฃ .
08:08
There may come a time when we meddle with our genomes
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์„ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์„œ,
08:11
in such a way that not being able to run a marathon
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200์‚ด์— ๋งˆ๋ผํ†ค์„ ๋›ธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํฐ ์žฅ์• ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜๊ณ 
08:14
at age 200 will be considered a profound disability.
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํƒœ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:18
People will send you donations when you're in that condition.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋ถ€๊ธˆ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‚ ์ด ์˜ฌ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:23
Notice that the fact that the concept of health
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด
08:27
is open, genuinely open for revision,
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ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์ •ํ•ด์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
08:30
does not make it vacuous.
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋… ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์˜๋ฏธํ•ด ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:32
The distinction between a healthy person
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ
08:35
and a dead one
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์ฃฝ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„์€
08:37
is about as clear and consequential as any we make in science.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผํ•™์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:43
Another thing to notice is there may be many peaks on the moral landscape:
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์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•ด์•ผํ•  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ด ๋„๋•์˜ ์ง€ํ˜•๋„์—๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ด‰์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
08:46
There may be equivalent ways to thrive;
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฒˆ์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ด‰์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฟ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
08:49
there may be equivalent ways to organize a human society
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ํ’์š”๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—
08:51
so as to maximize human flourishing.
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๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:53
Now, why wouldn't this
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์™œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด
08:55
undermine an objective morality?
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๊ฐ๊ด€์  ๋„๋•์˜ ๊ด€๋…์„ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ์š”?
08:59
Well think of how we talk about food:
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์Œ์‹์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
09:02
I would never be tempted to argue to you
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์ €๋Š” ๋‹จ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ ๋‹นํ•œ ์Œ์‹์ด ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์žˆ์„๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ 
09:05
that there must be one right food to eat.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ํŽด๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:07
There is clearly a range of materials
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์Œ์‹์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š”
09:09
that constitute healthy food.
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
But there's nevertheless a clear distinction
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์Œ์‹๊ณผ ๋…์•ฝ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋„
09:13
between food and poison.
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:15
The fact that there are many right answers
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"๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์Œ์‹์ธ๊ฐ€?" ๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์—
09:18
to the question, "What is food?"
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋Œ€๋‹ต๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
09:20
does not tempt us
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜์–‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
09:23
to say that there are no truths to be known about human nutrition.
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๋‹ค ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:28
Many people worry
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ๋„๋•์ด๋ž€
09:30
that a universal morality would require
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์˜ˆ์™ธ๋ž€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์ „์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
09:33
moral precepts that admit of no exceptions.
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์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
So, for instance, if it's really wrong to lie,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋งํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆ‡๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด,
09:38
it must always be wrong to lie,
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๊ฑฐ์ง“๋งํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ทธ๋ฆ‡๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
09:40
and if you can find an exception,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด,
09:42
well then there's no such thing as moral truth.
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๋„๋•์ ์ธ ์ง„์‹ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€๊ฒƒ์€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:45
Why would we think this?
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์ •๋ง ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”?
09:47
Consider, by analogy, the game of chess.
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์ฒด์Šค๋กœ ๋น„์œ ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
09:50
Now, if you're going to play good chess,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ฒด์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
09:52
a principle like, "Don't lose your Queen,"
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"ํ€ธ์„ ์žƒ์ง€๋งˆ์‹œ์˜ค," ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€
09:54
is very good to follow.
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์›์น™์€ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
09:56
But it clearly admits some exceptions.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์˜ˆ์™ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:58
There are moments when losing your Queen is a brilliant thing to do.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ํ€ธ์„ ์žƒ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ง‰ํžˆ๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์€ ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:01
There are moments when it is the only good thing you can do.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข‹์€ ์„ ํƒ์ผ ๋•Œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:05
And yet, chess is a domain of perfect objectivity.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฒด์Šค๋Š” ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
The fact that there are exceptions here does not
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ˆ์™ธ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
10:11
change that at all.
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๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ ์ž์ฒด์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
Now, this brings us to the sorts of moves
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด์ œ ๋„๋•์ ์ธ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ์˜
10:17
that people are apt to make in the moral sphere.
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
10:20
Consider the great problem of women's bodies:
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์—ฌ์ž์˜ ๋ชธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฌ๋‚˜ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
10:25
What to do about them?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ข‹์„๊นŒ์š”?
10:27
Well this is one thing you can do about them:
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
You can cover them up.
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๋‹ค ๋ฎ์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
10:31
Now, it is the position, generally speaking, of our intellectual community
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง€์  ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ž์„ธ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
that while we may not like this,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:37
we might think of this as "wrong"
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๋ณด์Šคํ„ด(Boston)์ด๋‚˜ ํŒฐ๋Ÿฌ์•Œํ† (Palo Alto)์—์„œ๋Š”
10:39
in Boston or Palo Alto,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ โ€˜์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒƒโ€™์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
10:41
who are we to say
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๋ฌธํ™” ์†์—์„œ
10:43
that the proud denizens of an ancient culture
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์ž๋ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
10:46
are wrong to force their wives and daughters
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์•„๋‚ด์™€ ๋”ธ๋“ค์„ ์˜ท ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ ์†์— ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
10:49
to live in cloth bags?
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์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
10:51
And who are we to say, even, that they're wrong
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์˜ท ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ ์†์—์„œ
10:53
to beat them with lengths of steel cable,
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์ˆจ์ด ๋ง‰ํžˆ๋Š” ์ด'ํŠนํ˜œโ€™์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์ธ๋“ค์„
10:55
or throw battery acid in their faces
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์‡ ์‚ฌ์Šฌ๋กœ ๋•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์— ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ์„ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
10:57
if they decline the privilege of being smothered in this way?
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๋‚˜์œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
11:01
Well, who are we not to say this?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ด๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
11:04
Who are we to pretend
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ–‰๋ณต๊ณผ ์•ˆ๋…•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
11:06
that we know so little about human well-being
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ–์— ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ธฐ์—,
11:10
that we have to be non-judgmental about a practice like this?
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ด€์Šต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋น„ํŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?
11:14
I'm not talking about voluntary wearing of a veil --
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์ €๋Š” ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ ์ผ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค--
11:18
women should be able to wear whatever they want, as far as I'm concerned.
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์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“  ์ž…์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผํ•˜์ง€์š”.
11:20
But what does voluntary mean
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
11:23
in a community where,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
11:25
when a girl gets raped,
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์—ฌ์ž ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•๊ฐ„์„ ๋‹นํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
11:28
her father's first impulse,
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์ด ๋”ธ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹ฌ์— ์‚ฌ๋กœ์žกํ˜€์„œ
11:30
rather often, is to murder her out of shame?
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์ด ๋”ธ์„ ์ฃฝ์—ฌ์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ํ”ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:35
Just let that fact detonate in your brain for a minute:
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์ž ์‹œ๋งŒ ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์†์—์„œ ๋˜์ƒˆ๊ฒจ ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค:
11:42
Your daughter gets raped,
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋”ธ์ด ๊ฐ•๊ฐ„์„ ๋‹นํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:44
and what you want to do is kill her.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ ๋”ธ์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:52
What are the chances that represents
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฒˆ์˜์— ์ƒ์‘ํ•˜๋Š”
11:54
a peak of human flourishing?
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๊ผญ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
12:02
Now, to say this is not to say that we have got the
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์„
12:04
perfect solution in our own society.
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๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:08
For instance,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด,
12:10
this is what it's like to go to a newsstand almost anywhere
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์„œ๊ตฌํ™”๋œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜
12:12
in the civilized world.
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์žก์ง€ ํŒ๋งค๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:14
Now, granted, for many men
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ
12:16
it may require a degree in philosophy to see something wrong with these images.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ฒ ํ•™ ํ•™์œ„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:19
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:22
But if we are in a reflective mood,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ƒ‰์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:25
we can ask,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:27
"Is this the perfect expression
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"์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ชธ์˜
12:29
of psychological balance
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์ ‹์Œ๊ณผ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š”
12:31
with respect to variables like youth and beauty and women's bodies?"
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์ตœ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
12:34
I mean, is this the optimal environment
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์ด ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ํ‚ค์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
12:36
in which to raise our children?
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์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
12:40
Probably not. OK, so perhaps there's some place
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์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์•„๋งˆ๋„
12:42
on the spectrum
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์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜
12:44
between these two extremes
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๊ทน๋‹จ์  ์˜ˆ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š”
12:46
that represents a place of better balance.
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์ข€๋” ๊ท ํ˜• ์žก์ธ ์ง€์ ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
12:57
Perhaps there are many such places --
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์•„๋งˆ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง€์ ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:59
again, given other changes in human culture
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๋„๋•์  ์ง€ํ˜•๋„์—๋Š”, ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ž๋ฉด
13:02
there may be many peaks on the moral landscape.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ •์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:04
But the thing to notice is that there will be
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€
13:06
many more ways not to be on a peak.
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์ •์ƒ์— ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ง€์š”.
13:11
Now the irony, from my perspective,
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๋ชจ์ˆœ์ ์ด๊ฒŒ๋„,
13:13
is that the only people who seem to generally agree with me
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๋„๋•๊ณผ ์œค๋ฆฌ์—๋Š” ์˜ณ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฅธ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ € ์˜๊ฒฌ์—
13:16
and who think that there are right and wrong answers to moral questions
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๋™์˜ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
13:19
are religious demagogues of one form or another.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๊ต์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:22
And of course they think they have right answers to moral questions
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋„๋•์  ์งˆ๋ฌธ์˜ ์˜ณ์€ ๋‹ต์„
13:25
because they got these answers from a voice in a whirlwind,
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์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
13:29
not because they made an intelligent analysis of the causes
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๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์ง€์  ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
13:31
and condition of human and animal well-being.
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์‹ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐ›์ง€์š”.
13:35
In fact, the endurance of religion
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๋„๋•์  ์ฐฝ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ข…๊ต๋Š”,
13:37
as a lens through which most people view moral questions
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋„๋•์  ๋…ผ์Ÿ์—์„œ
13:41
has separated most moral talk
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์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฐธ๋œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์„
13:44
from real questions of human and animal suffering.
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๋ฐฐ์ œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ๋Š” ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:48
This is why we spend our time
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
13:50
talking about things like gay marriage
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์ธ์ข… ์ฒญ์†Œ๋‚˜ ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ,
13:52
and not about genocide or nuclear proliferation
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๋นˆ๊ณค ๋“ฑ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค ๋ณด๋‹ค
13:56
or poverty or any other hugely consequential issue.
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๋™์„ฑ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:01
But the demagogues are right about one thing: We need
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ข…๊ต ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ณ์€๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
14:03
a universal conception of human values.
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์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋“ค์— ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:07
Now, what stands in the way of this?
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์ด๊ธธ์„ ๋ง‰๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
14:09
Well, one thing to notice is that we
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•ด์•ผํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€
14:11
do something different when talking about morality --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋„๋•๊ณผ ์œค๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:13
especially secular, academic, scientist types.
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ, ์„ธ์†์ , ํ•™๋ฌธ์ , ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€์š”.
14:17
When talking about morality we value differences of opinion
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„๋•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•  ๋•Œ
14:20
in a way that we don't in any other area of our lives.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‘ก๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:23
So, for instance the Dalai Lama gets up every morning
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ด ๋ผ๋งˆ (Dalai Lama) ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์ผ ์•„์นจ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ
14:25
meditating on compassion,
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๋™์ •์‹ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ช…์ƒ์„ ์ž ๊ธฐ๊ณ ,
14:27
and he thinks that helping other human beings is an integral component
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ๋•๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ–‰๋ณต์˜
14:29
of human happiness.
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ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:32
On the other hand, we have someone like Ted Bundy;
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ํ…Œ๋“œ ๋ฒˆ๋”” (Ted Bundy) ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
14:34
Ted Bundy was very fond of abducting and raping
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ํ…Œ๋“œ ๋ฒˆ๋””๋Š” ์ Š์€ ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์„ ์œ ๊ดดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๊ฐ„ํ•˜๊ณ 
14:36
and torturing and killing young women.
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๊ณ ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์ฃฝ์ด๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งค์šฐ ์ข‹์•„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:38
So, we appear to have a genuine difference of opinion
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
14:40
about how to profitably use one's time.
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์˜๊ฒฌ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:43
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
14:45
Most Western intellectuals
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์„œ๊ตฌ ์ง€์„ฑ์ธ๋“ค์€
14:47
look at this situation
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋ฉฐ
14:49
and say, "Well, there's nothing for the Dalai Lama
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"๊ธ€์Ž„, ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์˜์—ญ ์•ˆ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋ณด์ž๋ฉด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ด ๋ผ๋งˆ๊ฐ€
14:51
to be really right about -- really right about --
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ์˜ณ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ์ ์€--์ •๋ง๋กœ ์˜ณ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ์ ์€--
14:54
or for Ted Bundy to be really wrong about
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๋˜ ํ…Œ๋“œ ๋ฒˆ๋””๊ฐ€ ์ง„์งœ ์ž˜๋ชป๋๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ ์€
14:57
that admits of a real argument
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์—†๊ฒ ๊ตฐ ๊ทธ๋ž˜.
15:01
that potentially falls within the purview of science.
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๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์˜์—ญ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์˜ณ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ง€.
15:04
He likes chocolate, he likes vanilla.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ ›์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ด.
15:07
There's nothing that one should be able to say to the other
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ
15:10
that should persuade the other."
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์„ค๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์—†์–ด.โ€
15:13
Notice that we don't do this in science.
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๊ณผํ•™์—์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:16
On the left you have Edward Witten.
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์™ผํŽธ์—๋Š” ์—๋“œ์›Œ๋“œ ์œ„ํŠผ (Edward Witten)์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:18
He's a string theorist.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ˆ ์ด๋ก  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:21
If you ask the smartest physicists around
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
15:23
who is the smartest physicist around,
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž์ด๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌป๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด,
15:25
in my experience half of them will say Ed Witten.
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์ œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‹ตํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์ด ์œ„ํŠผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:28
The other half will tell you they don't like the question.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์€ ๊ทธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ๋งˆ์Œ์— ์•ˆ ๋“ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
15:31
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
15:34
So, what would happen if I showed up at a physics conference
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ์ปจํผ๋Ÿฐ์Šค์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์„œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
15:38
and said,"String theory is bogus.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์งˆ๊นŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. "๋ˆ์ด๋ก ์€ ์ˆœ ๋ปฅ์ด์—์š”.
15:40
It doesn't resonate with me. It's not how I chose to
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์ด ์ด๋ก ์€ ๋‚˜๋ž‘ ์•ˆ ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€
15:42
view the universe at a small scale.
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๋ฏธ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ด€์ ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:45
I'm not a fan."
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ์ด๋ก ์ด ๋งˆ์Œ์— ์•ˆ๋“ค์–ด์š”."
15:47
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
15:50
Well, nothing would happen because I'm not a physicist;
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์•„๋งˆ ์•„๋ฌด ์ผ๋„ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.์ €๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
15:52
I don't understand string theory.
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์ €๋Š” ๋ˆ์ด๋ก ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:54
I'm the Ted Bundy of string theory.
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์ €๋Š” ๋ˆ์ด๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ…Œ๋“œ ๋ฒˆ๋”” ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:56
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
15:59
I wouldn't want to belong to any string theory club that would have me as a member.
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์ €๋Š” ์ €๋ฅผ ํšŒ์›์œผ๋กœ ๋งž์„ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ˆ์ด๋ก  ํด๋Ÿฝ์—๋„ ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:02
But this is just the point.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ํฌ์ธํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:04
Whenever we are talking about facts
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
16:07
certain opinions must be excluded.
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ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:09
That is what it is to have a domain of expertise.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ์ง€์‹์˜ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ด๊ฒ ์ง€์š”
16:12
That is what it is for knowledge to count.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผํ•  ์ง€์‹์ด๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
16:15
How have we convinced ourselves
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๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
16:18
that in the moral sphere there is no such thing as moral expertise,
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๋„๋•์ ์ธ ์˜์—ญ์—๋Š” ๋„๋•์ ์ธ ์ „๋ฌธ์ง€์‹,
16:22
or moral talent, or moral genius even?
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๋„๋•์ ์ธ ์žฌ๋Šฅ, ๋˜ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ๋„๋•์ ์ธ ์ฒœ์žฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•ด ์™”์„๊นŒ์š”?
16:25
How have we convinced ourselves
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๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
16:27
that every opinion has to count?
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๋ชจ๋“  ์˜๊ฒฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•ด ์™”์„๊นŒ์š”?
16:29
How have we convinced ourselves
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๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€
16:31
that every culture has a point of view
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๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ 
16:33
on these subjects worth considering?
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ํ™•์‹ ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
16:36
Does the Taliban
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ํƒˆ๋ ˆ๋ฐ˜ (Taliban) ์ด
16:38
have a point of view on physics
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ
16:40
that is worth considering? No.
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๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”? ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
16:43
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
16:48
How is their ignorance any less obvious
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ–‰๋ณต๊ณผ ์•ˆ๋…•์—
16:51
on the subject of human well-being?
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์ง€ํ•œ๊ฐ€์š”?
16:53
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
16:59
So, this, I think, is what the world needs now.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:03
It needs people like ourselves to admit
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฒˆ์˜๊ณผ
17:06
that there are right and wrong answers
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์˜ ์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ
17:09
to questions of human flourishing,
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๋„๋•์  ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์—
17:11
and morality relates
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์˜ณ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฅธ ๋‹ต์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
17:13
to that domain of facts.
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์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:15
It is possible
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด๋‚˜,
17:17
for individuals, and even for whole cultures,
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์–ด๋–ค ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™” ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€
17:21
to care about the wrong things,
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์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒƒ์— ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:23
which is to say that it's possible for them
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ด๋‚˜ ์š•๋ง์ด ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ
17:26
to have beliefs and desires that reliably lead
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๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„
17:28
to needless human suffering.
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๋‚ณ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:30
Just admitting this will transform our discourse about morality.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ธ์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋„๋•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ด๋ก ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:35
We live in a world in which
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€
17:38
the boundaries between nations mean less and less,
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์ ์  ์ถ•์†Œ๋˜๊ณ , ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ทธ ์˜๋ฏธ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€
17:41
and they will one day mean nothing.
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์•„์˜ˆ ์—†์–ด์งˆ ์‹œ๋Œ€์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:44
We live in a world filled with destructive technology,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“์ฐฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
17:46
and this technology cannot be uninvented;
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์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์€ ์—†์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:48
it will always be easier
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์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๊ณ ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
17:50
to break things than to fix them.
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๋ถ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋” ์‰ฌ์šด ๋ฒ•์ด์ง€์š”.
17:54
It seems to me, therefore, patently obvious
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”, ์ •๋ง ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ด์„œ,
17:56
that we can no more
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๋”์ด์ƒ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ–‰๋ณต๊ณผ ์•ˆ๋…•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
18:00
respect and tolerate
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ํ˜„์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€์„
18:02
vast differences in notions of human well-being
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๊ด€๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒœ๋„๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:06
than we can respect or tolerate vast differences
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํผ์ง€๋ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€๋…์ด๋‚˜,
18:09
in the notions about how disease spreads,
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๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์ƒ ์ˆ˜์น™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
18:12
or in the safety standards of buildings and airplanes.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€์„ ์กด์ค‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:15
We simply must converge
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์—
18:18
on the answers we give to the most important questions in human life.
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๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:22
And to do that, we have to admit that these questions have answers.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์— ๋‹ต์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:27
Thank you very much.
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๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:29
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
18:52
Chris Anderson: So, some combustible material there.
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ(Chris Anderson): ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
18:56
Whether in this audience or people elsewhere in the world,
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์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์‹  ๋ถ„๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
18:59
hearing some of this, may well be doing the
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ฐ–์— ๊ณ„์‹  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์ค‘์—๋Š”
19:01
screaming-with-rage thing, after as well, some of them.
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๋ถ„๋…ธ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์•…ํ•  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์„ ํ…๋ฐ์š”.
19:06
Language seems to be really important here.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ •๋ง ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:08
When you're talking about the veil,
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๋ฒ ์ผ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜์‹ค ๋•Œ,
19:10
you're talking about women dressed in cloth bags.
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์˜ท๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ ์†์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜์…จ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
19:13
I've lived in the Muslim world, spoken with a lot of Muslim women.
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์ €๋Š” ๋ฌด์Šฌ๋ฆผ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„ ๋ณด์•˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ช…์˜ ๋ฌด์Šฌ๋ฆผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:17
And some of them would say something else. They would say,
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๊ทธ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ,
19:19
"No, you know, this is a celebration
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"์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”, ๊ทธ๊ฑฐ ์•„์„ธ์š”? ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ถ•ํ•˜ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”
19:22
of female specialness,
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์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•จ์„ ์ถ•ํ•˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—์š”.
19:25
it helps build that and it's a result of the fact that" --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ฑ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ˆ์š”..."
19:27
and this is arguably a sophisticated psychological view --
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๋˜ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฌํ•ด์ธ๋ฐ
19:31
"that male lust is not to be trusted."
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"๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์ •์š•์€ ๋ฏฟ์„ ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”." ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
19:34
I mean, can you engage in a conversation
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์ œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š”, ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ œ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜์ž์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด์„œ
19:37
with that kind of woman without seeming kind of cultural imperialist?
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
19:42
Sam Harris: Yeah, well I think I tried to broach this in a sentence,
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์ƒ˜ ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์Šค: ๋„ค, ์‹œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜‘๋”ฑ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ, ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ๋‚ด๋กœ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
19:45
watching the clock ticking,
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๊บผ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
19:47
but the question is:
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
19:49
What is voluntary in a context
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๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ 
19:52
where men have certain expectations,
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๋˜ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ฒ ์ผ์„ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
19:54
and you're guaranteed to be treated in a certain way
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์–ด๋–ค ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ๊ธ‰๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณด์žฅ๋œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ
19:58
if you don't veil yourself?
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'์ž๋ฐœ์ '์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
20:00
And so, if anyone in this room
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ
20:02
wanted to wear a veil,
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๋ฒ ์ผ์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
20:04
or a very funny hat, or tattoo their face --
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์›ƒ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ธด ๋ชจ์ž๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์–ผ๊ตด์— ๋ฌธ์‹ ์„ ์ƒˆ๊ธฐ๊ธธ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด--
20:07
I think we should be free to voluntarily do whatever we want,
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์ €๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋“  ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“ ์ง€ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:10
but we have to be honest about
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด
20:13
the constraints that these women are placed under.
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์†ํ•ด์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์†๋ฐ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ •์งํ•ด ์ ธ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:15
And so I think we shouldn't be so eager
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ง์„
20:18
to always take their word for it,
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฏฟ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ค์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:20
especially when it's 120 degrees out
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ํŠนํžˆ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ”๊นฅ ๋‚ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์„ญ์”จ 49 ๋„ ์ธ๋ฐ๋„
20:22
and you're wearing a full burqa.
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์˜จ ๋ชธ์„ ๋ฎ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ฅด์นด(burqa)๋ฅผ ์ž…๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:25
CA: A lot of people want to believe in this
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ: ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
20:27
concept of moral progress.
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๋„๋•์ ์ธ ์ง„๋ณด์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:29
But can you reconcile that?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์กฐํ™”๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
20:31
I think I understood you to say that you could
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ๋Š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ํš์ผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š”,
20:33
reconcile that with a world that doesn't become
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์ผ์ฐจ์›์ ์ธ ๊ณณ์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด์„œ๋„,
20:35
one dimensional, where we all have to think the same.
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์กฐํ™”๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ™์•„์„œ์š”.
20:38
Paint your picture of what
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ ,
20:40
rolling the clock 50 years forward,
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50๋…„ ํ›„,
20:43
100 years forward, how you would like to think of
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ํ˜น์€ 100๋…„ ํ›„์˜, ๋„๋•์˜ ์ง„๋ณด์™€ ์‚ถ์˜ ์œคํƒํ•จ์ด
20:45
the world, balancing moral progress
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์กฐํ™”๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๊ท ํ˜•์žกํžŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ
20:48
with richness.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์‹ค ๊ฑด์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:51
SH: Well, I think once you admit
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์ƒ˜ ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์Šค: ๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
20:53
that we are on the path toward understanding our minds
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๋‡Œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์™€ ์„ธ๋ถ€์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
20:56
at the level of the brain in some important detail,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ์ ์  ๋” ์ดํ•ดํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธธ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
20:59
then you have to admit
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
21:01
that we are going to understand all of the positive
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ด๊ณ 
21:05
and negative qualities
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๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ณธ์งˆ๋“ค์„
21:07
of ourselves in much greater detail.
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๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:09
So, we're going to understand positive social emotion
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๋™์ •์‹ฌ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€
21:11
like empathy and compassion,
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๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฐ์ •๋“ค์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ,
21:13
and we're going to understand the factors
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„
21:15
that encourage it -- whether they're genetic,
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์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์œ ์ „ํ•™์ ์ด๋“ ์ง€,
21:17
whether they're how people talk to one another,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„œ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋“ ์ง€,
21:19
whether they're economic systems,
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ์ฒด๊ณ„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋“ ์ง€ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:21
and insofar as we begin to shine light on that
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ž๋ฉด,
21:24
we are inevitably going to converge
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
21:26
on that fact space.
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์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:28
So, everything is not going to be up for grabs.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ, ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง€์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:30
It's not going to be like
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด
21:33
veiling my daughter from birth
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์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์š•๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์„œ
21:35
is just as good as teaching her
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์ œ ๋”ธ์ด ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜์ž๋งˆ์ž ๋ฒ ์ผ์„ ์”Œ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
21:38
to be confident and well-educated
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์ด ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ต์–‘ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์ปค ๊ฐ€๋„๋ก
21:42
in the context of men who do desire women.
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๊ต์œก์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋งŒํผ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
21:45
I mean I don't think we need an NSF grant to know
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ์˜๋ฌด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ ์ผ์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚˜์˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
21:49
that compulsory veiling is a bad idea --
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ณผํ•™ ์žฌ๋‹จ(NSF)์˜ ์ง€์›๊ธˆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:52
but at a certain point
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š”
21:54
we're going to be able to scan the brains of everyone involved
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‘๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฐ€์ดฌ์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ
21:57
and actually interrogate them.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:00
Do people love their daughters
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์ € ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋”ธ๋“ค์„
22:03
just as much in these systems?
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๋ณดํ†ต ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋“ฏ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
22:06
And I think there are clearly right answers to that.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋„ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์˜ณ์€ ๋‹ต์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:08
CA: And if the results come out that actually they do,
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ : ์กฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋‚จ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋”ธ๋“ค์„ ์•„๋‚€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„๋‹ค๋ฉด
22:11
are you prepared to shift your instinctive current judgment
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ๋ณธ๋Šฅ์ ์ธ ํŒ๋‹จ์„
22:14
on some of these issues?
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๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
22:16
SH: Well yeah, modulo one obvious fact,
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์ƒ˜ ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์Šค: ๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ๋„ค. ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
22:19
that you can love someone
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๋ง์ƒ์— ์‚ฌ๋กœ์žกํžŒ ๋ฏฟ์Œ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ์•ˆ์—์„œ๋„
22:21
in the context of a truly delusional belief system.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:24
So, you can say like, "Because I knew my gay son
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด "๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‚ด ๊ฒŒ์ด ์•„๋“ค์ด ์• ์ธ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋‹ค๋ฉด
22:26
was going to go to hell if he found a boyfriend,
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์ง€์˜ฅ์— ๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,
22:29
I chopped his head off. And that was the most compassionate thing I could do."
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์นœ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์„ ์ž˜๋ผ๋ฒ„๋ ธ์ง€. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ์„ ์ด์—ˆ์–ด." ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:32
If you get all those parts aligned,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ญ‰ ๋†“๊ณ  ๋ณด์ž๋ฉด,
22:34
yes I think you could probably be feeling the emotion of love.
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๋„ค, ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:37
But again, then we have to talk about
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ , ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
22:39
well-being in a larger context.
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๋”์šฑ ๋„“์€ ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ณต์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:41
It's all of us in this together,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณต์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:43
not one man feeling ecstasy
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ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ํ™˜ํฌ์— ๊ฐ€๋“์ฐจ์„œ
22:47
and then blowing himself up on a bus.
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๋ฒ„์Šค์—์„œ ์ž์‚ดํญํƒ„ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
22:49
CA: Sam, this is a conversation I would actually love to
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ: ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ๋ช‡ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ
22:51
continue for hours.
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๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋„ค์š”.
22:53
We don't have that, but maybe another time. Thank you for coming to TED.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์—†์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹ค์Œ๋ฒˆ์„ ๊ธฐ์•ฝํ•˜์ฃ . TED ์— ์™€์ฃผ์…”์„œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:55
SH: Really an honor. Thank you.
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์ƒ˜ ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์Šค: ์ •๋ง ์˜๊ด‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:57
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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