How free is our freedom of the press? | Trevor Timm

122,501 views ใƒป 2016-06-14

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Itay Galilee
00:12
So this is James Risen.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืจื™ืกืŸ.
00:15
You may know him as the Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื›ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืคืจืก ืคื•ืœื™ืฆืจ
00:17
for The New York Times.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก.
00:19
Long before anybody knew Edward Snowden's name,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ืกื ื•ืื“ืŸ,
00:22
Risen wrote a book in which he famously exposed
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ืจื™ืกืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืคืจืกื ื—ืฉื™ืคื”
00:25
that the NSA was illegally wiretapping the phone calls of Americans.
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ืฉื” NSA ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ ืœืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื.
00:29
But it's another chapter in that book
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืคืจืง ืื—ืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ
00:31
that may have an even more lasting impact.
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2015
ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืจื•ืฉื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:34
In it, he describes a catastrophic US intelligence operation
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ื‘ื•, ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™ ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคืืœื™
00:39
in which the CIA quite literally handed over blueprints
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ืฉื‘ื• ื” CIA ืžืžืฉ ื ืชืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช
00:42
of a nuclear bomb to Iran.
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ืฉืœ ืคืฆืฆื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ืœืื™ืจืืŸ.
00:44
If that sounds crazy, go read it.
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ืื ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ, ืœื›ื• ืชืงืจืื• ืื•ืชื•.
00:46
It's an incredible story.
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ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
00:48
But you know who didn't like that chapter?
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื™ ืœื ืื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืคืจืง ื”ื–ื”?
00:50
The US government.
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ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
00:52
For nearly a decade afterwards,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขืฉื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
00:54
Risen was the subject of a US government investigation
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ืจื™ืกืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืชื—ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
00:58
in which prosecutors demanded that he testify
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ื‘ื” ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืžืžื ื• ืœื”ืขื™ื“
01:00
against one of his alleged sources.
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ื ื’ื“ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื.
01:02
And along the way, he became the face for the US government's recent pattern
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ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš, ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
01:06
of prosecuting whistleblowers and spying on journalists.
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ืœืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื.
01:10
You see, under the First Amendment,
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ืชื—ืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืงื”,
01:12
the press has the right to publish secret information in the public interest.
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ืœืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืคืจืกื ืžื™ื“ืข ืกื•ื“ื™ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
01:16
But it's impossible to exercise that right if the media can't also gather that news
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืื ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
01:21
and protect the identities of the brave men and women
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ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืฆื™ื
01:24
who get it to them.
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ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ืืœื™ื”ืŸ.
01:26
So when the government came knocking,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื“ืคื•ืง ืขืœ ื”ื“ืœืช,
01:28
Risen did what many brave reporters have done before him:
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ืจื™ืกืŸ ืขืฉื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ืืžื™ืฆื™ื ืขืฉื• ืœืคื ื™ื•:
01:31
he refused
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ื”ื•ื ืกืจื‘
01:32
and said he'd rather go to jail.
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ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืœื›ืช ืœื›ืœื.
01:34
So from 2007 to 2015,
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ืื– ืž 2007 ืขื“ 2015,
01:37
Risen lived under the specter of going to federal prison.
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ืจื™ืกืŸ ื—ื™ ืชื—ืช ื”ืื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืœืœื›ืช ืœื›ืœื ืคื“ืจืœื™.
01:40
That is, until just days before the trial, when a curious thing happened.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื”, ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื›ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.
01:45
Suddenly, after years of claiming it was vital to their case,
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ืคืชืื•ื, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืชื™ืง,
01:49
the government dropped their demands to Risen altogether.
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื–ื ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืจื™ืกืŸ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
01:52
It turns out, in the age of electronic surveillance,
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ืฉื‘ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืขืงื‘ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™,
01:55
there are very few places reporters and sources can hide.
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ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ื.
01:58
And instead of trying and failing to have Risen testify,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ื‘ืืช ืจื™ืกืŸ ืœื”ืขื™ื“,
02:02
they could have his digital trail testify against him instead.
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ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื• ืฉื™ืขื™ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•.
02:06
So completely in secret and without his consent,
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ืื– ื‘ื—ืฉืื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื•ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืกื›ืžืชื•,
02:09
prosecutors got Risen's phone records.
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ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ืชืขื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ืกืŸ.
02:11
They got his email records, his financial and banking information,
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ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ืชืขื•ื“ ื”ื“ื•ื"ืœ ืฉืœื•, ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ ืฉืœื•,
02:16
his credit reports,
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ืืช ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ืฉืœื•,
02:18
even travel records with a list of flights he had taken.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ืชืขื•ื“ื™ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืขื ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ืก.
02:21
And it was among this information that they used to convict Jeffrey Sterling,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื• ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ืœื”ืจืฉื™ืข ืืช ื’'ืคืจื™ ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื ื’,
02:25
Risen's alleged source and CIA whistleblower.
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ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ืกืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื” CIA.
02:30
Sadly, this is only one case of many.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื–ื” ืจืง ืžืงืจื” ืื—ื“ ืžืจื‘ื™ื.
02:33
President Obama ran on a promise to protect whistleblowers,
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื‘ืžื” ืจืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ื™ื•ืช,
02:36
and instead, his Justice Department has prosecuted more
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœื• ืชื‘ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:40
than all other administrations combined.
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ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ื• ื™ื—ื“.
02:43
Now, you can see how this could be a problem,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื”,
02:45
especially because the government considers so much of what it does secret.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืกื•ื“ื™.
02:50
Since 9/11, virtually every important story about national security
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ืžืื– 9/11, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™
02:55
has been the result of a whistleblower coming to a journalist.
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื• ืœืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื.
02:58
So we risk seeing the press unable to do their job
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื”
03:01
that the First Amendment is supposed to protect
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ืฉื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”
03:03
because of the government's expanded ability to spy on everyone.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืจื’ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ื•ืœื.
03:07
But just as technology has allowed the government
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื” ืœืžืžืฉืœื”
03:09
to circumvent reporters' rights,
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ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื,
03:12
the press can also use technology
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ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
03:14
to protect their sources even better than before.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
03:17
And they can start from the moment they begin speaking with them,
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื,
03:20
rather than on the witness stand after the fact.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืขืœ ื“ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื”.
03:24
Communications software now exists
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ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
03:26
that wasn't available when Risen was writing his book,
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืฉืจื™ืกืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ,
03:28
and is much more surveillance-resistant than regular emails or phone calls.
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ืฉื”ืŸ ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืื–ื ื” ืžื”ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืื• ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ.
03:33
For example, one such tool is SecureDrop,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ืœื™ ืื—ื“ ื›ื–ื” ื”ื•ื SecureDrop,
03:38
an open-source whistleblower submission system
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœื™ื—ื” ื‘ืงื•ื“ ืคืชื•ื— ืœื—ื•ืฉืคื™ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ื™ื•ืช
03:40
that was originally created by the late Internet luminary Aaron Swartz,
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ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืคืชื— ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ืžื ื•ื— ืืจื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ,
03:44
and is now developed at the non-profit where I work,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœืœื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“.
03:47
Freedom of the Press Foundation.
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ื”ืขืžื•ืชื” ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช.
03:49
Instead of sending an email,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ,
03:51
you go to a news organization's website,
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ืืชื ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืœืืชืจ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
03:53
like this one here on The Washington Post.
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ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืกื˜.
03:56
From there, you can upload a document or send information
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ืžืฉื, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืžืกืžืš ืื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžื™ื“ืข
03:59
much like you would on any other contact form.
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ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื™ืš ืฉืืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืื—ืจ.
04:02
It'll then be encrypted and stored on a server
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืคืŸ ืื– ื•ื™ืื’ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืจืช
04:05
that only the news organization has access to.
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ืฉืจืง ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืœื™ื•.
04:08
So the government can no longer secretly demand the information,
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ืื– ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ืฉืื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข,
04:11
and much of the information they would demand
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื ื™ื“ืจืฉื•
04:13
wouldn't be available in the first place.
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ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืžืจืืฉ.
04:16
SecureDrop, though, is really only a small part of the puzzle
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SecureDrop, ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืคืื–ืœ
04:19
for protecting press freedom in the 21st century.
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ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื” 21.
04:23
Unfortunately, governments all over the world
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื
04:25
are constantly developing new spying techniques
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ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืจื™ื’ื•ืœ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
04:27
that put us all at risk.
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ืฉืฉืžื•ืช ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ืกื›ื ื”.
04:30
And it's up to us going forward to make sure
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ื•ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื ื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื“ืื•ื’
04:32
that it's not just the tech-savvy whistleblowers,
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ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื,
04:35
like Edward Snowden, who have an avenue for exposing wrongdoing.
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ื›ืžื• ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ืกื ื•ืื“ืŸ, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื—ืฉื™ืคืช ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ื™ื•ืช.
04:39
It's just as vital that we protect the next veteran's health care whistleblower
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ื–ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื
04:44
alerting us to overcrowded hospitals,
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ืฉื™ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขืžื•ืกื™ื ืžื“ื™,
04:47
or the next environmental worker
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ืื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื‘ื
04:49
sounding the alarm about Flint's dirty water,
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ืฉื™ืฉืžื™ืข ืื–ื”ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ื ื˜,
04:53
or a Wall Street insider
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ืื• ืื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืœ ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜
04:54
warning us of the next financial crisis.
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ืฉื™ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื.
04:57
After all, these tools weren't just built to help the brave men and women
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืจืง ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืฆื™ื
05:02
who expose crimes,
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ืฉื—ื•ืฉืคื™ื ืคืฉืขื™ื,
05:03
but are meant to protect all of our rights under the Constitution.
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ืืœื ื”ื ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืชื—ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื”.
05:07
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
05:08
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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